chapter 8 section 1 religion sparks reform a renewal of religious sentiment—known as the second...

Chapter 8 Section Chapter 8 Section 11

Religion Sparks ReformReligion Sparks ReformA renewal of religious sentiment—known A renewal of religious sentiment—known

as as the Second Great Awakening—inspires a the Second Great Awakening—inspires a

host host of reform movements.of reform movements.

Expanding DemocracyExpanding Democracy Early 1800s – Most White males could vote Early 1800s – Most White males could vote Sates passed laws allowing voters more control Sates passed laws allowing voters more control

over governmentover government 1830s and 1840s – Laws were changed to allow 1830s and 1840s – Laws were changed to allow

voters to choose state governors in a direct voters to choose state governors in a direct election election - Previously chosen by state legislatures - Previously chosen by state legislatures

1831 & 1832 – Major political parties held national 1831 & 1832 – Major political parties held national conventions to choose candidatesconventions to choose candidates- Each state sent delegates to represent them- Each state sent delegates to represent them- Candidates were previously selected in a closed - Candidates were previously selected in a closed caucus (Meeting of important party members)caucus (Meeting of important party members)

Conventions gave common people an stronger Conventions gave common people an stronger voice in the party’s nominationvoice in the party’s nomination

Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening A revival of religious faith in A revival of religious faith in

the early 1800sthe early 1800s Preachers delivered the Preachers delivered the

message that every person message that every person could be saved and that Jesus could be saved and that Jesus Christ would come again Christ would come again

American were told they must American were told they must cast out evil and create a cast out evil and create a heaven on Earth heaven on Earth

Revival- gathering to awaken Revival- gathering to awaken religious faith; lasts 4 to 5 religious faith; lasts 4 to 5 daysdays- Revivalism greatly increases - Revivalism greatly increases church membershipchurch membership- Churches set up Sunday - Churches set up Sunday Schools Schools

Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening

The African-American ChurchThe African-American Church

- Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist - Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist churches open to blacks and whiteschurches open to blacks and whites

- Southern slaves interpreted - Southern slaves interpreted Christian message as promise of Christian message as promise of freedomfreedom

1830s and 1840s – Women became 1830s and 1840s – Women became leaders in reform movements leaders in reform movements

Americans Form Ideal Americans Form Ideal CommunitiesCommunities

Utopian Utopian communitiescommunities - - experimental experimental groups, try to groups, try to create perfect create perfect placeplace

Most utopias last Most utopias last only a few yearsonly a few years

The ShakersThe Shakers Most reform movements were attempts to Most reform movements were attempts to

improve society improve society Some reformers believed it was necessary to Some reformers believed it was necessary to

start from scratch and build a new societystart from scratch and build a new society- Tried to establish Utopias -Ideal - Tried to establish Utopias -Ideal communities communities - Religious beliefs were the basis for some - Religious beliefs were the basis for some utopias utopias

ShakersShakers - founded by Ann Lee in 1774 - founded by Ann Lee in 1774- Preached that people were equal and - Preached that people were equal and should share in all aspects of lifeshould share in all aspects of life

The ShakersThe Shakers Shakers established communities in New York, Shakers established communities in New York,

New England, and the FrontierNew England, and the Frontier- Men and women to lived apart - Men and women to lived apart - Farmed and made furniture- Farmed and made furniture

Worshipped on Sunday’s and displayed deep Worshipped on Sunday’s and displayed deep religious emotionreligious emotion- Called Shakers because their services were filed - Called Shakers because their services were filed with shaking, dancing, and singingwith shaking, dancing, and singing

Shakers didn’t have ChildrenShakers didn’t have Children- Relied on gaining converts and adoption to grow- Relied on gaining converts and adoption to grow- Reached it peak in the 1840s (6,000 members) - Reached it peak in the 1840s (6,000 members)

Changes in EducationChanges in Education Workers wanted to educate their childrenWorkers wanted to educate their children Americans had long valued educationAmericans had long valued education

- Believed it was necessary for democracy- Believed it was necessary for democracy- Few Children were able to obtain an education - Few Children were able to obtain an education

1830s – Americans demanded change1830s – Americans demanded change 1834 - Pennsylvania established tax-supported public 1834 - Pennsylvania established tax-supported public

school systemschool system Massachusetts established a state board of educationMassachusetts established a state board of education Horace MannHorace Mann called for free public education (great called for free public education (great

equalizer) equalizer) - Established teacher training, curriculum reforms- Established teacher training, curriculum reforms

