chapter 7 mcc

8/4/2019 Chapter 7 Mcc

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Chapter 9

OTHER

CONSTRUCTION

MATERIAL9.1. Bitumen

9.2. Rubber9.3. Plastic

9.4. Polymer

9.5. Gypsum

9.6. Glass

9.7. Fiber Reinforced Polymer

The range of materials available to the engineer is vast and these materials

may possess widely differing properties. Concrete, timber, steel, bitumen,glass, rubber and polymer are all used by engineers, but in character and

properties they are completely different from one another. Every engineer is

concerned with materials and has to select the most suitable material for the

job in hand, be it for some civil engineering structure, or some power plant,

or perhaps for an electronic component. An engineer has to consider many

factors when making the selection because within one group of materials,

properties may range from soft and easily deformed to tool steels which are

hard and tough.

9.1 Bitumen

Butimen by definition is soluble in carbon

disulfide. However, according to ASTM D8,

butimen is a class of black or dark-colored

(solid, semisolid, or viscous) cementitious

substances, natural or manufactured,

composed principally of high-molecular-

weight hydrocarbons, of which asphalts, tars,

Figure 9.1: Natural Bitumen

From Iran Mines
http://img.alibaba.com/photo/101652430/NATURAL_BITUMEN_FROM_Iran_MINES.jpg


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pithces and asphaltities are typical (Figure 9.1).

Most bitumens contain sulfur and several heavy

metals such as nickel, vanadium, lead, chromium,

mercury and also arsenic, selenium, and other

toxic elements. Bitumens can provide good

preservation of plants and animal fossils.

Properties of Bitumen

The Paving Grades of bitumen are 30/40, 60/70

and 80/100. The grade 80/100 is commonly used

in Malaysia but for lower temperatures other

grades are preferable.

Bitumen Application

Bitumen is primarily used for paving roads. Its other uses are for bituminous

waterproofing products, including the use of bitumen in the production of

roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.

Thin bitumen plates are sometimes used by computer enthusiasts for

silencing computer cases or noisy computer parts such as the hard drive.

Bitumen layers are baked onto the outside of high end dishwashers toprovide sound insulation.

Bitumen alternatives

Bitumen can now be made from non-petroleum based renewable resources

such as sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato starches. Bitumen can

also be made from waste material by fractional distillation of used motor

oils, which is sometimes disposed by burning or dumping into land fills. Non-

petroleum based bitumen binders can be made light-colored. Roads made

with lighter-colored pitch absorb less heat from solar radiation, and become

less hot than darker surfaces, reducing their contribution to the urban heat

island effect.

Methods of Testing

Most present day standard were developed in the early 1900s. Equipment

has change becoming electric and better control can be accomplished during

the testing period of the product.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island


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M

ethodofTesting

1. Specific Gravity (ASTM D70)- use of a pycnometer- can be expressed as the ratio

of the weight of a givenvolume of the material at250C or at 15.60C to that of anequal volume of water at thesame temperature

5. Penetration of BituminousMaterials (ASTM D5)

- measure the hardness andsoftness of the material

- test are taken at least 3determination on the surface of thesample at points not less than 10

mm from the side of the containerand not less than 10 mm apart.

- However, the test is empirical andmany engineers would like toreplace it with ASTM D2171(Viscosity of Asphalts by VacuumCapillary Viscometer)

3. Ductility (ASTM D113)- is measured by the distance

to which it will elongate beforebreaking when 2 ends ofspecimen are pulled apart ata specified speed andtemperature

- to measure the adhesive andelasticity of the asphalt.

6. Float Test (ASTM D139)- is a consistency test used for

material that are too soft toundergo the standardpenetration test and too hardfor use with viscosity test

4. Viscosity

- ASTM D2170 : KinematicViscosity of asphalt (Bitumen)

- Covers determination of thekinematic viscosity of liquidasphalt (bitumen), road oilsand distillation residue ofliquid asphalt (bitumen), all at600C and for asphalt cementat 1350C in the range of 6 to100,000 centistokes.

- Meadure the resistance toflow of a liquid under gravity.

- ASTM D2171 : Viscosity ofasphalt by Vacuum CapillaryViscometer

- Determination of viscosity ofasphalt (bitumen) by vacuumcapillary viscometer at 600C.

