chapter 7 sections 5-8 (not used 2008 applying population ecology: the human population
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 7Chapter 7
Sections 5-8Sections 5-8
(not used 2008(not used 2008
Applying Population Applying Population Ecology: The Human Ecology: The Human
PopulationPopulation
Urbanization and Urban GrowthUrbanization and Urban Growth
Urban and rural populationsUrban and rural populations
Rural migration to urban areasRural migration to urban areas
Megacities and megalopolisesMegacities and megalopolises
Poverty and shantytownsPoverty and shantytowns
Patterns of urbanizationPatterns of urbanization
Fig. 7-13, p. 141
Los Angeles13.3 million14.5 million
Mexico City18.3 million20.4 million Sao Paulo
18.3 million21.2 million
Buenos Aires12.1 million13.2 million
New York16.8 million17.9 million
Cairo10.5 million11.5 million
Lagos12.2 million24.4 million
Mumbai(Bombay)16.5 million22.6 million
Karachi10.4 million16.2 million
Dhaka13.2 million22.8 million
Calcutta13.3 million16.7 million
Jakarta11.4 million17.3 million
Beijing10.8 million11.7 million
Tokyo26.5 million27.2 million
Shanghai12.8 million13.6 million
Osaka11.0 million11.0 million
Manila10.1 million11.5 million
Major Urban Areas of the World Major Urban Areas of the World
Delhi13.0 million20.9 million
Fig. 7-14, p. 141
Megalopolises of Bowash and Megalopolises of Bowash and Chipitts Chipitts
US UrbanizationUS Urbanization
Initial migration to large central citiesInitial migration to large central cities
Later migration from large cities to suburbsLater migration from large cities to suburbs
Migration from north and east to south and westMigration from north and east to south and west
Recent migration back to rural areasRecent migration back to rural areas
Advantages and disadvantages of US urban areasAdvantages and disadvantages of US urban areas
Major Urban Areas of the USMajor Urban Areas of the US
Fig. 7-15, p. 142
Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl
Fig. 7-16, p. 143
1967
1995
1952
1972
Fig. 7-17a, p. 144
Some Undesirable Effects of Urban SprawlSome Undesirable Effects of Urban Sprawl
Fig. 7-17b, p. 144
Human Healthand Aesthetics
Contaminated drinking waterand air
Noise pollution
Sky illumination at night
Traffic congestion
Weight gain
Some Undesirable Effects of Some Undesirable Effects of Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl
Fig. 7-17c, p. 144
WaterIncreased runoff
Increased surface water andgroundwater pollution
Increased use of surface waterand groundwater
Decreased storage of surfacewater and groundwater
Increased flooding
Decreased natural sewagetreatment
Some Undesirable Effects of Some Undesirable Effects of Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl
SF Bay region growth animation
AnimationAnimation
Advantages of Urbanization Advantages of Urbanization (especially in Developed Countries)(especially in Developed Countries)
JobsJobs
EducationEducation
Better access to health careBetter access to health care
Some environmental advantagesSome environmental advantages
Biodiversity may be preserved in some rural areasBiodiversity may be preserved in some rural areas
Disadvantages of UrbanizationDisadvantages of Urbanization
Resource use and wasteResource use and waste
Reduction in vegetationReduction in vegetation
Water supply problems and floodingWater supply problems and flooding
Don’t grow foodDon’t grow food
Air, noise and water pollutionAir, noise and water pollution
Disease, poverty, crime and accidentsDisease, poverty, crime and accidents
Microclimates: Urban heat islandsMicroclimates: Urban heat islands
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Fig. 7-18, p. 145
Inputs Outputs
Energy
Food
Water
Rawmaterials
Manufacturedgoods
Money
Information
Solid wastes
Waste heat
Air pollutants
Water pollutants
Greenhouse gases
Manufactured goods
Noise
Wealth
Ideas
Urban Areas as Open SystemsUrban Areas as Open Systems
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Fig. 7-19, p. 146
Noise Levels (in dbA)
Permanent damagebegins after 8-hour
exposure
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
85
Normalbreathing
Whisper
Quietrural area
Quietroom
Rainfall
Normalconversation
Vacuumcleaner
Averagefactory
Lawnmower
Chainsaw
Rock music
Thunderclap(nearby)
Earphonesat loud level
Air raidsiren
Boomcars
Militaryrifle
Urban Areas as Open SystemsUrban Areas as Open Systems
Extreme Poverty in Urban AreasExtreme Poverty in Urban Areas
Fig. 7-20, p. 146
Plight of Urban Poor in Developing Plight of Urban Poor in Developing Countries Countries
Squatter settlements (shantytowns)Squatter settlements (shantytowns)
Poor housing and homelessnessPoor housing and homelessness
Poor sanitation and little clean water- Fecal Snow!!!Poor sanitation and little clean water- Fecal Snow!!!
