Chapter 7:Chapter 7:

The Antebellum DaysThe Antebellum Days

Antebellum Georgia-EconomyAntebellum Georgia-Economy

Owners worth was measured Owners worth was measured in the amount of slaves owned.in the amount of slaves owned.

Land inexpensiveLand inexpensive ½ of Georgia’s wealth was in ½ of Georgia’s wealth was in

slavesslaves Slave worth compared to cost Slave worth compared to cost

of pound of cotton.of pound of cotton.

Slave MarketsSlave Markets: Savannah, : Savannah, Augusta, Macon, and Augusta, Macon, and LouisvilleLouisville

Cotton mills, tanneries, shoe Cotton mills, tanneries, shoe factories, iron, brick, potteryfactories, iron, brick, pottery

Monmouth Plantation, Natchez, MSMonmouth Plantation, Natchez, MS

Antebellum Georgia-Antebellum Georgia-TransportationTransportation

Travel has changed very Travel has changed very little since late 1700s.little since late 1700s.

Horse, carriages, dirt Horse, carriages, dirt roads, turnpikes…roads, turnpikes…

Time consumingTime consumingRiver systemRiver system

SteamboatsSteamboats (1820):(1820): went went mostly north-southmostly north-south

RailroadsRailroads (1833):(1833): all all directions…Charleston to directions…Charleston to Augusta… Augusta… (1843)(1843) Savannah to Macon and Savannah to Macon and Atlanta to ChattanoogaAtlanta to Chattanooga

Mississippi QueenMississippi Queen

Antebellum Georgia-EducationAntebellum Georgia-Education

Not considered Important-Agriculture!Not considered Important-Agriculture!Wealthy hired private teachersWealthy hired private teachers““Old Field Schools”:Old Field Schools”: built in the fields that were no longer being usedbuilt in the fields that were no longer being used

Reading, writing, arithmetic (The 3 ‘R’s)Reading, writing, arithmetic (The 3 ‘R’s)18581858: : Georgia set aside $100,000 for free schoolingGeorgia set aside $100,000 for free schooling18511851: Georgia Military Institute (Marietta) and the Georgia Academy for the : Georgia Military Institute (Marietta) and the Georgia Academy for the BlindBlind18591859: 1: 1stst Law School established in Athens Law School established in Athens

Georgia Military InstituteGeorgia Military Institute

Antebellum Georgia-ReligionAntebellum Georgia-Religion

Great Revival Movement of the early 1800sGreat Revival Movement of the early 1800sMethodists and Baptists had the most members.Methodists and Baptists had the most members.

Other churches were growing as wellOther churches were growing as wellEpiscopal, Catholic, Presbyterian…Episcopal, Catholic, Presbyterian…

Slaves attended the same churches as their masters’.Slaves attended the same churches as their masters’.Religious revivals and camp meetings grew in popularityReligious revivals and camp meetings grew in popularity

Inside of a plantation slave churchInside of a plantation slave church

Antebellum Georgia-PoliticsAntebellum Georgia-Politics1840s1840s: : the two major political the two major political parties were the Democrats and parties were the Democrats and WhigsWhigsDemocratsDemocrats: states’ rights and : states’ rights and slaveryslavery

18561856: becomes leading party in : becomes leading party in GeorgiaGeorgia

WhigsWhigs: upper social classes who : upper social classes who favored small tariffs and federal favored small tariffs and federal help for the Southhelp for the South1850s1850s: compromise to preserve : compromise to preserve the Unionthe UnionGeorgians formed Georgians formed Constitutional Constitutional Union Party and States’ Rights Union Party and States’ Rights PartyPartyKnow-NothingKnow-Nothing Party Party: did not want : did not want immigrants to become citizens or immigrants to become citizens or anyone not born in U.S. to hold a anyone not born in U.S. to hold a political office.political office.