- It is applicable to materialhaving viscosities in the rangefrom 0.036 to over 200,000poiss (P).

2. Sampling Bituminous (ASTMD140)

- cover the method used tosample bituminous material atpoints of manufacture,storage or delivery

- is to determine the true nature

and condition of the material


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9.2 Rubber

Christopher Columbus has been the first Europeans to handle natural rubber

since it was reported that some tribes of South American Indians played ball

games well before the days of Pele!. Rubber is a very important materialused in a wide range variety of product. It is an elastomer. This is a

substance in which the arrangement of the polymer molecules allows

considerable reversible extension to take place at normal temperatures.

Elastomer exists as long chain molecules which are irregularly coiled, bent

and generally entangled when in the unstressed state.

Engineering Properties of Elastomer Rubber

Elastomer is used in Civil Engineering for some good reason such as:

- Long lasting

- Good in impact absorption

- Good bonding with metal

- Good resistance to ageing

- Good tearing properties

- Good physical properties

- Good resistance to oil and chemicals

- Suitable for hot and cool temperature.

Pithces

is the name for any of a number of highly viscous liquids

which appear solid. Pitch can be made from petroleum

products or plants

Molassesis a viscous by-product from the processing of the sugar

beet or sugar cane into sugar

Fractional distillation

is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or

fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by

their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at

which several fractions of the compound will evaporate.

Urban heat island

is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its

surrounding rural areas.


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However, elastomer rubber is expensive especially for rubber with high

resistance to ageing. It also can be attack by ester, ketone, hydrocarbon

with nitrogen and aromatic. Table 9.1 shows physical properties of the

elastomer.

Engineering Application of Elastomer Rubber

To be value in engineering, a rubber must have a low

hysteresis, that is, it must return within very close

limits to its original shape following each successive

deformation cycle of loading and unloading. In civil

engineering, elastomer rubbers are mostly used for

bridge and building structure where cyclic loadingsuch as vehicles and earthquake plays major role.

Types of elastomer rubber used are:

(i) natural rubber

(ii) Neoprene

(iii) High Damping Rubber (HDRB)

(iv) Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR)

(v) Acrylonitrile-butadiene Rubber (NBR) or Nitrile Rubber

(vi) Ethylene-propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), as for liquid EPDM,it can be used for roof coating

Table 9.1: Physical Properties of Elastomer

Physical

Properties

Natural

RubberSBR EPDM NBR Neoprene

Specific Gravity 0.93 0.94 0.86 1.00 1.23

Durometer, Range 30-100 40-100 30-90 30-90 40-95

Tensile Strength E F-G VG VG VG

Elongation VG-E G G G GCompression Set G G G G F-G

Heat Resistance F F-G VG-E G F-G

Resilience or

ReboundE F-G G F-G VG

Impact Resistance E E G F G

Abrasion Resistance E G-E G-E G-E G-E

Tear Resistance E F F-G F-G F-G

Cut Growth E G G G G


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Physical

Properties

Natural

RubberSBR EPDM NBR Neoprene

Flame Resistance P P P P G

Impermeability, Gas F F F-G G F-G

WeatheringResistance P-F F E F-G VG

Low Temperature

Limit*

-10 TO -

50F

0 TO -

50F

-20 TO

-60F

-30

TO -40

F

-10 TO -

50F

High Temperature

Limit*

158 TO

225F

158 TO

225F

300 TO

350F

275F225F

9.3 Plastic

Plastic is an important group of materials for construction. A plastic is a

polymeric (usually organic) of high molecular weight which can be shaped by

flow. In general, plastics exhibit a number of outstanding characteristic:

- lightness in weight (generally half as light as aluminum)

- high dielectric strength (electric insulation)

- low heat conductivity (heat insulation)

- special properties toward lights (colorability)- extremely resistant toward chemical

- metal insert may be molded into the plastic

(since plastics are inert toward such materials)

- many high-quality products can be developed

by using a lathe, sawing, punching and drilling.

Organic plastic can be classified into three general classifications which are;

(i) Thermoplastic: an organic plastic, either natural or synthetic,which remain permanently soft at elevated temperatures. Upon

cooling, they again become hard. These materials can be shaped

and reshaped any number of times by repeated heating and

cooling. Some of the most familiar natural thermoplastics include

asphalts, bitumen, pitches and resin.

