chapter 7 nervous tissue. 1. general description: ---components: nerve cell: neuron glial cell:...
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Chapter 7 Nervous tissue
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1. General description:---Components:
nerve cell: neuronGlial cell: neuroglial
---Function: Neurons : receive the stimulation, conduct the nerve impulseGlial cell: support, protect and insulate, nourish neurons
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2. Neuron
The structural and functional cellular unit
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1) shape of neuron: consists of cell body, dendrite and axon---cell body: spherical, pyramidal fusiform or stel
late in shape, 5um-150um---dendrite: like branches of tree---axon: long thin cord-liked
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2) structure of neuron ① cell body: ---cell membrane:
unit membrane-irritability, receive stimuli, initiate and conduct nerve impulsemembrane proteins-ions channel and receptor
---cell nucleus: large and round, centrally- located, less heterochromatin, so pale stained, with a large, clear nucleolus
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---cytoplasm: perikaryon
a. Nissl body:
LM: basophilic spot-liked or granule-liked structure
EM: parallelly-arranged RER and free ribosome
function: synthesis of proteins
structural protein
enzymes related to the production of neurotransmitters
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b. Neurofibril: LM: in silver imp
regnation methods(silver preparation), there are many thread-liked dark brown color structure to form a network.
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EM:
neurofilament: 10 nm in diameter
microtubule: 25 nm in diameter
function:
supporting
involving in intracellular transportation
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c. other organelle
Golgi apparatus
mitochondria
pigment
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② dendrite: ---many, short and more branches---structure: similar to cell body---dendritic spine( places for formation of synap
se) and spine apparatus(structure formed by 2-3 layers SER)
---function: receive the information
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③ axon: ---thin, less branch---structure: no Nissl body, but have microtubule, ne
urofilament, microfilament, mitochondria, SER and vesicleaxon hillock: the beginning part of axonaxolemmaaxoplasm
---function: initiate an impulse and conduct the impulse
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* axonal transports:
slow anterograde: cytoskeletal protein: microtubule, microfilament and neurofilament (0.1-0.4mm/d)
fast anterograde: synaptic vesicles, enzymes and proteins( 100-400mm/d)
fast retrograde: products of metabolism, intaking materials including protein or neurotrophic factors(100-400/d)
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3) classification:
---According to number of processes
multipolar neuron
bipolar neuron
pseudounipolar neuron
---According to length of axon
Golgi type I neuron: long axon and large
Golgi type II neuron: short axon
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---According to function sensory neuron motor neuron interneuron
---According to the neurotransmitter or neuromodulator release by the neuron cholinergic neuron aminergic neuron peptidergic neuron aminoacidergic neuron
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3. synapse
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---definition: is the junctions between neurons or neuron and non-nerve cells
---classification: chemical synapse: taking neurotransmitter as communicating medium electrical synapse: gap junction
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---structure of chemical synapse: LM: in silver preparation, there are many
button-liked structures on the surface of dendrites and cell body, called synaptic button
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EM: /presynaptic element: axonal terminal
presynaptic membrane synapse vesicle:
-round or flattened, 40-60nm -clear or with electron dense core
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-contain neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, Ach norepinephrine, NE dopamine, DA -neuromodulator: peptides- change the reaction of
neuron to neurotransmitter, modulate neurotransmitter
substance P enkephalin vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP
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there are synapsin I
mito, SER, microtubule and microfilament
/synaptic cleft: 15-30nm
/postsynaptic element:
--postsynaptic membrane
--receptors
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Classification of chemical synapse:
/According to function:
excitatory synapse
inhibitory synapse
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/According to structure: type I: postsynaptic membrane is thicker than presynaptic membrane, with wide synaptic cleft(excitatory synapse) type II: there are less electron dense material attached on synaptic membrane, the thickness of postsynaptic membrane is same to presynaptic membrane(symmetrical synapse)
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4. Glial cell(neuroglia)
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1) Glial cell in CNS(central nervous system)a. Astrocyte: /large stellate /round or ovoid nucleus, large and pale (euc
hromatin) /gliafilament: intermediate filament /end feet: to form glia limitans or vascular fee
t-constitute blood brain barrier
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/classification
fibrous astrocytes:
-white matter, have long, thin and smooth processes
-more glial filament- glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP
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protoplasmic astrocyte:
-gray matter, short, thick processes with more branch
-less glial filament
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/function: ⅰ.supporting, insulating and repairing ii. regulate the environment and movement of neuron iii. secret neurotrophic factor: nerve growth factor, NGF, ciliary neurotrophic factor, CNTP and glial cell line-drived neurotrophic factor, GDNF
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b. Oligodendrocyte: ---structure: smaller, fewer process with a small r
ound and dark stained N---function: i. their processes form myelin-sheath of NF i
n CNS ii. inhibite growth of processes of neuron( secrete inhibiting factor- NI-35,NI-250 myelin-associated glycoprotein)
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c. Microglia:
---structure: smallest, elongate shape or ovoid, with a small dark irregular N
---function: phagocytosis-mononuclear phagocyte system
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d. Ependymal cell: ---structure:
simple cuboidal or columnar epiapical: microvilli and ciliabasal: long processes-tanycyte
---function: produce cerebrospinal fluidnerve stem cell in or under ependyma
---distribution: ventricle of brain and central canal of spinal cord
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2) glial cell in PNS( peripheral nervous system)
a. Schwann cell: /envelop the axon end to end to form my
elin-sheath in PNS and /produce NGF, CNTF and BDNF(brain der
ived neurotrophic factor) b. Satellite cell (capsular cell): /one layer of flattened or cuboidal cell, w
ith round, ovoid and dark N /surrounding the Neuron in ganglion
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5. Nerve fiber and Nerve
---definition: a structure formed by axon and glial cell can conduct the impulse to certain direction
---classification: according to myelin-sheath
myelinated nerve fiber
unmyelinated nerve fiber
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1) MNF ① MNF in PNS
LM: Axon
myelin-sheath: HE: net-liked; OsO4(osmium tetroside) fixation and stain: black with Schmidt-Lantermann incisureneurilemma: cell membrane of Schwann and basement membrane
* Ranvier node: narrow part, no myelin-sheath-saltatory conduction
* internode: the segment of NF between two Ranvier nodes
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EM: Schwann cell (neurilemmal cell) : Schwann cell →invagination and envelop
the axon →form mesaxon → mesaxon become longer and longer →spiral around the fiber →to force the N and cytoplasm go to two side, inner and out edges connecting with incisure
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②MNF in CNS---structure:
similar to in PNSmyelin-sheath formed by flattened ending of oligodendrocyte’s processesone oligodendrocyte can envelop many axonsno incisure and basement membrane
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2) N-MNF①N-MNF in PNS---structure:
thin axon and Schwann cell connect end to endno myelin-sheath and Ranvier nodeone Schwann cell envelops more axons
②N-MNF in CNS * nothing to envelop the axon-naked axon
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3) Nerve ---Nerve fiber gets together to form nerve
efferent N afferent N mixed N
---structure: epineurium: DCT perineurium:
-two layers: /outer layer- CT /inner layer-several layers of S
SE- perineural epithelium(tight junction and basement membrane) endoneurium: thin layer of LCT
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6. Nerve Ending
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1) Sensory nerve ending---peripheral processes of pseudounipolar neur
on + other structure to form sensory receptor①free nerve ending---structure: NF→lose myelin-sheath → branch
→ distribute in epidermis, cornea, hair follicle epithelial cell and CT
---function: feel cold, hot, pain and slight touch
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② Encapsulated N ending ---have CT capsule a. tactile corpuscle---structure:
oval CT capsule flattened cell-transverse arranged NF→lost myelin-sheath→spiral flattened cells
---distribution: dermal papillae, especially in tip of finger or toe, palms, soles and lips
---function: touch receptors
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b. lamellar corpuscle---structure:
large , oval or spherical capsule: several layers of flattened cell concentrically-arranged bulb- cylindrical NF →lost MS→enter the bulb
---distribution: subcutaneous T, mesentery, ligament
---function: feel deep or heavy pressure
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c. Muscular spindles---structure:
fusiform CT capsule a few small muscle fibers- intrafusal muscle fiber NF: roll up the muscle F
---distribution: skeletal muscle
---function: detect muscle length and change in muscle length
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2) Motor nerve ending: muscular T and gland
①Somatic MNE: motor end plate, neuromuscular junction
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---structure: EM
muscle F: rich in cytoplasm, nuclei and mito
presynaptic membrane: - synaptic vesicles- achtylcholine
synaptic cleft:
postsynaptic membrane:
-synaptic gatter
-junctional folds
-type N receptor
* motor unit: axon of one neuron and all skeletal muscle fiber controlled by it
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② Visceral MNE---lateral horn neuron→axon(preganglionic fibe
r) →ganglia neuron or nerve plexus→axon (postganglionic fiber)
---structure: NF are thin, no MS →form varicosity( round granules-liked vesicles)
*vesicles: acetylcholine- round, Clear
norepinephrine, NE- granules-liked
glycine- flattened, clear
---distribution: smooth M, Cardiac M and gland