chapter 8 launching a new nation
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Chapter 8 Launching A New Nation. Tuesday, January 28, 2014. Homework: page 287 1a Do Now: Open to a new blank page either in your notebooks or your iPad . Label it Material After Midterms: Chapter 8. "First in war - first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen..." - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 8Launching A New Nation
"First in war - first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen..."
◦In 1799, Congressman Henry Lee said this about George Washington.
◦Based on this quote, how do you think people felt about George Washington?
Washington Takes Office The First President
◦ Inaugurated in April of 1789 Ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office
◦ The Executive Branch When Washington took office the government was very small
75 post offices, a few clerks, and 672 soldiers in the army Washington’s first job was to build a working government
Congress passes laws setting up three departments for Washington Treasury State War
Each department was to be led by a secretary that Washington would appoint
Washington also appointed an Attorney General
Washington Takes Office◦ The first Cabinet
Alexander Hamilton – Treasury Thomas Jefferson – State Henry Knox – War Edmund Randolph – Attorney General
◦ Over time, Washington met with these men regularly for advice
They became known as the president’s cabinet
Judicial Branch◦ Judiciary Act of 1789 established a
Supreme Court 3 circuit courts were also created as well
as 13 district courts Main job of federal courts was to hear
appeals from state courts◦ John Jay – first Chief Justice of the U.S.
Supreme Court
Judicial Branch◦Judiciary Act of 1789 established a
Supreme Court 3 circuit courts were also created as well as 13
district courts Main job of federal courts was to hear appeals from
state courts◦John Jay – first Chief Justice of the U.S.
Supreme Court
Washington Takes Office An Economic Crisis
◦ Revolution left the nation deeply in debt We owed $52 million
Mostly in bonds Many bonds were sold by the original owners to
speculators People who invest in something risky hoping to make a large
profit Should the federal government pay off debts from states?
◦ No matter what, the government did not have enough money to operate Washington even had to borrow money from a friend to
pay his moving expenses from Virginia to New York
Washington Takes Office◦ A National Bank
Jefferson argued with Hamilton against this Jefferson said the Constitution does not give government
the power to create a bank (strict interpretation) Hamilton said that the “necessary and proper” clause
allowed government to do what it must to operate (loose interpretation)
Was a bank unconstitutional? Either way, congress passed a law in 1791
establishing the bank, and the president signed it Even today, people debate on a loose or strict
interpretation of the Constitution.
Washington Takes Office◦ A High Tariff
Would raise money for the government and protect American businesses
The tariff was never passed by congress The south argued that the tariff only benefited the north where industry
was and would make the south pay more for goods which they needed Whiskey Rebellion
◦ Congress passed a tax on all whiskey in 1791 Many farmers turned the extra gains they had left into whiskey
and sold it for a small profit Farmers compared it to the taxes the British had placed on the
before the war Many farmers had protests and refused to pay In 1794 the farmers burned the house of the tax collector and
marched in the streets of Pittsburgh
Washington Takes Office Hamilton’s Plan
◦ Alexander Hamilton had a plan to solve the money problem U.S. Government would pay off all state debts Create a National Bank to deposit government funds Place a high tariff on all goods coming into the country
◦ Paying the debt Huge problem, but it had to be done because it would
build confidence in America Southerners opposed the idea of paying off the state debts
Many of them had already paid theirs They reached a compromise
Southerners would endorse Hamilton’s plan if the new capital were located in the south
Washington Takes Office◦ Washington responded quickly
He sent the militia to quell the uprising 13,000 troops The protestors scattered
◦ Very important event – Washington established the power of the federal government
Homework: review political parties packet
Do Now: page 290 key terms
Monday, February 23, 2015
The Birth of Political Parties Political Parties Emerge
◦ Framers hoped that government leaders would rise above personal interests People did not refer to political parties, but rather
factions Many leaders disliked the idea… at first
Including Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison, and Washington Washington was very hostile to factions Despite Washington’s efforts, two political parties
began to form One group supported Jefferson and Madison The other group supported Hamilton
The Birth of Political Parties Republicans vs. Federalists
◦ Republicans Led by Thomas Jefferson
Believed the people should have the power – strong state governments Emphasized agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution Opposed the national bank and protective tariffs Pro-French
◦ Federalists Led by Alexander Hamilton
Believed the wealthy and educated should lead – strong national government
Emphasized manufacturing, industry, and trade Loose interpretation of the Constitution Supported the national bank and protective tariffs Pro-British
The Birth of Political Parties Election of 1796
◦ Washington decides not to seek a third term as president Sets an important precedent
◦ Republicans choose Thomas Jefferson to run for office
◦ Federalists choose John Adams (was Washington’s vice president)
◦ In 1796 elections were different than they are today 2nd place candidate became the vice president
◦ Adams wins the election Jefferson becomes his vice president This leads to trouble over the next four years
Page 294 key terms and people
Northwest Territory:
◦ At the end of the revolution, the US won the land north and west of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River.
