chapter 7: hormones & reproductionwaeagles220.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/7/8437155/chpt_20.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 19: Hormones & Reproduction
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The Endocrine System
Produces chemical messengers called HORMONESthat control body activities
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How It Works
Endocrine glands produce and/or release hormones directly into the bloodstream
Hormones turn on, turn off, speed up, or slow down body organs/activities.
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For Example
You see a burglar
Nerve impulse to brain
Brain sends impulse to adrenal glands to release adrenaline
Heart and breathing rates increase
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How Does It Know?
Hormones only interact with TARGET CELLS
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Hypothalamus
Links Nervous System to Endocrine System
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Pituitary Gland “Master Gland” that
regulates
metabolism (thyroid)
growth (bones)
puberty (gonads)
water regulation (kidneys)
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Negative Feedback
When levels high, endocrine system signals to stop release of hormone
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Puberty “Wake Up” Hormones
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) from pituitary “wakes up” gonads
Luteinizing Hormone (LH), also from pituitary, signals maturation of sperm & egg
Both rise and fall together during menstrual cycle
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Sexual Reproduction
Egg – female sex cell
Sperm – male sex cell
Fertilization – joining of sperm & egg
Zygote – fertilized egg
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Chromosomes
Found in nucleus
Contain DNA
Gametes (sperm & egg) carry ½ genetic code
When combined make a whole – YOU!
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20.2 Reproductive Systems-
Male Reproductive System
Produces sperm and testosterone
2 testes produce sperm Testes protected in
scrotum (external sac) Sperm mix with fluids to
form semen Semen leaves the body
thru urethra of penis (ejaculation)
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Circumcision
Removal of foreskin on penis
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Female Reproductive
System
To produce eggs, estrogen, and nourish a developing baby until birth
2 ovaries house eggs
Egg released during ovulation
Fallopian tubes lead to uterus
Base of the uterus is the cervix (a common site of cancer in
women: story of Henrietta Lacks)
Vagina to outside of body
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The Menstrual Cycle (about 28 days) An egg matures in
an ovary
Lining of uterus begins to thicken
At maturity, egg is released (ovulation) while cervical mucus thins
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If egg not fertilized in a few days, will break down (along with uterine wall)
Thickened lining passes out of body (menstruation) for 4 –6 days
Another egg begins to mature
The Menstrual Cycle (about 28 days)
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What About the Egg?
Fertilization? = Pregnant
No Fertilization? = Menstruation
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20.3 Pregnancy
Embryo attaches to uterine wall (implantation)
Amniotic sac forms (filled with fluid to protect & cushion)
Placenta develops from uterine lining
Umbilical cord attaches where nutrients, gases & wastes are exchanged
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Human Development
Zygote – fertilized egg
Embryo – til 8 weeks
Fetus – 9 wks to birth
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3 Stages of Pregnancy
40 week Gestation
1st Trimester
1st 12 - 14 weeks
Organs forming
Most critical time
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3 Stages of Pregnancy (cont.)
2nd Trimester
Til end of 7th month
Organ systems formed & maturing
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3 Stages of Pregnancy (cont.)
3rd Trimester
Final weeks
Rapid growth and weight gain of fetus
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Ready?
Between 38 & 42 weeks, all systems mature
Baby’s size puts pressure on cervix & amniotic sac
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Stages of Childbirth
Labor – cervix dilates, uterus contracts
Delivery – baby pushed out through vagina (aka birth canal)
Afterbirth – Placenta is delivered
Caesarean Section (C-Section) – baby is removed surgically from abdomen
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Other Pregnancy Terms
Siblings – brothers and sisters
Fraternal Twins – 2 eggs and 2 sperm
Identical Twins – zygote splits
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Infancy
1st two years
Rapid learning, growth, and development
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Toddlers
Continued growth and independence
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Childhood
Growth slows but continues, more coordinated in activities
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Adolescence
“Awkward” stage between childhood and adulthood
Puberty – sexual development
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Adulthood
Body peaks at 22 and by 27 body and brain starts its slow decline, which varies depending on individual.
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Aging
skin wrinkles, muscles decrease, sense organs decline
Slow aging process by diet & exercise