Chapter 7Understanding Reproduction

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Chapter Objectives

1. Identify the major endocrine glands and explain their functions

2. Describe the endocrine glands that have important roles in human development and reproduction

3. Discuss the onset of secondary sex characteristics in males and females

(continues)

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Chapter Objectives (continued)

4. Explain the major changes needed in the reproductive structures of males and females to be able to reproduce

5. Explain the relationship between the menstrual cycle and fertilization

6. Discuss the importance of prenatal care

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Introduction

• Becoming an adult involves many physical changes

• Emotional changes are also a normal part of maturing

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Endocrine Glands

• Produce hormones that enter directly into bloodstream

• Hormones: chemical transmitters that carry messages to the cells on which they have a regulatory effect

• Eight endocrine glands– Location– Function

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Endocrine Glands

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Male Reproductive System

• Reproductive structures– External structures: penis and scrotum– Internal structures: testes, epididymis, ductus

deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

• Reproductive functions• Care of reproductive system

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Female Reproductive System

• Reproductive structures – Labia– Vagina– Cervix– Uterus– Ovaries – Uterine tubes (also called fallopian tubes)

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Menstrual Cycle

• The pituitary gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which directs ovaries to mature an ovum

• Mature ovum leaves ovary• Progesterone causes endometrium to thicken

and produce a lining to receive fertilized ovum• If ovum is not fertilized, it won’t implant • Progesterone production stops; lining sloughs off

and leaves body (menstruation)

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Fertilization

• If sperm are present when ovum enters uterine tube, sperm will try to enter

• 23 chromosomes from sperm and 23 from ovum blend, and cells reproduce rapidly

• Resulting mass of cells (blastocyst) travels to uterus and implants in lining

• Placenta is produced to provide exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between fetus and mother

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Prenatal Care

• Especially important during first three months of pregnancy

• Regular medical checkups• Physical exercise• Good nutrition• Avoidance of tobacco, drugs, and alcohol

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Summary

• The chapter discussed the aspects of human development and reproduction

• Important to learn about the reproductive systems of both genders

• Follow good nutritional practices for a healthy endocrine system

• Practice using health literacy skills to seek out scientific and medical knowledge