Know-Nothing PlatformKnow-Nothing Platform

North vs. SouthNorth vs. South

NorthNorthIndustrialIndustrial

Poor climatePoor climate Short growing seasonShort growing season Factories, mines, banksFactories, mines, banks

RailroadsRailroadsNorth North wanted tariffswanted tariffs on foreign on foreign goods so it’s products would goods so it’s products would become cheaperbecome cheaperLarge citiesLarge citiesNightlife, arts, sports, dinner, Nightlife, arts, sports, dinner, dancingdancing

SouthSouthAgriculturalAgricultural

““Cotton is King”Cotton is King” Cotton, tobacco, riceCotton, tobacco, rice Planters and farmersPlanters and farmers

South was South was against tariffsagainst tariffs as as many of their goods were from many of their goods were from foreign countriesforeign countriesLittle time for leisure activitiesLittle time for leisure activities

Revivals, quilting bees, Revivals, quilting bees, hunting, horse racinghunting, horse racing

Quiet and predictableQuiet and predictable

Differences: Sectionalism, economics, culture, SLAVERY!

Facts and TermsFacts and Terms

AntebellumAntebellum: period before the Civil War: period before the Civil WarNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne: wrote : wrote “The Scarlet Letter”“The Scarlet Letter”17321732: Georgia’s original charter outlawed slavery (promoted : Georgia’s original charter outlawed slavery (promoted laziness)laziness)16191619: Slavery began in North America: Slavery began in North America

Dutch traders brought slaves to the tobacco fieldsDutch traders brought slaves to the tobacco fields Slave trading ships docked in Savannah, New Orleans and CharlestonSlave trading ships docked in Savannah, New Orleans and Charleston

17931793: Eli Whitney’s cotton gin: Eli Whitney’s cotton gin Because cotton was being processed faster there was need for Because cotton was being processed faster there was need for MOREMORE

slaves to work the fieldsslaves to work the fieldsCommunications between slaves was difficult due in part that they Communications between slaves was difficult due in part that they didn’t speak English, but also because of their many different didn’t speak English, but also because of their many different dialectsdialects

Owners felt the inability to communicate would keep the slaves from Owners felt the inability to communicate would keep the slaves from uprising.uprising.

Slave LifeSlave Life

Food:Food: Fatback, molasses, Fatback, molasses,

cornbread, fish, vegetables, cornbread, fish, vegetables, squirrel, rabbit…squirrel, rabbit…

Clothes:Clothes: Wide hats, heavy shoes, Wide hats, heavy shoes,

clothes that didn’t fit right, clothes that didn’t fit right, made of long-lasting materialmade of long-lasting material

House slaves treated better House slaves treated better than field slavesthan field slaves

Housing:Housing: One room huts with fireplace; One room huts with fireplace;

small, crowded smokysmall, crowded smokyWork:Work:

Long hours, bent over, sun up Long hours, bent over, sun up to sun down, blue collarto sun down, blue collar

WomenWomen: Sewing, child care: Sewing, child careSlave QuartersSlave Quarters

Scary SquirrelScary Squirrel

Slave FamiliesSlave FamiliesVery strong, closeVery strong, closeExtended beyond the plantationExtended beyond the plantation““White” law did not recognize White” law did not recognize slave marriagesslave marriagesFamilies would become separated Families would become separated due to changes in the owner’s lifedue to changes in the owner’s life

I.e.... Marriage, death…I.e.... Marriage, death…

OverseerOverseer: managed the slaves on : managed the slaves on a day-to-day basis; hired by slave a day-to-day basis; hired by slave ownerowner

Administered punishmentAdministered punishment

DriverDriver: an older slave who was : an older slave who was loyal to the owner and could loyal to the owner and could manage other slavesmanage other slaves

Overseer with slavesOverseer with slaves

Slave mother being punished for wanting to help childSlave mother being punished for wanting to help child

Slave Religion and EducationSlave Religion and Education

2 places of worship2 places of worship:: Plantation where owners and slaves met (Obey!)Plantation where owners and slaves met (Obey!) Slave quarters where black preachers talked of freedom and justiceSlave quarters where black preachers talked of freedom and justice

Spiritual songsSpiritual songs (“Go Down Moses”)(“Go Down Moses”)

EducationEducation:: Against the law for an owner to teach slaves to read or writeAgainst the law for an owner to teach slaves to read or write