Lack of electricity and roadsLack of electricity and roads
Pollution and other hazardsPollution and other hazards
Governments often destroy illegal settlementsGovernments often destroy illegal settlements
UnemploymentUnemployment
OvercrowdingOvercrowding
Lack of educational and medical facilitiesLack of educational and medical facilities
CrimeCrime
DiseaseDisease
Mexico CityMexico City
Transportation and Urban Transportation and Urban Development Development
Compact and dispersed citiesCompact and dispersed cities
Personal automobilesPersonal automobiles
Motor vehicles in the US Motor vehicles in the US
Advantages and disadvantages of motor vehiclesAdvantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles
Reduction of motor vehicle useReduction of motor vehicle use
Alternatives to motor vehiclesAlternatives to motor vehicles
Fig. 7-21, p. 149
Advantages Disadvantages
Affordable Produce nopollution Quiet Require little parking space Easy tomaneuver intraffic Take fewresources tomake Very energyefficient Provide exercise
Little protectionin an accident Do not protectriders frombad weather Not practical fortrips longer than8 kilometers(5 miles) Can be tiring(except for electricbicycles) Lack of secure bikeparking
Bicycles
Trade-Offs
Tradeoffs of BicyclesTradeoffs of Bicycles
Fig. 7-22, p. 149
Advantages Disadvantages
More energyefficient than cars
Produce less airpollution than cars
Require lessland than roadsand parkingareas for cars
Cause fewerinjuries anddeaths than cars
Reduce carcongestion incities
Expensive tobuild andmaintain
Cost effectiveonly alonga denselypopulatednarrow corridor
Commit riders toTransportationschedules
Can cause noiseand vibrationfor nearby residents
Mass Transit Rail
Trade-Offs
Tradeoffs of Mass Transit RailTradeoffs of Mass Transit Rail
Fig. 7-23, p. 150
Advantages Disadvantages
More flexiblethan rail system
Can be reroutedas needed
Cost less todevelop andmaintain thanheavy-railsystem
Can greatlyreduce car useand pollution
Can lose moneybecause theyneed low faresto attract riders
Often get caughtin traffic unlessoperating inexpress lanes
Commit ridersto transportationschedules
Noisy
Buses
Trade-Offs
Tradeoffs of BusesTradeoffs of Buses
Fig. 7-24, p. 150
Advantages Disadvantages
Can reduce travel by car or plane
Ideal for trips of 200–1,000kilometers (120–620 miles)
Much more energy efficient per rider over the same distance than a car or plane
Expensive to run and maintain
Must operate along heavily usedroutes to be profitable
Cause noise and vibration for nearby residents
Rapid Rail
Trade-Offs
Tradeoffs of Rapid RailTradeoffs of Rapid Rail
Making Urban Areas More Livable Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable and Sustainable
Land-use planning (Smart Growth)Land-use planning (Smart Growth)
WalkabilityWalkability
Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability
Smart transportationSmart transportation
EcocitiesEcocities
Reduce pollution and wasteReduce pollution and waste
Protect biodiversityProtect biodiversity
Curitiba, Brazil Curitiba, Brazil
Limits and Regulations
• Limit building permits
• Urban growth boundaries
• Green belts around cities
• Public review of new dvlmt
Zoning
• Encourage mixed use
• Concentrate development along mass transportation routes
• Promote high-density cluster housing developments
Planning
• Ecological land-use planning
• Environmental impact analysis
• Integrated regional planning
• State and national planning
Protection• Preserve existing open space
• Buy new open space
• Buy development rights that prohibit certain types of development on land parcels
Taxes• Tax land, not buildings
• Tax land on value of actual use (such as forest and agriculture) instead of highest value as developed land
Tax Breaks• For owners agreeing legally to not allow certain
types of development (conservation easements)
• For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban sites (brownfields)
Revitalization and New Growth
• Revitalize existing towns and cities
• Build well-planned new towns and villages
within cities
Smart Growth Tools
Solutions
Fig. 7-25, p. 151
Smart GrowthSmart Growth
Fig. 7-26, p. 152
WorkersInterdistrict Direct FeederExpress
City center
Bus System Bus System of Curitiba, of Curitiba,
BrazilBrazil
City center