chapter 8 part 1
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Memory
Chapter 8
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MemoryStudying Memory: Definition
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Information Processing Model (components).
Sensory Memory Working/Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Storing Memories in the Brain (Long term
Potentiation).
Encoding: Getting Information In How We Encode (Iconic and Echoic
Memory) What We Encode
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Memory
Flashbulb memories
Implicit and Explicit Memories
Retrieval: Getting Information Out (retrieval cues and mood congruency)
Forgetting (Schacter’s 7 ways of forgetting)
Encoding Failure, Storage Decay, Retrieval Failure (Interferences)
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Memory Construction Misinformation and Imagination Effects Source Amnesia Discerning True and False Memories Children’s Eyewitness Recall Repressed or Constructed Memories of
Abuse?
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Memory
Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and
yourself.
If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new.
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The Phenomenon of Memory
Memory is clearly very important but what is it.
How do we define it?
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Studying Memory: Information Processing
Models
Keyboard(Encoding)
Disk(Storage)
Monitor(Retrieval)
Sequential Process
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Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage
model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c)
long-term memory.B
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Modifications to the Three-Stage Model
1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.
2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.
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Encoding: Getting Information In
How We Encode
1. Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed.
2. However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.
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Automatic Processing
1. Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.
2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.
3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.
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Effortful Processing
Committing novel information to
memory requires effort just like
learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing
leads to durable and accessible memories.
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Effortful Processing and Rehearsal
Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition.
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ
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Memory Effects
1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.
2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.• Recency and Primacy effects -