(ii) Thermosetting: an organic plastic that were originally soft or

soften at once upon heating, then harden permanently.

Thermosetting plastic are hardened by chemical changes due to

P = Poor, F = Fair, G = Good, VG = Very Good, E = Excellent


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heat, catalyst or to both. Thermosetting plastics remain hardened

without cooling and do not soften appreciably when reheated. The

most common thermosetting plastic is polyester.

(iii) Chemically Setting Plastic: are those that harden by the additionof a suitable chemical to the composition just before molding or by

subsequent chemical treatment following fabrication.

Properties of Plastic

The strength of plastics materials is generally much lower than that of other

constructional material. Nevertheless, plastics are light material with relative

density between 0.9 and 2.0. Table 9.2 shows the strength-weight

relationships for plastic and some common structural elements.

Table 9.2: Strength-weight relationships for plastic and some common

structural elements.

MaterialSpecific

Gravity

Tensile

Strength (psi)

Tensile Strength

Specific Gravity

Chrome-vanadium steel 7.85 164 000 20 800

Structural Steel 7.83 65 000 8 300

Cast iron, grey 7.03 5 000 5 000

Titanium alloy 4.7 145 000 31 000

Aluminum alloy 2.85 6 000 20 000

Magnesium Alloy 1.81 44 000 24 300

Glass fabric laminate 1.9 45 000 23 600

Asbestos cloth laminate 1.7 9 000 5 300

Paper laminate 1.33 20 000 15 000

Cellulose acetate 1.3 5 000 3 900

Methyl methacrylate 1.18 8 500 7 200

Polystyrene 1.06 5 500 5 200

Polyethylene 0.92 1 300 1 400

Sitka spruce 0.40 17 000 42 500

Application of Plastic

Raw materials used in the manufacture of

plastics traditionally come from two main sources:

i. Animal and vegetable by-products such

as casein (from cows milk), cellulose

(mainly from cotton fibers too short for


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spinning) and wood pulp, common products being cellulosics.

ii. Petroleum by-products obtained during the refining and cracking of

crude oil, common products being polythene, PVC and polystyrene.

This method is responsible for the bulk of plastics manufacture.

Table 9.3 shows uses of some plastic material

Table 9.3: Typical uses of plastic material

Compound Typical Uses

(A) Vinyl Thermoplastics

Polythene HDPE

LD

Acid-resisting lining. Babies baths, kitchen and otherhousehold ware. Piping, toys, fabric filaments.Sheet, wrapping material, polythene bags, electric insulationink cartridge.Sheets, wrapping material, polythene bags, squeezebottles, electrical insulation, ink cartridge.

Polystyrene(General purpose)

Ceiling tiles, heat insulation, packaging for fragile equipment

Polyvinyl chloridePVC

Domestic/industrial piping (rainwater, waste etc), lightfittings, curtain rail (with metal insert). Safety helmets andducting

(B) Thermosetting Plastics

Silicones Water-proof coating fabrics. Anti foaming agents. Hydraulicfluids. Electrical equipment such as switch parts, inductionheating equipment, insulation for motors and generator

coils.Epoxides Sold as resins and syrups. Used as adhesive for gluing

metal, low-pressure laminations, surface coating, castingand repairing casting.

Polymide Bearings, compressor valves, piston rings, diamondabrasive wheel binders

9.4 Polymer

Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses,

and/or modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of

petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of

polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers

and description of major polymers, structure property relations and

applications.

Polymer Materials

The basic division of polymers into thermoplastics and thermosets helps

define their areas of application. The latter group of materials includes

phenolic resins, polyesters and epoxy resins, all of which are used widely in


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composite materials when reinforced with stiff fibres such as fibreglass and

aramids. Since crosslinking stabilises the thermosetting matrix of these

materials, they have physical properties more similar to traditional

engineering materials like steel. However, their very much lower densities

compared with metals makes them ideal for lightweight structures. In

addition, they suffer less from fatigue, so are ideal for safety-critical parts

which are stressed regularly in service.

Thermoplastics have relatively low tensile moduli, but also have low densities

and properties such as transparency which make them ideal for consumer

products and medical products. They include polyethylene, polypropylene,

nylon, acetal resin, polycarbonate and PET, all of which are widely used

materials.

