Chapter 7: The Challenge of

Christendom:Church and Empire in Tension

Pages 125-145

5 major concepts: #1

Two English Sources of Light:Benedictine monks Boniface and Bede

Boniface>conversionsBoniface>crowning a king foreshadows church/state entanglements.

Bede> stays in one monastery> study, teaching, writing.

Church and State entangled:#2Papal States!> must be protected!Pushes church into political and worldly affairs

Charlemagne> crowned by a pope! >Holy Roman Emperor> Helps but also controls the church

A Feudal Way of Life: #3

Ineffective leaders and the death of Charlemagne leaves a splintered empire,

A new way of life! > Feudalism, a political system based on land ownership. Order, protection.

Monasteries had vast land holdings.

Other Peoples Turn ChristianVikings have invaded and now settle in Europe. Intermarriages, treaties, missionaries lead to conversions among the Vikings

Brothers and missionaries in the East:

Cyril and Methodius.

#5 Royal Pains for the Church:Civil interference in church affairs and corruption among church officials.

Lay leaders appointing Church leaders!Buying and Selling of Church positions!German emperors control the Papacy!Hope comes from the monks at Cluny!

The High Middle Ages

1000-1300The age ofChristendom.The Catholic Church and European Society were One…

Chapter 8: the High Middle Ages:5 concepts: # 1 A New World in the Making.#2 Church Institutions Flourish.#3 A Church Divided, Zeal Misguided

#4 Heresy and Inquisition.#5 Mendicant Friars.

#1 A New World in the MakingThe rise of cities!More food produced by methods developed by monasteries.

More food> more people> towns grow.Cathedrals draw more people to towns

England, France power in kings.

#2 Church Institutions FlourishStrong papacy Forbids lay investitureExcommunicates an emperorEstablishes the college of cardinals

Romanesque and Gothic cathedralsRise of universities

#3 A Church Divided, Zeal Misguided1054 official split between the Eastern and Western churches.

The crusades are launched by Pope Urban II> hope to regain the Holy Land from the Saracen Muslims> 1096

Crusades degenerate into military and moral failure.

#4 Heresy and Inquisition

Albigensian heresy> all material things are evil> arises out of church materialism and corruption

Heresy seen as religious error and political treason.

Inquisition>”inquiry”. Civil trial until 1150> Guilty handed over to civil authorities for punishment.

Papal Inquisition>1232> run from Rome, systematic

#5 Mendicant Friars

Mendicant > “begging” orders renewed the Gospel spirit of poverty and simplicity within the church.

Dominic de Guzman founder of the Order of Preachers>Dominicans> scholars,teachers

St. Dominic Dominic de GuzmanPope Honorius IIIWrote:“Let those invincibleAthletes of Christ, armedWith the shield of faithAnd the helmet ofSalvation,continueever,in seasonand out of season, despite allhindrances and everytribulation to preach thedivine word.”

St. Francis

1182-1226WealthyAt 20 renouncesall worldly goodsWanders, preachesCares for the poor.Loved nature and sawthe creator in creation.

St. Francis

He calledHis followers“Friars Minor”St. Clare, Followed in his footsteps.“Poor Clares”

Mt 10: 7-10

And as you go, proclaim that the kingdom of God is close at hand. Cure the sick, raise the dead, cleanse the lepers, cast out devils. You received without charge, give without charge. Provide yourselves with no gold or silver, not even with a few coppers for your purses, with no haversack for the journey or spare tunic or footwear or staff, for the workman deserves his keep

St. Francis

Having read MT 10:7-10 Do you admireFrancis’s devotion toabsolute povertyWhy or why not? Is it practical today?Explain What can we learn fromFrancis?

Rise of the Medieval Papacy2 reasons for Christianity’s influence on the Middle Ages.

Strong papacy that provided leadership

A sense of unity in the area we call Europe.

Map

Where’sThe H.R.E.? Where are thePapal states? Where is Rome? Where is Constantinople?

The Political scene

Charlemagne crowned by Leo III at Christmas mass in the year 800.

Hope was born that Charlemagne would unite the Western part of the old empire and work closely with the church.

Notice: It was the Church in the person of Pope Leo III who gave the power to rule the State, in the person of Charlemagne

A Brighter Day?

Christianity had arrived and a New empire was established where the

old one once stood.From Roman Empire toHOLY ROMAN EMPIREAnd Charlemagne,a Christian, is the emperor.

Conversion by the sword

In one day Charlemagneput to death 4,500 Saxonswho resisted being baptized.

Forced conversions were Used to unify empires

The Saxon conversion

After defeat theremaining warriorswere baptized.Missionaries were Later sent to explainThe faith

Pluses and Minuses +,-,+,-,+,-Charlemagne emphasized educationAppoints priests, monks,bishops to positions in government

The best teachers came to his palace school

Encouraged Benedictine monasteries

+ and -’s

Charlem. Directs the church’s activities, appointing bishops, sending them around the empire.

Promotes Latin liturgy as in RomeLatin = language of educated people

Will unify liturgical practice.

Ashes to ashes,dust to dustCharlemagne’s empire is not long lived.

After his death the empire is divided among his grandsons.

Centuries later these territories become known as France and Germany.

Darkness descends

There were new barbarian invasionsVikings raided England The Moslems renewed their attacks, even making a successful raid on Rome.

Out of this chaos developed a new political system, FEUDALISM

The Church and Feudalism

The church was closely tied with Feudalism because of the lands it owned.

Bishops became more involved in the daily running of the land

This made them more like secular rulers rather than spiritual leaders.

Power and Problems in the Papacy

Lay Investiture: Secular leaders appoint church leaders.

Simony: The selling of Church positions to the highest bidder.