Chapter 8Launching A New Nation

Homework: page 287 1a

Do Now: Open to a new blank page either in your notebooks or your iPad. Label it Material After Midterms: Chapter 8

Tuesday, January 28, 2014

"First in war - first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen..."

◦In 1799, Congressman Henry Lee said this about George Washington.

◦Based on this quote, how do you think people felt about George Washington?

Washington Takes Office The First President

◦ Inaugurated in April of 1789 Ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office

◦ The Executive Branch When Washington took office the government was very

small 75 post offices, a few clerks, and 672 soldiers in the army

Washington’s first job was to build a working government Congress passes laws setting up three departments for Washington

Treasury State War

Each department was to be led by a secretary that Washington would appoint

Washington also appointed an Attorney General

Washington Takes Office◦ The first Cabinet

Alexander Hamilton – Treasury Thomas Jefferson – State Henry Knox – War Edmund Randolph – Attorney General

◦ Over time, Washington met with these men regularly for advice

They became known as the president’s cabinet

Judicial Branch◦ Judiciary Act of 1789 established a

Supreme Court 3 circuit courts were also created as well

as 13 district courts Main job of federal courts was to hear

appeals from state courts◦ John Jay – first Chief Justice of the U.S.

Supreme Court

No homework

Do Now: Clear off your desks. Have nothing but a pen and piece of paper. Make sure your name is on it.

Wednesday, January 29, 2014

Judicial Branch◦Judiciary Act of 1789 established a

Supreme Court 3 circuit courts were also created as well as 13

district courts Main job of federal courts was to hear appeals from

state courts

◦John Jay – first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court

Washington Takes Office An Economic Crisis

◦ Revolution left the nation deeply in debt We owed $52 million

Mostly in bonds Many bonds were sold by the original owners to

speculators People who invest in something risky hoping to make a large

profit Should the federal government pay off debts from

states?◦ No matter what, the government did not have

enough money to operate Washington even had to borrow money from a friend to

pay his moving expenses from Virginia to New York

Washington Takes Office◦ A National Bank

Jefferson argued with Hamilton against this Jefferson said the Constitution does not give government

the power to create a bank (strict interpretation) Hamilton said that the “necessary and proper” clause

allowed government to do what it must to operate (loose interpretation)

Was a bank unconstitutional? Either way, congress passed a law in 1791

establishing the bank, and the president signed it Even today, people debate on a loose or strict

interpretation of the Constitution.

Washington Takes Office◦ A High Tariff

Would raise money for the government and protect American businesses

The tariff was never passed by congress The south argued that the tariff only benefited the north where

industry was and would make the south pay more for goods which they needed

Whiskey Rebellion◦ Congress passed a tax on all whiskey in 1791

Many farmers turned the extra gains they had left into whiskey and sold it for a small profit

Farmers compared it to the taxes the British had placed on the before the war

Many farmers had protests and refused to pay In 1794 the farmers burned the house of the tax collector and

marched in the streets of Pittsburgh

Washington Takes Office Hamilton’s Plan

◦ Alexander Hamilton had a plan to solve the money problem U.S. Government would pay off all state debts Create a National Bank to deposit government funds Place a high tariff on all goods coming into the country

◦ Paying the debt Huge problem, but it had to be done because it would

build confidence in America Southerners opposed the idea of paying off the state debts

Many of them had already paid theirs They reached a compromise

Southerners would endorse Hamilton’s plan if the new capital were located in the south

Washington Takes Office◦ Washington responded quickly

He sent the militia to quell the uprising 13,000 troops The protestors scattered

◦ Very important event – Washington established the power of the federal government

No homework

Do Now: please take out your financial plans from yesterday and Hamilton’s financial plan (last night’s homework)

Friday, January 31, 2014

The Birth of Political Parties

Political Parties Emerge◦ Framers hoped that government leaders would

rise above personal interests People did not refer to political parties, but rather

factions Many leaders disliked the idea… at first

Including Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison, and Washington Washington was very hostile to factions Despite Washington’s efforts, two political parties

began to form One group supported Jefferson and Madison The other group supported Hamilton

The Birth of Political Parties Republicans vs. Federalists

◦ Republicans Led by Thomas Jefferson

Believed the people should have the power – strong state governments

Emphasized agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution Opposed the national bank and protective tariffs Pro-French

◦ Federalists Led by Alexander Hamilton

Believed the wealthy and educated should lead – strong national government

Emphasized manufacturing, industry, and trade Loose interpretation of the Constitution Supported the national bank and protective tariffs Pro-British

Homework: *Read section 2 chapter 8 and political party packet

Do Now: Take out your notes from Friday. What is beginning to happen in the young United States?

Tuesday, February 4, 2014

The Birth of Political Parties

Election of 1796◦ Washington decides not to seek a third term as president

Sets an important precedent

◦ Republicans choose Thomas Jefferson to run for office

◦ Federalists choose John Adams (was Washington’s vice president)

◦ In 1796 elections were different than they are today 2nd place candidate became the vice president

◦ Adams wins the election Jefferson becomes his vice president This leads to trouble over the next four years

Page 294 key terms and people

Northwest Territory:

◦ At the end of the revolution, the US won the land north and west of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River.