1850 – Many northern states had elementary schools paid 1850 – Many northern states had elementary schools paid for by public taxesfor by public taxes- More young people gained the chance to attend high - More young people gained the chance to attend high school and college school and college

Changes in EducationChanges in Education New colleges were established by churchesNew colleges were established by churches

(Northwestern and Notre Dame)(Northwestern and Notre Dame) Young women could not attend public high school Young women could not attend public high school

and most collegesand most colleges- 1836 – Wesleyan College opened in Georgia - 1836 – Wesleyan College opened in Georgia (1st women’s college)(1st women’s college)

African- American children weren’t allowed to African- American children weren’t allowed to attend public schools (Paid Taxes)attend public schools (Paid Taxes)- A few African-American schools were opened in - A few African-American schools were opened in northern cities and Washington D.C.northern cities and Washington D.C.- Slave states made it illegal to teach salves to - Slave states made it illegal to teach salves to read or write after Turner’s Rebellion read or write after Turner’s Rebellion - Only a few colleges would accept African -- Only a few colleges would accept African -Americans Americans

Newspapers and Newspapers and MagazinesMagazines

Increased literacy rate created a demand for Increased literacy rate created a demand for reading materials reading materials

1830s – Cheaper print and the creation of a 1830s – Cheaper print and the creation of a steam driven printing press made lowered steam driven printing press made lowered the price of newspapers to one pennythe price of newspapers to one penny

Penny papers made news available to the Penny papers made news available to the average Americanaverage American

Hundreds of new magazines beganHundreds of new magazines began - - Godey’s Lady Book Godey’s Lady Book – Advised American – Advised American women on how they should dress and behavewomen on how they should dress and behave

Caring for the NeedyCaring for the Needy 1841 – 1841 – Dorothea DixDorothea Dix

discovered that discovered that mentally ill people were mentally ill people were not being cared for not being cared for properlyproperly- Chained to beds- Chained to beds- Beaten - Beaten - Kept in cages in - Kept in cages in unheated part of prisons unheated part of prisons

Asked states to improve Asked states to improve care for the mentally illcare for the mentally ill

Her work led to the Her work led to the building of 32 new building of 32 new hospitals hospitals

Caring for the NeedyCaring for the Needy

Dix also called for prison reformsDix also called for prison reforms Everyone was housed together Everyone was housed together

(Long time criminals and children) (Long time criminals and children) Reformers demanded jails be Reformers demanded jails be

established for children established for children Also called for better treatment of Also called for better treatment of

adult prisonersadult prisoners- New prisons were built with the - New prisons were built with the goal of rehabilitating prisonersgoal of rehabilitating prisoners

Caring for the NeedyCaring for the Needy

Reformers worked to improve Reformers worked to improve conditions for the disabledconditions for the disabled

1817 – 1817 – Thomas H. GallaudetThomas H. Gallaudet started 1st American school for deaf started 1st American school for deaf childrenchildren

1830s – 1830s – Samuel HoweSamuel Howe founded the founded the Perkins school for the blindPerkins school for the blind


Slavery and AbolitionSlavery and AbolitionSlavery becomes an explosive Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join issue, as more Americans join

reformers working to put an end to reformers working to put an end to itit..

Abolitionists Speak OutAbolitionists Speak Out

Many Americans began feeling that Many Americans began feeling that slavery was wrongslavery was wrong

- Believed it went against Christianity and - Believed it went against Christianity and the principles the nation was founded the principles the nation was founded upon onupon on

AbolitionistAbolitionist – Group of reformers who – Group of reformers who wanted to abolish slaverywanted to abolish slavery- 1820s - over 100 antislavery societies - 1820s - over 100 antislavery societies advocated resettlement in Africaadvocated resettlement in Africa- Most free blacks considered themselves - Most free blacks considered themselves American only a few emigrated American only a few emigrated

Abolitionists Speak OutAbolitionists Speak Out

Whites joined blacks Whites joined blacks calling for abolition- calling for abolition- outlawing of slaveryoutlawing of slavery

William Lloyd William Lloyd GarrisonGarrison – Started his – Started his own paper to urge the own paper to urge the abolition of slavery abolition of slavery ((The Liberator)The Liberator)

- The Liberator- The Liberator called called for immediate for immediate emancipation— emancipation— freeing of slavesfreeing of slaves

Abolitionists Speak OutAbolitionists Speak Out Fredrick DouglassFredrick Douglass – –

Former slave who Former slave who escaped to escaped to MassachusettsMassachusetts- Lectured about his - Lectured about his experience as a slaveexperience as a slave- started newspaper - started newspaper North StarNorth Star- Later served as a - Later served as a U.S. representative to U.S. representative to Haiti Haiti

