chapter 8 greece, turkey and cyprus nathalie tocci
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 8Greece, Turkey and Cyprus
Nathalie Tocci
Greece, Turkey and Cyprus
• From Ottoman Empire to Independence and Conflict
• Turkey’s Rocky Road to Democracy
• Domestic Politics and Institutions
• Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean
Introduction
• Greece, Turkey and Cyprus born out of the Ottoman Empire
• Rough paths to democracy
• Relations between the three, and with EU, are crucial to their external affairs
From Ottoman Empire to Independence and Conflict
• Greece establishes independence 1829• Greek military campaign 1920-2• Turkey emerged in 1923 out of the Greek-Turkish
War• Cyprus divides between Greece and Turkey• 1944-9 – Greek Civil War• 1960 – Cyprus becomes independent bi-communal
Republic (collapses 1963)• 1967-74 – Greek dictatorship• 1974 – Greek junta targets Cyprus, prompting own
downfall• 1975 – Hellenic Republic created
Turkey’s Rocky Road to Democracy
• Turkey created 1923 by Atatürk
• Kemalist vision:– western, stable, homogenous nation-state– Blend of westernization, secularism,
nationalism, statism, populism
• Challenges to Turkish state:– Kurdish separatism– Political Islam
Domestic Politics and Institutions: post-1974 Greece
• Parliamentary democracy
• Party system centred around New Democracy and PASOK
• Tradition of strong state, clientelism and weak civil society
• Reforms since late 1980s have created stable 2-party system, civil society and sub-state level government
Domestic Politics and Institutions: Republic of Turkey
• One-party system (Republican People’s Party (CHP)) until 1946
• Democrat Party (DP) legalised in 1946• Both Kemalist moderate parties• Turbulent development of party system, due
to periodic military rule and outlawing of parties
• Post-1961: Justice Party (ex-DP) vs. CHP• Post-1983: dominance of Motherland Party
(neo-liberal) emerges• 2002: AKP (Justice and Development Party)
(moderate Islam) vs. CHP
Domestic Politics and Institutions: Greek Cyprus
• Presidential executive
• All parties committed to reunification, repatriation and Turkish withdrawal
• Divide between Greek Cypriot nationalists and Cypriot nationalists
Domestic Politics and Institutions: Turkish Cyprus
• Semi-presidential executive
• Political unity around call for political equality with Greek Cypriots, autonomy for Turkish Cypriots, continued role for Turkey
• Divide between nationalists and centre-left/liberals
Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean
• Since 1975 Greek foreign policy has changed dramatically
• Turkey has close, but problematic, ties with West and Europe
• North-South conflict is key factor in Cypriot foreign policy in both communities