Feared that educated slaves could communicate and organize Feared that educated slaves could communicate and organize uprisingsuprisings

Slave ChapelSlave Chapel

Slave Facts and TermsSlave Facts and Terms

All slaves did NOT work on the plantationsAll slaves did NOT work on the plantations Some worked as skilled artisans in the townsSome worked as skilled artisans in the towns

I.e.. potters, weavers, shoemakers, engravers, printers, woodworkers…I.e.. potters, weavers, shoemakers, engravers, printers, woodworkers…

Free BlacksFree Blacks: found in North AND South that were NOT slaves and : found in North AND South that were NOT slaves and considered freeconsidered free

Suffered from Suffered from discriminationdiscrimination: people who are denied their rights : people who are denied their rights because of a prejudicebecause of a prejudice

Voting restrictions, owning property, travel…Voting restrictions, owning property, travel… Some free blacks who owned their own farms also owned slavesSome free blacks who owned their own farms also owned slaves

Fugitive Slave LawsFugitive Slave Laws: required that runaway slaves be returned to : required that runaway slaves be returned to their masters’.their masters’.Slave CodesSlave Codes: eliminated and reduced the rights of slaves: eliminated and reduced the rights of slaves

Could not testify against whitesCould not testify against whites Could not show disrespectCould not show disrespect Could not hit or make physical contactCould not hit or make physical contact Could not carry a weaponCould not carry a weapon

Important Slave LeadersImportant Slave Leaders

Gabriel ProsserGabriel Prosser (1800):(1800): Several thousand slaves who Several thousand slaves who

were unhappy with their were unhappy with their conditions planned to attack conditions planned to attack Richmond, VA…betrayed by Richmond, VA…betrayed by other slaves and 34 were other slaves and 34 were executed.executed.

Denmark Denmark VeseyVesey (1822):(1822): Led 9000 slaves for a planned Led 9000 slaves for a planned

attack on Charleston, SC…attack on Charleston, SC…betrayed and plan failedbetrayed and plan failed

Nat TurnerNat Turner (1831):(1831): Slave preacher in a Virginia Slave preacher in a Virginia

town that led the bloodiest town that led the bloodiest slave revolt in American slave revolt in American history; killing 65 whites along history; killing 65 whites along the NC border…captured and the NC border…captured and killed…fear of uprisings! killed…fear of uprisings!

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement

AbolitionistAbolitionist: Northern AND southern whites, along with free blacks who : Northern AND southern whites, along with free blacks who worked to get rid of slavery through speeches, books, safe houses…worked to get rid of slavery through speeches, books, safe houses…

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison: published : published “The Liberator”“The Liberator” …Abolitionist …Abolitionist newspaper that called for freedomnewspaper that called for freedom

Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe: wrote : wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” …a book about slaves as …a book about slaves as individuals rather than a groupindividuals rather than a group

Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas: published : published “The North Star”“The North Star” …an orator (Speech giver) …an orator (Speech giver) who spoke of the evils of slaverywho spoke of the evils of slavery

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth: orator that preached for freedom of all blacks: orator that preached for freedom of all blacks Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman: : Underground Railroad-Underground Railroad- helped escaped slaves to the North helped escaped slaves to the North

and Canadaand Canada

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison Harriett TubmanHarriett Tubman

The Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1820Compromise of 1820

At the end of 1819, there were 11 Free States and 11 Slave States. A balance in At the end of 1819, there were 11 Free States and 11 Slave States. A balance in the Senate…Southerners feared that the population growth of the North would the Senate…Southerners feared that the population growth of the North would disrupt the balance in the House of Representatives. As our country grew, disrupt the balance in the House of Representatives. As our country grew, states prepared to enter the Union (Maine and Missouri). Congress had to states prepared to enter the Union (Maine and Missouri). Congress had to decide if the new states were going to entered as Free or Slave States.decide if the new states were going to entered as Free or Slave States.

