Chapter 8Chapter 8

Introduction to the body!Introduction to the body!

The cellThe cell

• Cells are microscopicCells are microscopic• Every cell is programmed to do a Every cell is programmed to do a

specific job that allows the body to specific job that allows the body to function. function. – Each cell reproduced, grows and Each cell reproduced, grows and

repairs itself, uses oxygen and repairs itself, uses oxygen and nutrients, digests food for energy, nutrients, digests food for energy, eliminates waste, produces heat and eliminates waste, produces heat and energy and is able to move aroundenergy and is able to move around

Three Main PartsThree Main Parts

• NucleusNucleus

• CytoplasmCytoplasm

• Cell membraneCell membrane

TissuesTissues

• Tissues are specialized groups of cellsTissues are specialized groups of cells– Five typesFive types

• NerveNerve• EpithelialEpithelial• ConnectiveConnective• Blood Blood • MuscleMuscle

– SmoothSmooth– StriatedStriated– CardiacCardiac

Tissues of the BodyTissues of the Body

• Nerve tissueNerve tissue– Through out the bodyThrough out the body

• Sends impulses to/from the CNS and Sends impulses to/from the CNS and to/from the bodyto/from the body

• Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue– Forms the outer skin and lines the body Forms the outer skin and lines the body

cavities and passages to the outside of cavities and passages to the outside of the bodythe body• Protects, secretes, absorbs and receives Protects, secretes, absorbs and receives

sensationssensations

• Connective tissueConnective tissue– Bones, tendons, fat Bones, tendons, fat

• Binds, supports and connects body tissuesBinds, supports and connects body tissues

• Blood and Lymph TissueBlood and Lymph Tissue– Moves through the circulatory systemMoves through the circulatory system

• Delivers nourishment electrolytes, Delivers nourishment electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat and hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat and oxygen to all body tissuesoxygen to all body tissues

• Muscle tissueMuscle tissue1.1. CardiacCardiac

– Heart muscle onlyHeart muscle only– Contracts the heartContracts the heart

2.2. SmoothSmooth– Internal OrgansInternal Organs

– Contracts internal organsContracts internal organs

3.3. StriatedStriated– Through out the body for movementThrough out the body for movement

– Contracts and flexes to allow movementContracts and flexes to allow movement

Where are these found?Where are these found?OrgansOrgans are made up of are made up of

different types of tissue different types of tissue that work togetherthat work together

• Example-Heart is an organ made up Example-Heart is an organ made up of: of: – ConnectiveConnective– NerveNerve– Muscle-CardiacMuscle-Cardiac

SystemsSystemsA system is a group of organs A system is a group of organs working together to perform a working together to perform a

certain function.certain function.The body is composed of several The body is composed of several

systems.systems.– SkeletalSkeletal– MuscularMuscular– CirculatoryCirculatory– LymphaticLymphatic– RespiratoryRespiratory

-Digestive-Digestive

-Urinary-Urinary

-Glandular-Glandular

-Nervous-Nervous

-Reproductive-Reproductive

-Integumentary-Integumentary

Directions of the Directions of the BodyBody

• Anatomical Anatomical PositionPosition– The The erecterect positionposition

of the body with the of the body with the face directed face directed forward the arms at forward the arms at the side and the the side and the palms of the hands palms of the hands directed forward.directed forward.

• Directional terms describe the positions of Directional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. locations in the body.

• Superior or cranialSuperior or cranialtoward the head end of the body; upper toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). extremity).

Inferior or caudalInferior or caudal away from the head; lower (example, the foot away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity). is part of the inferior extremity).

• Anterior or ventralAnterior or ventralfront (example, the kneecap is located on the front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). anterior side of the leg).

Posterior or dorsalPosterior or dorsalback (example, the shoulder blades are back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body). located on the posterior side of the body).

•

• MedialMedial toward the midline of the body (example, toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot). of the foot).

• LateralLateral away from the midline of the body away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot). lateral side of the foot).

• ProximalProximal toward or nearest the trunk or the point of toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone). of the femur joins with the pelvic bone).

• DistalDistal away from or farthest from the trunk or away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm). forearm).

Cavities of Cavities of BodyBody• Cranial CavityCranial Cavity

– Houses the brainHouses the brain

• Spinal CavitySpinal Cavity– Houses the spinal cordHouses the spinal cord

• Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity– Houses the heart lungs Houses the heart lungs

and large blood vesselsand large blood vessels

• Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavity– Stomach, most of Stomach, most of

intestines, kidney, liver, intestines, kidney, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, gallbladder, pancreas, spleenspleen

• Pelvic CavityPelvic Cavity– Urinary bladder, part of Urinary bladder, part of

intestine, rectum, parts of intestine, rectum, parts of repo system.repo system.