chapter 8 – caribbean south america section notes physical geography colombia venezuela and the...
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Chapter 8 – Caribbean South America
Section NotesPhysical GeographyColombiaVenezuela and the Guianas
VideoImpact of the Orinoco River
ImagesVenezuela’s Canaima National ParkFocus on Culture: The Feast of
Corpus ChristiCaracas, VenezuelaLatitude and Longitude
Quick FactsChapter 8 Visual Summary
MapsCaribbean South America: PoliticalCaribbean South America: PhysicalVenezuela’s Major ResourcesWorld: PoliticalCaribbean South AmericaVolcanoes of Colombia
World AlmanacWorld’s Top Oil Exporters
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Physical Geography
The Big Idea
Caribbean South America is a region with diverse physical features, wildlife, climates, and resources.
Main Ideas
• Caribbean South America has a wide variety of physical features and wildlife.
• The region’s location and elevation both affect its climate and vegetation.
• Caribbean South America is rich in resources, such as farmland, oil, timber, and rivers for hydroelectric power.
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Main Idea 1:Caribbean South America has a wide variety
of physical features and wildlife.
• The Guiana Highlands, the highest point in Venezuela, stretch into Guyana and Suriname.
• Sandstone layers resisted erosion to create flat-topped formations that rise 3,000–6,000 feet above the surrounding plains.
Mountains
• The Andes are the highest point in the region.
• They reach 18,000 feet on Colombia’s western side.
• The Andes form a cordillera, or a mountain system made up of roughly parallel ranges.
• Some peaks are active volcanoes.
Highlands
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Plains, Rivers, and Wildlife
• The plains between the highlands and the Andes make up the Llanos.
• At a low elevation the Llanos is mostly grassland that floods easily.
• The Orinoco is the longest river, flowing for 1,600 miles.
• The Cauca and the Magdalena are two other important rivers that drain the Andean region.
• Hundreds of birds, crocodiles, and meat-eating fish called piranhas live in or around the Orinoco River.
• Colombia has one of the highest concentrations of plant and animal species in the world.
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Main Idea 2:The region’s location and elevation both
affect its climate and vegetation.
Temperature
• Located near the equator, the region is warm year-round.
• Temperatures vary with elevation.
• In the Andes, temperatures drop by four degrees Fahrenheit every 1000 feet.
Llanos
• This region has a tropical savanna climate.
• Both wet and dry seasons provide favorable conditions for grasslands.
Rain Forests
• These forests thrive in humid tropical climate of southern Colombia.
• They are part of the Amazon Basin.
• Rain falls throughout the year.
• The trees’ canopies block the sunlight.
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Main Idea 3:Caribbean South America is rich in resources, such as farmland, oil, timber, and rivers for
hydroelectric power.
• Rich soil and moderate climate are good for agriculture.
• Crops: rice, coffee, bananas, and sugarcane
• Resources: oil, iron ore, and coal
• Forests provide timber.
• Seas provide fish and shrimp.
• Rivers are used to generate hydroelectric power.
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Colombia
The Big IdeaSpanish conquest, valuable resources, and civil war have
shaped the history, culture, and economy of Colombia.
Main Ideas
• Native cultures, Spanish conquest, and independence shaped Colombia’s history.
• In Colombia today, the benefits of a rich culture and many natural resources contrast with the effects of a long period of civil war.
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Main Idea 1:Native cultures, Spanish conquest, and
independence shaped Colombia’s history.
• Giant mounds of earth, mysterious statues, and tombs mark the history of the people of Colombia.
• The people who created these lived more than 1,500 years ago.
• Colombia’s history includes the story of the Chibcha, the Spanish conquest, and independence.
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• 1500: Spain conquered the Chibcha and established a colony and cities along the Caribbean coast.
• The colonial city Cartagena was a major naval base and commercial port in the Spanish empire.
• 1600s: Spanish set up large estates and forced Indians and enslaved Africans to work the land.
The Chibcha
• The legend of El Dorado, the Golden One, was inspired by the Chibcha.
• They covered new rulers in gold dust and threw gold and emeralds into a lake as the new ruler washed.
• They practiced pottery making, weaving, and metal working.
SpanishConquest
History
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Independence
• Late 1970s: The struggle for independence created the republic of Gran Colombia, which included Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.
• 1830: The republic dissolved. Colombia and Panama established New Grenada.
• One group wanted the Roman Catholic Church to participate in government and education. Another group did not.
• Conflicts killed thousands of people in the 1800s and 1900s.
• Rugged geography also divided the people into two different regions with separate economies and identities.
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Main Idea 2: In Colombia today, the benefits of a rich
culture and many natural resources contrast with the effects of a long period of civil war.
• Colombia is the most populous South American country.
