chapter 7 listening, note taking & memory. how can you become a better listener? listening –...
TRANSCRIPT
How can you become a better listener?
• Listening– “A process that involves sensing, interpreting,
evaluating and reacting to spoken messages.”
Know the stages of listening
• Sensation– Listener hears message when ears pick up sound waves
• Interpretation– Listener attaches meaning to message
• Evaluation– Listener judges message against personal values
• Reaction– Listener provides feedback to speaker through
questions and comments
listening challenges
• Divided attention and distractions– Internal distractions– External distractions
• Shutting out the message• The rush to judgment• Partial hearing• Learning disabilities
Become an active listener
• Set purposes for listening• Ask questions• Pay attention to verbal signpost• Expect the unexpected
Ask questions
• “The most important types of question you will ask are …– CLARIFYING QUESTIONS”
• Don’t let your questions distract you from learning
• Cultural differences?
Verbal Signposts
• Verbal Signposts– Spoken words or phrases that call attention to the
information that follows.
Verbal signposts - examples
• Signals pointing to key concepts– “There are two reasons for this…”– “A critical point in the process involves…”– “Most important…”– “The result is…” Key Concepts
Verbal signposts - examples
• Signals pointing to differences– “On the contrary…”– “On the other hand…”– “In contrast…”– “However…” Differences
Verbal signposts - examples
• Signal of support– “For example…”– “Specifically…”– “For instance…”– “Similarly…” Support
Verbal signposts - examples
• Signals that summarize– “Finally…” – “Recapping this idea…”– “In conclusion…”– “As a result…” Summarize
Note taking – WHY?????
• Helps you remember• It helps you to concentrate • It helps you prepare for tests. • Clues for what the instructor thinks most
important (i.e., what will show up on the next test).
• Your notes often contain information that cannot be found elsewhere (i.e., in your textbook).
Preparing to take class notes
• Preview your reading material• Gather your supplies• Location, location, location• Choose the best note-taking system– The instructors style– The course material– Your learning style
Record information effectively
• Practical advice– Date & number every page– Record what the instructor
• Repeats or Emphasizes• Questions asked• Writes on the board• Signals with verbal signposts• Indicates as key terms
– Leave “white space”– Draw pictures– Quick but clear
Record information effectively
• Questions marks & spaces• Use …– symbols– highlighters– different color pens – CAPITAL LETTERS
Review & Revise your notes
• Plan a review schedule– Review within a day of the lecture– Review regularly– Review with an eye toward tests
• Revise using other sources & critical thinking• Summarize• Work with Study Group
Create a think link
• AKA:– Mind map or word web
• Visualization– The interpretation of verbal ideas though the use
of visual images
How can you write faster when taking notes?
• Shorthand– A system of rapid handwriting that employs
symbols, abbreviations and shortened words to represent words and phrases
How can you write faster when taking notes?
• Standard abbreviations– w/• with
– <• Less than
– #• number
– eg• For example
How can you write faster when taking notes?
• Shorten words by removing vowels– Prps• Purpose
– Lwyr• Lawyer
– Cmptr• Computer
How can you write faster when taking notes?
• Substitute word beginning for the entire word– Assoc• Associate
– Info• Information
– Subj• subject
How can you write faster when taking notes?
• Make up your own symbols– b/4• Before
– 2thake• Toothache
– TEXT
How can you write faster when taking notes?
• If you are repeating a work / phrase throughout the lecture – make an abbreviation for it. – Pneumonia (PN)– Florence Nightingale (FN)
How does memory work
• 3 stages of memory– Sensory memory• seconds
– Short-term memory• 10-20 seconds
– Long-term memory
Four stages of Long term memory
• Concrete experiences– Hearing or seeing the material, or responses to
your new ideas• Reflective observation:– Relating material to previous knowledge
• Abstract hypothesis– Using material to generate new ideas
• Active testing– Trying out and communication new ideas.
What memory strategies can improve recall?
• Recite, rehearse & write– Recite =• Repeat key concepts aloud
– Rehearsing• Repeating key concepts silently (in your mind)
– Write• Reciting on paper
What memory strategies can improve recall?
• Study during short, frequent sessions–Which is better?A. Studying for 60 minutes straightB. Studying 3 times for 20 minutes each
What memory strategies can improve recall?
• Use mnemonic devices• Mnemonic devices– Memory techniques that involve associating new
information with information you already know.
What memory strategies can improve recall?
• Use the mental walk strategy to remember items in a list