Elastomers are polymers which have very low moduli and show reversible

extension when strained, a valuable property for vibration absorption and

damping. They may either be thermoplastic (in which case they are known as

Thermoplastic elastomers) or crosslinked, as in most conventional rubber

products such as tyres. Typical rubbers used conventionally include natural

rubber, nitrile rubber, polychloroprene, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene and

fluorinated rubbers such as Viton.

Polymerization

is a process of reacting monomer molecules

together in a chemical reaction to form three-

dimensional networks or polymer chains

Acetal resin

is an engineering plastic, a polymer with the

chemical formula -(-O-CH2-)n-. It is often

marketed and used as a metal substitute

PET

is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester

family and is used in synthetic fibers; beverage,

food and other liquid containers; thermoforming

applications; and engineering resins often in

combination with glass fiber.


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Applications of Polymer

Typical uses of composites are monocoque structures for aerospace and

automobiles, as well as more mundane products like fishing rods and

bicycles. The stealth bomberwas the first all-composite aircraft, but many

passenger aircraft like the Airbus uses an increasing proportion of

composites in its fuselage. The quite different physical properties of

composites gives designers much greater freedom in shaping parts, which is

why composite products often look different to conventional products. On the

other hand, some products such as drive shafts, helicopter rotor blades, and

propellers look identical to metal precursors owing to the basic functional

needs of such components. See Figure 9.2 and Figure 9.3.

Figure 9.2: B-2 Spiritstealth bomber of the U.SAir Force.

Figure 9.3: A time-trialcarbon fibre compositebicycle with aerodynamicwheels and aero bars

Monocoque

is a construction technique that supports structural

load by using an object's external skin as opposed to

using an internal frame or truss that is then covered

with a non-load-bearing skin

Stealth bomber

is an American heavy bomber with "low observable"

stealth technology designed to penetrate dense anti-

aircraft defenses and deploy both conventional and

nuclear weapons.


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9.5 Gypsum Board

Gypsum board is widely used for internal

walls and ceilings by the construction

industry, and is a material of growing

importance in the do-it-yourself sector. It is

manufactured by calcining gypsum into a

plaster, making a slurry from the plaster,

and passing the slurry through machines

which shape, set, and cut into a board. Also

commonly known as drywall, wallboard and

plasterboard.

Gypsum Board Manufacture

A gypsum board panel is made of a paper liner wrapped around an inner

core made primarily from gypsum plaster, the semi-hydrous form of calcium

sulfate (CaSO4 H2O). The raw gypsum, CaSO42 H2O, (mined or obtained

from flue gas desulfurization (FGD)) must be calcined before use. The

plaster is mixed with fiber (typically paper and/or fiberglass), plasticizer,

foaming agent, potash as an accelerator, EDTA, starch or otherchelate as

a retarder, various additives that increase mildew and fire resistance

(fiberglass or vermiculite), wax emulsion for lower water absorption and

water. This is then formed by sandwiching a core of wet gypsum between

two sheets of heavy paper or fiberglass mats. When the core sets and is

dried in a large drying chamber, the sandwich becomes rigid and strong

enough for use as a building material.

Hydrous

containing water as a constituent

Flue gas desulfurizationis the technology used for removing sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the exhaust flue

gases in power plants that burn coal or oil to produce steam for the steamturbines that drive their electricity generators

Plasticizerare additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of the material to which theyare added, these include plastics, cement, concrete, wallboard and clay bodies

Foaming agent

is a surfactant, which when present in small amounts, facilitates the formationof a foam, or enhances its colloidal stability by inhibiting the coalescence ofbubbles

Potashis the common name given to potassium carbonate and various mined andmanufactured salts that contain the element potassium in water-soluble form.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGD


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Gypsum Board Waste

Because up to 17% of gypsum board is wasted during the manufacturing and

installation processes]

and the gypsum board material is frequently not re-

used, disposal can become a problem. Some landfill sites have banned the

dumping of gypsum board. Some manufacturers take back waste gypsum

board from construction sites and recycle it into new board. Recycled paper

is typically used during manufacturing. More recently, recycling at the

construction site itself is being investigated. There is potential for using

crushed gypsum board to amend certain soils at building sites, such as clay

and silt mixtures, as well as using it in compost.