Abolitionist movement Abolitionist movement was strongest in the was strongest in the NorthNorth

The Underground The Underground RailroadRailroad

People joined local antislavery People joined local antislavery societies societies

1840 – over 2000 societies existed 1840 – over 2000 societies existed Many people took action to help slaves Many people took action to help slaves

escape to freedom along the escape to freedom along the Underground Railroad Underground Railroad

Former slaves traveled at night and Former slaves traveled at night and stayed during the day at hiding places stayed during the day at hiding places called stationscalled stations

The Underground The Underground RailroadRailroad

People who led the People who led the runaway slaves to runaway slaves to freedom were called freedom were called conductorsconductors

- - Harriett TubmanHarriett Tubman was the most was the most famous conductorfamous conductor

- Helped over 300 - Helped over 300 slaves gain freedom slaves gain freedom

SlaverySlavery Only 25% of the people could afford slavesOnly 25% of the people could afford slaves Only 10 thousand out of 5 million people owned more than Only 10 thousand out of 5 million people owned more than

50 slaves50 slaves The Slave Population increases from 1810 (1.2 million) to The Slave Population increases from 1810 (1.2 million) to

1830 (2 million)1830 (2 million) 18th century, most slaves recent arrivals, work on small 18th century, most slaves recent arrivals, work on small

farmsfarms By 1830, majority are American, work on plantations or By 1830, majority are American, work on plantations or

large farmslarge farms Rural SlaveryRural Slavery

- plantations, men, women, children work dawn to dusk in - plantations, men, women, children work dawn to dusk in fieldsfields- Slaves are whipped, have little time for food, no breaks for - Slaves are whipped, have little time for food, no breaks for restrest

SlaverySlavery Urban SlaveryUrban Slavery

- Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves- Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves- Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as - Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as artisansartisans- Slave owners hire out their workers to factory - Slave owners hire out their workers to factory ownersowners

Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on plantationsplantations

Slave resistanceSlave resistance- Wrecked farm equipment- Wrecked farm equipment- Ran away- Ran away- Acted like they didn’t understand direction- Acted like they didn’t understand direction

Nat Turner’s RebellionNat Turner’s Rebellion 1831 -1831 -Nat TurnerNat Turner was a slave who led a rebellion in was a slave who led a rebellion in

VirginiaVirginia They attacked several plantations and killed about 60 They attacked several plantations and killed about 60

whiteswhites Turner was tried and hungTurner was tried and hung Followers and innocent slaves were captured; 200 killed in Followers and innocent slaves were captured; 200 killed in

retaliationretaliation Rebellion caused state legislatures to pass harsh lawsRebellion caused state legislatures to pass harsh laws

- Slaves were required to have a pass to run errands- Slaves were required to have a pass to run errands- Whites were forbidden to teach slaves to read or write- Whites were forbidden to teach slaves to read or write- Slaves were prevented from holding religious meetings- Slaves were prevented from holding religious meetings

Rebellion ended any hope that the south would end slaveryRebellion ended any hope that the south would end slavery- Virginia legislature had thought of ending slavery before - Virginia legislature had thought of ending slavery before the rebellion the rebellion


Women and ReformWomen and ReformWomen reformers expand their Women reformers expand their efforts from movements such as efforts from movements such as

abolition and temperance to abolition and temperance to include women’s rightsinclude women’s rights..

Women’s Roles in the Mid-Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s1800s

Cultural and Legal Limits on WomenCultural and Legal Limits on Women Cult of domesticity—only housework, child care Cult of domesticity—only housework, child care

for married womenfor married women Single white women earned half of men’s pay for Single white women earned half of men’s pay for

doing same jobdoing same job Women had fewer legal rights Women had fewer legal rights

- Couldn’t vote- Couldn’t vote- Sit on juries- Sit on juries- Didn’t have guardianship of own children- Didn’t have guardianship of own children

A married woman’s property, earnings belonged A married woman’s property, earnings belonged to her husbandto her husband- He could also punish his wife as long as he - He could also punish his wife as long as he didn’t seriously hurt her didn’t seriously hurt her

Women Mobilize for Women Mobilize for ReformReform

Middle-class white Middle-class white women were inspired women were inspired by religion to join by religion to join reform movementsreform movements

Sarah and Angelina Sarah and Angelina Grimké - work for Grimké - work for abolition abolition