◦ The British promised to remove their forts, but A DECADE LATER, were still there

Troubles at Home

Northwest Territory:

◦Native Americans wanted to keep their land

◦Several Native American groups joined together

◦Many Native Americans refused to sell their land to Americans. The Americans believed the future country depended on this land

Troubles at Home

Native Americans were attacking American settlers.

By 1790, Washington sent troops to end the attacks.

The Americans were defeated

The following year, Washington sent a larger amount of soldiers, but again were defeated◦ Over 900 soldiers were killed or wounded

Troubles at Home

Wayne was a Revolutionary War hero

He defeated the Native Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers

By 1795, the Treaty of Greenville gave most of the Native Americans’ land up to the Americans (present day Ohio).

Washington calls on Anthony Wayne

Most of the Americans were supportive of the French Revolution when it began (1789)

◦ They felt the French were following in America’s footsteps

A few years later, a period called the Reign of Terror made the French Revolution more controversial in the US

Troubles Abroad

French revolutionaries executed 17,000 people, including the king and queen

Federalists view: bloodthirsty monsters

Republicans(Jefferson) view: sometimes injustices are to be expected when people are oppressed

Reign of Terror

Homework: minimum 1 paragraph (at least 8 sentences)◦ Decide if you are a Federalist or a Republican

(look back at page 291)◦ Describe your beliefs ◦ Describe how you and your party feel about the

Jay Treaty

Do Now: clear your desks of everything. Take out a blue or black pen only

Thursday, February 6, 2014

US declares neutrality◦ We wanted to trade with both

Both countries saw this as a benefit to the other country

Both sides began stopping US ships and seizing their cargo

British began impressment of American sailors

France and Britain are at WAR

They purchase 75% of American exports and supply 90% of American imports

Washington sends John Jay to London, he returns with the Jay Treaty

◦ Americans agree to pay debts to the British◦ British agree to pay for the American ships it had

seized, withdraw its troops from the Northwest territory (FINALLY), and stop aiding Native Americans

We must stay friendly with Britain

Republicans:◦ Angered because they were giving up too much in

receipt of too little

Federalists:◦ Liked the fact that we were keeping peace with

Britain

Since Federalists controlled the Senate, Jay treaty won approval

Read pages 295-296

Republican vs. Federalist reactions

No Homework!

Do Now:◦Please take out last night’s homework

( page 297 1 a & b)

◦Please also have out your paragraphs from yesterday (Choose to be a Federalist or Republican and explain how you feel about the Jay Treaty)

Thursday, February 28, 2013

No Homework!

Do Now:◦Please take out your homework (page 297 # 6 and Page 298 key terms)

Wednesday, March 6, 2013

Definition:

◦ John Adams sends 3 people to France to meet with French officials (X, Y, Z)

◦ French officials demanded a $250,000 bribe plus a loan for several million dollars

XYZ Affair

Cause:

◦ French were angry over America’s Jay Treaty with Britain.

◦ French attacked US ships over this and the US neutrality

XYZ Affair

Effect:

◦American Reactions: “War Fever” – Federalists wanted to declare war on France

◦Adams’s action: Convinced Congress to increase size of

army and navy Sent new mission – Napoleon stopped

seizing ships

XYZ Affair

Homework:◦ Complete classwork◦ Chapter 8 test Wednesday!

Do Now:◦ Please take out your charts from yesterday

Thursday, March 7, 2013

Define:

◦Increased the time an immigrant had to wait to become a citizen (14 years)

◦President could deport any “alien” considered dangerous

Alien Act

Define:

◦Made it a crime for anyone to write or say anything negative about the President, Congress or government

Sedition Act

Cause:

◦“War Fever” made federalists and Republicans split farther apart

◦Federalists feared French immigrants – suspected them of bringing dangerous ideas

Alien & Sedition Acts

Effect: (Republican view)

◦Sedition act targeted the republicans – it took away their first amendment (free speech)

◦It violated the Constitution

Alien & Sedition Acts

Define:

◦Written by James Madison (Virginia) and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky)

◦Stated that the Alien & Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and states could nullify a law passed by Congress

Nullify: deprive of legal force

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Cause:

◦The Supreme Court did not have power to declare law unconstitutional

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Effect: What happened to the resolutions?

◦Had little immediate impact – no other state supported it

◦Boosted state’s rights in the future

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Homework: ◦ Complete classwork – page 304 1-9, 12-14

Do Now: Please cop down the following questions, leave room to answer completely◦ How did Americans respond to internal and external

challenges?◦ How did president Washington set the course for the

new nation?◦ How did two political parties form?◦ How did problems with France intensify the split

between Republicans and Federalists?◦ How did the actions of Britain and France affect the

US?

Monday, March 11, 2013