Application of Gypsum Board

Regular white board, from 1/4" to 3/4" thickness

Greenboard, the drywall that contains an oil-based additive in the green

colored paper covering that provides moisture resistance. It is

commonly used in washrooms and other areas expected to experience

elevated levels of humidity.

Blueboard, blue face paper forms a strong bond with a skim coat or a

built-up plaster finish providing both water and mould resistance.

Cement board, which is more water-resistant than greenboard, for use

in showers or sauna rooms, and as a base for ceramic tile

EDTAEthylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, a crystalline acid with a strong tendency toform chelates with metal ions.

Starchan odourless, tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue andobtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide whichfunctions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the humandiet.

Chelatea compound containing a ligand (typically organic) bonded to a central metalatom at two or more point.

Mildewa thin whitish coating consisting of minute fungal hyphae, growing on plants or

damp organic material such as paper.

Vermiculite

is a natural mineral that expands with the application of heat.


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Soundboard is made from wood fibers to increase the sound rating

(STC)

Soundproof board is a laminated board made with gypsum, other

materials, and damping polymers to significantly increase the STC

Enviroboard, a board made from recycled agricultural materials Lead-lined gypsum board, used around radiological equipment

Foil-backed gypsum board to control moisture in a building or room

Controlled density (CD), also called ceiling board, which is available

only in 1/2" thickness and is significantly stiffer than regular white board

See Figure 9.5 to Figure 9.6

Figure 9.6: Gypsum Board False Ceiling

Figure 9.5: Gypsum Board Wall


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9.6 Glass

The principle ingredients of common soda glass

are silica sand, lime (from limestone) and soda

ash (crude sodium carbonate). Since glass canbe recycle, large amount of scrap glass (cullet)

are used in glass manufactured. At 15900C

temperature in gas-fired furnaces which hold up

to 250 tonnes of molten glass, acidic silicate will reacts with basic lime and

soda to form the mixed silicates known as glass. Glass can be rolled, blown,

cast or pressed for a variety of uses. From engineering point of view, glass is

extremely weak and codes and standard have been established to deal with

the utilization of glass in engineering project which is American National

Standards Institute (ANSI) Z97.1 Safety Glazing Material Used In Buildings Performance Specification and Methods of Test.

Properties of Glass

Glasses are plastic at high temperatures and rigid at low temperatures but

under normal manufacturing conditions glasses do not crystallize. When,

glasses have no crystal structure making molecules are unable to move

significant distance relatively at one another making glass extremely brittle at

ambient temperature. The rate of viscous flow is dependent mainly upon theprevailing temperature but is also dependent upon the composition and

structure of the glass. Small applied stresses will cause the more highly

strained bonds within the structure to be ruptured. When glass is drawn to a

fine fiber and cooled quickly, a high tensile strength is produced. Glass is

extremely stable and will not deteriorate. Special glasses used in fiber-

reinforced composites can

reach strength of up to 15 000

MPa (under ideal condition),

but in practice a lowerstrength of about 3500 MPa

would be obtained since

surface damage of the fiber is

caused by contact with other

material. These microscopic

surface scratches act as

stress-raisers.


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Application of Glass

The coefficient of thermal expansion of ordinary soda glass is relatively high,

whilst its thermal conductivity is low, and this combination of properties makes

it unsuitable for use in the majority of domestic situation involving suddencontact with boiling water. Table 9.4 shows other applications of glass in

wide range of use.

Table 9.4: Properties and Typical Use of Glass

Type of glass Properties and uses

Soda glass Window panes, plate glass, bottle, jar etc.

Lead glass High refractive index and dispersive power. Lenses,lamp, prism and other optics. Crystal glass table-ware

Boro-silicate glass

(Pyrex)

Low coefficient of expansion and good resistance tochemical. Used for heat-resistance kitchen-ware andlaboratory apparatus.

Alumino-silicate glass

(ceramic glass)

High softening temperature (Tg up to 8000C).

A glass-ceramic for cooking ware, heat exchangers etc

High silicon glass Vycor-low coefficient of expansion. Missile noisecones, window for space vehicles

Silicon-free glass Sodium vapour discharge lamp

There is little in common between mechanical properties of glasses and

metals when under the action of applied forces. Such difference can beclassified as follows:

(i) under short-time testing methods, glasses are brittle at ambient

temperatures. They are elastic right up to the point of fracture and

fail without any previous yield or plastic deformation (Figure 9.7).