Free StateFree State: did NOT permit slavery: did NOT permit slavery Slave StateSlave State: allowed slavery: allowed slavery

Maine entered the Union as a Free State…Missouri entered as a Slave State.Maine entered the Union as a Free State…Missouri entered as a Slave State.No slavery would be permitted north of 36* 20’ North Latitude (see page 218)No slavery would be permitted north of 36* 20’ North Latitude (see page 218)

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

California’s population exceeded 100,000; California’s population exceeded 100,000; enough to ask for statehood…this sparked enough to ask for statehood…this sparked “The “The Great Debate”Great Debate” –Congress’s debate about what –Congress’s debate about what to do with Californiato do with California Senator Henry Clay proposed this compromise:Senator Henry Clay proposed this compromise:

California became a Free StateCalifornia became a Free StateSlave trading ended in Washington DCSlave trading ended in Washington DCTexas gave up it’s annex on New Mexico (allowing New Texas gave up it’s annex on New Mexico (allowing New Mexico to enter as a Slave state)Mexico to enter as a Slave state)

AnnexAnnex: to make a claim to: to make a claim toUtah and New Mexico got to decide on Slave or FreeUtah and New Mexico got to decide on Slave or FreeWashington DC residents could keep slaves they already Washington DC residents could keep slaves they already ownownCongress passed another Fugitive Slave LawCongress passed another Fugitive Slave Law

Congressional SolutionsCongressional Solutions

SectionalismSectionalism: a concept in : a concept in which people in any given area which people in any given area think that their ideas and think that their ideas and interests are correct and more interests are correct and more important than those of other important than those of other areas.areas.

NorthNorth: Federalism or strong : Federalism or strong national governmentnational government

SouthSouth: States’ Rights: States’ Rights

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act:: Created territories of Kansas Created territories of Kansas

and Nebraska that contained a and Nebraska that contained a Popular Sovereignty ClausePopular Sovereignty Clause

The people of the territory The people of the territory decided if they were free or decided if they were free or slaveslaveMade the North angry as this Made the North angry as this went against the Compromise went against the Compromise of 1820of 1820

““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”

Abolitionists and pro-Abolitionists and pro-slavery groups began to slavery groups began to move into the Kansas move into the Kansas Territory armed and Territory armed and ready to fight to gain ready to fight to gain advantage of the state. advantage of the state. When fighting erupted, When fighting erupted, this became known as this became known as “Bleeding Kansas”.“Bleeding Kansas”.

Free SoilersFree Soilers: people : people against slavery and wanted against slavery and wanted land to be given to Western land to be given to Western settlers for farmingsettlers for farming

Free Soilers vs. Pro-SlaveryFree Soilers vs. Pro-Slavery

Path to WarPath to War

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision:: Dred Scott was a slave who Dred Scott was a slave who

sued for his freedom because sued for his freedom because he claimed he had lived in a he claimed he had lived in a Free State (Illinois) when he Free State (Illinois) when he and his Master moved there.and his Master moved there.

Supreme Court ruled that Supreme Court ruled that he could not sue because he could not sue because he was not a citizen.he was not a citizen.Supreme Court ruled that Supreme Court ruled that Congress had no right to Congress had no right to stop slavery in the stop slavery in the territories.territories.

John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid:: John Brown and other John Brown and other

abolitionists, white and black, abolitionists, white and black, led a raid on a federal arsenal led a raid on a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA.at Harper’s Ferry, VA.

Defeated by U.S. troops led Defeated by U.S. troops led by Col. Robert E. Leeby Col. Robert E. Lee

Tariffs and Economic IssuesTariffs and Economic IssuesTariffsTariffs: taxes on imported goods: taxes on imported goods

18321832: South Carolina first started talking about seceding from the Union : South Carolina first started talking about seceding from the Union because of high tariffsbecause of high tariffs

Panic of 1857Panic of 1857: a depression that hit the United States, bankrupting factories : a depression that hit the United States, bankrupting factories and businesses…did not hit the South as bad due to less industryand businesses…did not hit the South as bad due to less industry

North began to call for higher tariffs on British goodsNorth began to call for higher tariffs on British goods

Class StructuresClass StructuresClass StructureClass Structure: position one group in society has in relation to others.: position one group in society has in relation to others.