◦ The British promised to remove their forts, but A DECADE LATER, were still there
Troubles at Home
Northwest Territory:
◦Native Americans wanted to keep their land
◦Several Native American groups joined together
◦Many Native Americans refused to sell their land to Americans. The Americans believed the future country depended on this land
Troubles at Home
Native Americans were attacking American settlers.
By 1790, Washington sent troops to end the attacks.
The Americans were defeated
The following year, Washington sent a larger amount of soldiers, but again were defeated◦ Over 900 soldiers were killed or wounded
Troubles at Home
Wayne was a Revolutionary War hero
He defeated the Native Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers
By 1795, the Treaty of Greenville gave most of the Native Americans’ land up to the Americans (present day Ohio).
Washington calls on Anthony Wayne
Most of the Americans were supportive of the French Revolution when it began (1789)
◦ They felt the French were following in America’s footsteps
A few years later, a period called the Reign of Terror made the French Revolution more controversial in the US
Troubles Abroad
French revolutionaries executed 17,000 people, including the king and queen
Federalists view: bloodthirsty monsters
Republicans(Jefferson) view: sometimes injustices are to be expected when people are oppressed
Reign of Terror
Homework: minimum 1 paragraph (at least 8 sentences)◦ Decide if you are a Federalist or a Republican
(look back at page 291)◦ Describe your beliefs ◦ Describe how you and your party feel about the
Jay Treaty
Do Now: clear your desks of everything. Take out a blue or black pen only
Thursday, February 6, 2014
US declares neutrality◦ We wanted to trade with both
Both countries saw this as a benefit to the other country
Both sides began stopping US ships and seizing their cargo
British began impressment of American sailors
France and Britain are at WAR
They purchase 75% of American exports and supply 90% of American imports
Washington sends John Jay to London, he returns with the Jay Treaty
◦ Americans agree to pay debts to the British◦ British agree to pay for the American ships it had
seized, withdraw its troops from the Northwest territory (FINALLY), and stop aiding Native Americans
We must stay friendly with Britain
Republicans:◦ Angered because they were giving up too much in
receipt of too little
Federalists:◦ Liked the fact that we were keeping peace with
Britain
Since Federalists controlled the Senate, Jay treaty won approval
Read pages 295-296
Republican vs. Federalist reactions
No Homework!
Do Now:◦Please take out last night’s homework
( page 297 1 a & b)
◦Please also have out your paragraphs from yesterday (Choose to be a Federalist or Republican and explain how you feel about the Jay Treaty)
Thursday, February 28, 2013
Chapter 8 test Friday – even if snow day tomorrow!
Do Now:◦Make sure to hand in your Farewell Address!
◦Page 298 key terms and people
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
Definition:
◦ John Adams sends 3 people to France to meet with French officials (X, Y, Z)
◦ French officials demanded a $250,000 bribe plus a loan for several million dollars
XYZ Affair
Cause:
◦ French were angry over America’s Jay Treaty with Britain.
◦ French attacked US ships over this and the US neutrality
XYZ Affair
Effect:
◦American Reactions: “War Fever” – Federalists wanted to declare war on France
◦Adams’s action: Convinced Congress to increase size of
army and navy Sent new mission – Napoleon stopped
seizing ships
XYZ Affair
Define:
◦Increased the time an immigrant had to wait to become a citizen (14 years)
◦President could deport any “alien” considered dangerous
Alien Act
Define:
◦Made it a crime for anyone to write or say anything negative about the President, Congress or government
Sedition Act
Cause:
◦“War Fever” made federalists and Republicans split farther apart
◦Federalists feared French immigrants – suspected them of bringing dangerous ideas
Alien & Sedition Acts
Effect: (Republican view)
◦Sedition act targeted the republicans – it took away their first amendment (free speech)
◦It violated the Constitution
Alien & Sedition Acts
Define:
◦Written by James Madison (Virginia) and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky)
◦Stated that the Alien & Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and states could nullify a law passed by Congress
Nullify: deprive of legal force
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Cause:
◦The Supreme Court did not have power to declare law unconstitutional
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Effect: What happened to the resolutions?
◦Had little immediate impact – no other state supported it
◦Boosted state’s rights in the future
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Homework: ◦ Complete classwork – page 304 1-9, 12-14
Do Now: Please copy down the following questions, leave room to answer completely◦ How did Americans respond to internal and external
challenges?◦ How did president Washington set the course for the
new nation?◦ How did two political parties form?◦ How did problems with France intensify the split
between Republicans and Federalists?◦ How did the actions of Britain and France affect the
US?
Monday, March 11, 2013