chapter 8 periodic properties of the elements. energy of an atomic orbital for an atom, electrons...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 8
Periodic Properties of the Elements
![Page 2: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
H E
Energy of an atomic orbital
For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals.
![Page 3: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Orbital Energy Levels for the Hydrogen Atom
H atom: E only depends on n degenerate
![Page 4: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
E depends on n and l
same n, l↑ ↔ E↑
![Page 5: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
H E
i fE E hv
![Page 6: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A Picture of the Spinning Electron
![Page 7: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Spin quantum number ms
ms = +1/2 or −1/2
4 quantum numbers are used to specify an electron.
How do electrons fill up atomic orbitals?
![Page 9: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pauli Exclusion Principle
In a given atom, no two electrons can have the sameset of four quantum numbers.
An orbital can hold only two electrons, they must haveopposite spins.
![Page 10: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1s1
2s1
2p1
electron configuration
Lowest energy: ground state
Excited states
↑1s
↓2s
H atom
orbital diagram
↑2p
![Page 12: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Now we can write the ground state electronconfigurations and draw orbital diagrams accordingto Pauli principle.
Electron configurations explain many chemicalproperties.
![Page 13: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
For degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy is attainedwhen the number of electrons with the same spin is maximized.
Hund’s rule
Valence electrons: electrons in the outermost shell formain group elements.They are involved in bonding and reactions.
Core electrons: inner electrons
![Page 17: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Elements in the same group have similar valenceelectron configuration — similar chemical properties.
Noble gases have 8 (He 2) valence electrons. Stablestructure.
Number of valence electrons = main group number
Metals: tend to lose valence electrons to reach 8(2) valence electron.
Nonmetals: tend to gain electrons to reach 8(2) valence electrons.
Number of filled shells = period number
![Page 19: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Review Problem Set 10
![Page 21: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Periodic trends in atomic properties
• Atomic radius
![Page 26: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Atomic Radii (in Picometers) for Selected Atoms
![Page 27: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Atomic radius
In a period: decreases from left to right
In a group: increases from top to bottom
![Page 28: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
On the basis of periodic trends, choose the larger atom in each pair (if possible). Explain your choices.
(a) N or F (b) C or Ge (c) N or Al (d) Al or Ge
EXAMPLE 8.5 Atomic Size
![Page 29: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Choose the larger atom or ion from each pair.
(a) S or S2– (b) Ca or Ca2+ (c) Br– or Kr
EXAMPLE 8.7 Ion Size
![Page 31: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Periodic trends in atomic properties
• Atomic radius
• Ionization energy
![Page 32: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Energy required to remove an electron froma gaseous atom or ion.
X(g) → X+(g) + e−
X+(g) → X2+(g) + e−
Ionization energy
first ionization energy
second ionization energy
![Page 33: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ionization energy
In a period: increases from left to right
In a group: decreases from top to bottom
(general trend)
![Page 35: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Periodic trends in atomic properties
• Atomic radius
• Ionization energy
• Electron affinity
![Page 37: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Energy change associated with the additionof an electron to a gaseous atom.
X(g) + e− → X−(g)
Electron affinity
∆E = Ef − Ei = EA < 0
X(g) + e−
X−(g)
EEi
Ef
stable X−
![Page 38: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Electron affinity
In a period: increases from left to right
In a group: no clear trend
(very rough trend)
![Page 40: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Periodic trends in atomic properties
• Atomic radius
• Ionization energy
• Electron affinity
Remember the trends
![Page 41: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements. Energy of an atomic orbital For an atom, electrons are in atomic orbitals](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062315/5697bfe41a28abf838cb54d7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Problem Set 11