Even the most brittle of metal show some plastic flow;

(ii) although an external load may be applied in compression, failure in

glass always results from a tensile component of the stress. The

strength of such materials can therefore best be described in termsof tensile strength;

(iii) the time for which a static load is applied has a great influence on

the strength of glass in the long term. Thus the extrapolated

infinite-time modulus of rupture for glasses is usually between a

third and a half of that for short-time loading.


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9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) made of a combination of continuous fiber

embedded in resin matrix is an advanced composite material that has been

identified as a potential new construction material. Some of the advantages

of FRP are high tensile strength, lightweight, non-magnetic and durable.

Since it is a non-corrodible material it may be used as reinforcement in

concrete member. The most commonly available FRPs, which can be used

for civil infrastructure, are glass (GFRP), carbon (CFRP) and aramid (AFRP).

Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer

Advanced FRP composites are made from different constituent materials, i.e.

fiber, resins, interface, fillers, and additives. Higher modulus fibers contribute

to the mechanical strength of the FRP, whereas the matrix helps to transfer

or distribute the stress from one fiber to another, through interface shear

resistance, and to improve the durability of the fiber against environmental

and mechanical damage. The fiber generally occupies 3070% of the matrix

volume of the composite (Figure 9.8). The interface between the fiber and the

matrix is known to significantly affect the performance of FRP composites. In

addition to these three basic components (fibers, resins, and interface), the

fillers serve to reduce cost and shrinkage. The additives help to improve the

mechanical and physical properties of the composites as well as the

workability.

Figure 9.7: Stress-Strain Graph of Copper andGlass


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Applications of Fiber Reinforced Polymer

The scope of applications of FRPs in concrete construction is very wide. In

fact, the true potential of FRP is yet to be realised. From the basic application

point of view, FRPs can be used in concrete in three basic forms:

Internal reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures;

External reinforcement for strengthening or repairing existing deficient

structures; FRP structural elements (e.g. beams, girder, and column) in concrete

FRP composite structures.

Figure 9.10 shows typical varieties of FRP reinforcements for civil

infrastructure applications. Figure 9.11 illustrates GPRP reinforcing bars for

use in concrete.

Figure 9.8: Microstructure of FRPbar

Figure 9.10: FRP reinforcements for civil infrastructure application


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FRP reinforcement, external to a concrete structure, can be effective in the

form of external plate bonding or fiber wrapping. External plate bonding byadhesive is a well established technique to strengthen or repair deficient

reinforced concrete beams or slabs. Initially the method was developed with

steel plates but, at present, CFRP plates are being widely used all over the

world.

The wrapping of concrete columns by resin impregnated FRP fabrics or

straps to improve the strength and ductility is a technique used in seismic

retrofitting of concrete structures. This method is an alternative to the steel

jacket technique. The application of FRP external reinforcement has a long-term durability advantage, and a great potential to be used extensively to

strengthen or upgrade ageing reinforced concrete infrastructure facilities.

Figure 9.12 shows the wrapping technique used for column rehabilitation.

Figure 9.11: GFRP reinforcing

Figure 9.12: Concrete columns reinforced with FRP sheets


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Tutorial 9

1. Briefly define:

a. Bitumen

b. Plasticc. Polymer

d. Gypsum Board

e. Glass

f. Fiber Reinforced Polymer

and give two uses of each material.

2. Discuss the specific ASTM standards for bituminous. Give the

purpose and procedure for each test.3. List seven outstanding characteristics of plastics.

4. List three general classifications of organic plastics.

5. List and discuss the four types of glazing material utilized today.

6. Discuss the main application of FRP components in construction

application.


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1. Materials For Engineers and Technicians, Raymond A. Higgins,

Newnes, 2006

2. Materials For Civil & Highway Engineers, 4th

ed., Kenneth N. Derucher,

Prentice Hall, 1998

3. Properties of Engineering Materials, R.A. Higgins, Edward Arnold, 19944. Introduction to Engineering Materials, V. B. John, English Language

Book Society, 1983

chapter 7 mcc

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