• Its capital, Bogotá, is located high in the eastern Andes.
• Colombia is rich in culture and resources.
• Forty years of civil war has harmed the economy.
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• Traditional African songs and dances on the Caribbean coast; South American Indian music in Andes
• Sports: soccer and a Chibcha ring-toss game, tejo
• Mostly Spanish speaking and Roman Catholic
• Ethnic groups: 58 percent mestizo; also Spanish, African, and Indian descent
People
• Most Colombians farm in fertile valleys and river basins.
• Other Colombians ranch cattle in the Llanos.
• Few people live in the rain forests.
• Geography divides the country into separate cultural and physical regions.
Culture
People and Culture
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Economy
• Colombia’s economy relies on several valuable resources.
• Major farming exports: coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton, and flowers.
• Natural resources: oil, iron ore, gold, coal, and emeralds
Civil War
• Many different groups have waged war with each other.
• Past 40 years: Armed militants have controlled large areas of Colombia.
• Guerillas, or members of an irregular military force
– Want to overthrow government
– Forced farmers off land
– Grow illegal coca plant to make cocaine
• Government passed new laws and receives U.S. aid to combat the guerillas.
Colombia Today
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Venezuela and the Guianas
The Big Idea
European settlement, immigration, and natural resources have greatly influenced the culture and economy of
Venezuela and the Guianas.
Main Ideas
• Spanish settlement shaped the history and culture of Venezuela.
• Oil production plays a large role in Venezuela’s economy and government today.
• The Guianas have diverse cultures and plentiful resources.
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Main Idea 1:Spanish settlement shaped the history and
culture of Venezuela.
• Small South American Indian tribes originally lived in Venezuela.
• Spain conquered Venezuela in the early 1500s.
• Venezuela won independence in the early 1800s.
• Three centuries of Spanish rule influenced the country’s history and culture.
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Spanish Settlement
• Spain forced native Indians to search for gold and pearls, but found little.
• Spain then forced Indians to farm indigo.
• Many Indians died as a result.
• Spain replaced the Indians with enslaved Africans.
• Some slaves escaped, settling in remote areas.
Independence
• Simon Bolívar led revolt against Spain in Venezuela and throughout the region.
• 1830: Venezuela became officially independent.
• 1800s: Military dictatorships and civil wars
• 1900s: Oil was discovered, but the country’s leaders kept wealth for themselves.
History of Venezuela
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• Venezuela’s national dance, the joropo, is a lively foot-stomping couples’ dance.
• Rodeos are popular.
• Sports: baseball and soccer
People
• Most people are mestizos.• European descendents live in large cities.• African descendents live along the coast.• Most are Spanish-speaking Roman Catholic.• Indians make up 2 percent, but speak 25
different native languages and follow religious practices of their ancestors.
Culture
People and Culture
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Main Idea 2:Oil production plays a large role in
Venezuela’s economy and government today.
• Northern Venezuela has small and large farms.
• Llaneros, or Venezuelan cowboys, herd cattle on ranches in the Llanos region.
• 1960s: Oil production made a few wealthy; the majority of the rest lived in poverty in cities or shacks on the outskirts.
• Immigrants arrived attracted by oil wealth.
• 1980s: The price of oil dropped. People suffered economically. The price of oil recovered in 1990s.
• Venezuela joined Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) that tries to keep oil prices stable.
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Natural Resources
• The Orinoco River basin and Lake Maracaibo are rich in oil.
• Guiana Highlands are rich in iron ore, gold and other minerals.
• Dams along the Orinoco River produce hydroelectricity.
• Caracas, the capital, is a large city with a modern subway system, expressways, and tall buildings.
• Caracas is surrounded by slums.
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Venezuela’s Government
• 1959: First president elected.
• 2002: President Hugo Chavez started to distribute the country’s oil income equally among all Venezuelans.
• In protest, millions of people joined a strike—a group of workers stopping work until their demands are met.
• The strike hurt the economy.
• People called for a referendum, or recall vote, to decide whether Chavez would remain in office.
• 2004: Chavez won 58 percent of the vote and adopted new policies to end poverty, illiteracy, and hunger.
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Main Idea 3:The Guianas have diverse cultures and
plentiful resources.
• The economy and resources are similar to Guyana.
• The capital, Paramaribo, is home to half the population.
• The population includes South Asians, Africans, Chinese, Indonesians, and Creoles.
Guyana
• One-third of the people lives in the capital, Georgetown.
• Farmers grow rice and sugar on coastal plains.
• Half of the people are descendents of immigrants from India.
• One-third of the people are of African descent.
Suriname
• A territory of France with 190,000 people who live mainly in coastal areas.
• Two-thirds are of African descent. Others are of European, Asian, and South American Indian descent.
FrenchGuiana
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