SouthSouthSocial classes based on land and slavesSocial classes based on land and slaves

Very difficult to move from one class to anotherVery difficult to move from one class to another TOPTOP: small group of influential plantation owners: small group of influential plantation owners MIDDLEMIDDLE: middle class; doctors, lawyers, ministers…: middle class; doctors, lawyers, ministers…

Yeoman FarmersYeoman Farmers: small farmers who owned less than 500 acres of land.: small farmers who owned less than 500 acres of land. LOWER MIDDLELOWER MIDDLE: poor whites: poor whites BOTTOMBOTTOM: blacks; had their own social class: blacks; had their own social class

Free BlacksFree BlacksHouse ServantsHouse ServantsField SlavesField Slaves

NorthNorthSocial classes tied mostly to wealthSocial classes tied mostly to wealthEasier for people to move from one class to anotherEasier for people to move from one class to another

Simply make or lose more moneySimply make or lose more moneyEqual chance for everyone to go to school, travel, and take part in cultural Equal chance for everyone to go to school, travel, and take part in cultural activitiesactivities

The Party of LincolnThe Party of Lincoln

Rise of the Republican Rise of the Republican PartyParty

The Whig Party began to The Whig Party began to split after the Election of split after the Election of 1852.1852.

The northern faction began The northern faction began to lean ever more towards to lean ever more towards the Abolitionists and less the Abolitionists and less likely to compromise.likely to compromise.

1854: became the 1854: became the Republican Party.Republican Party.

Free States ONLY! Free States ONLY! Click here to find the Origin of the

Republican Elephant symbol

Election of 1860Election of 1860Democrats argued at their convention in Charleston as to what their Democrats argued at their convention in Charleston as to what their platform should be.platform should be.

PlatformPlatform: statement of principles and policies the party supports.: statement of principles and policies the party supports.

Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrats)Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrats) Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

John Breckinridge (Southern Democrats)John Breckinridge (Southern Democrats) Slaves allowed in all territoriesSlaves allowed in all territories

John Bell (Constitutional Union Party)John Bell (Constitutional Union Party) Supported the Union and compromiseSupported the Union and compromise Border state WhigsBorder state Whigs

Abraham Lincoln (Republican)Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Protective tariffs, free western land to settlers, construction of trans-continental Protective tariffs, free western land to settlers, construction of trans-continental

railroad, anti-slaveryrailroad, anti-slavery Appeared to be against everything the south wantedAppeared to be against everything the south wanted

Lincoln won without a single southern electoral vote and without the Lincoln won without a single southern electoral vote and without the majority of the vote.majority of the vote.

Georgia’s Reaction to Lincoln’s Georgia’s Reaction to Lincoln’s VictoryVictory

Most Georgians supported the Union, but were starting to favor Most Georgians supported the Union, but were starting to favor states’ rights.states’ rights.

Governor Joseph Brown called for a special session of the state Governor Joseph Brown called for a special session of the state legislature to discuss secession.legislature to discuss secession.

SecessionSecession: the act of pulling away from the Union.: the act of pulling away from the Union. Alexander Stephens urged Georgians to true to the ConstitutionAlexander Stephens urged Georgians to true to the Constitution Robert Toombs and Thomas Cobb favored secessionRobert Toombs and Thomas Cobb favored secession

Nov. 21, 1860Nov. 21, 1860: Governor Brown called for a Secession Convention: Governor Brown called for a Secession Convention

Governor Joseph BrownGovernor Joseph Brown Alexander StephensAlexander Stephens

SecessionSecessionDec. 20, 1860Dec. 20, 1860: South Carolina : South Carolina January 16, 1861January 16, 1861: : GeorgiaGeorgiaFebruary 1, 1861February 1, 1861: Florida, : Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texasand Texas

February 4, 1861February 4, 1861:: All the seceded states met in All the seceded states met in

Montgomery, Alabama to form the Montgomery, Alabama to form the Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America

Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis –President –PresidentRobert Toombs (GA)Robert Toombs (GA) –Secretary –Secretary of Stateof StateAlexander Stephens (GA)Alexander Stephens (GA) –Vice –Vice PresidentPresident

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