Raised on a South Raised on a South Carolina plantation Carolina plantation

Moved North and Moved North and became Quakers became Quakers

Won over a 100 Won over a 100 converts to the converts to the abolitionist movement abolitionist movement


1848 – 1848 – Lucretia Mott and Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton organized a meeting at organized a meeting at Seneca Falls, New YorkSeneca Falls, New York- Wanted equality at work, - Wanted equality at work, school, church, and before the school, church, and before the lawlaw- Wanted Women’s Suffrage- - Wanted Women’s Suffrage- Right to voteRight to vote

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth – One of the – One of the first African-American women first African-American women to speak out against slavery to speak out against slavery - Gained her freedom when - Gained her freedom when New York abolished slavery in New York abolished slavery in 1827 1827 - Changed name from Isabella - Changed name from Isabella to reflect her life’s workto reflect her life’s work


Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony joined joined the women’s movementthe women’s movement- Built it into a national - Built it into a national organization organization - Several states in the - Several states in the Northwest and Midwest Northwest and Midwest passed laws to give married passed laws to give married women rights to their own women rights to their own property property

Women didn’t gain the right Women didn’t gain the right to voteto vote- Susan B. Anthony was - Susan B. Anthony was arrested and fined for trying arrested and fined for trying to vote in the Presidential to vote in the Presidential election of 1872election of 1872

The Temperance The Temperance MovementMovement

Early 1800s – Heavy drinking was commonly accepted in Early 1800s – Heavy drinking was commonly accepted in AmericaAmerica- Some people spent most of their money on rum and beer- Some people spent most of their money on rum and beer- Families had to do without- Families had to do without- Children could buy alcohol as easily as adults - Children could buy alcohol as easily as adults

Reformers began blaming alcohol for the misery of the poorReformers began blaming alcohol for the misery of the poor- Called for temperance – Giving up the drinking of alcoholic - Called for temperance – Giving up the drinking of alcoholic beverages beverages

The Temperance The Temperance MovementMovement

Many women in Many women in temperance movementtemperance movement - - prohibit drinking alcoholprohibit drinking alcohol

American Temperance American Temperance Union founded in 1826Union founded in 1826- Had 6,000 local groups by - Had 6,000 local groups by 18331833

Movement was well Movement was well organizedorganized- Urged people to sign - Urged people to sign pledges to stop drinking pledges to stop drinking (500,000 signed) (500,000 signed) - Twelve states passed - Twelve states passed laws banning the sale of laws banning the sale of alcohol alcohol

Laws were repelled due to Laws were repelled due to oppositionopposition


The Changing WorkplaceThe Changing WorkplaceA growing industrial work force A growing industrial work force

faces problems arising from faces problems arising from manufacturing under the factory manufacturing under the factory

system.system.

Early FactoriesEarly Factories Early 1800s, artisans produced items people Early 1800s, artisans produced items people

couldn’t make themselves:couldn’t make themselves:- - mastermaster—highly experienced artisan—highly experienced artisan- - journeymanjourneyman -skilled worker employed by -skilled worker employed by mastermaster- - apprenticeapprentice - young worker learning craft - young worker learning craft

Factories revolutionized industryFactories revolutionized industry Mass production cost the price of household items Mass production cost the price of household items

to dropto drop Factory system changed the way people worked Factory system changed the way people worked

- Unskilled workers replaced artisans - Unskilled workers replaced artisans - Factory work was boring, noisy, and unsafe- Factory work was boring, noisy, and unsafe

Workers Seek Better Workers Seek Better ConditionsConditions

Workers UnionizedWorkers Unionized Artisans formed unions& begin to ally themselves Artisans formed unions& begin to ally themselves

with unskilled workerswith unskilled workers 1830s & 1840s - 1 to 2% of workers organized & 1830s & 1840s - 1 to 2% of workers organized &

conducted dozens of strikesconducted dozens of strikes - Employers used immigrants as strikebreakers- Employers used immigrants as strikebreakers European immigration to the U.S. increased European immigration to the U.S. increased

between 1830 & 1860between 1830 & 1860 The Push-Pull of Immigration The Push-Pull of Immigration - Overpopulation, unemployment and persecution - Overpopulation, unemployment and persecution

pushed people out of Europepushed people out of Europe - Economic opportunity pulled people towards - Economic opportunity pulled people towards

AmericaAmerica (Jobs & Land)(Jobs & Land)

Workers Seek Better Workers Seek Better ConditionsConditions

1830s - unions for same trade united to standardize wages, 1830s - unions for same trade united to standardize wages, conditionsconditions

1834 - organizations from 6 industries formed 1834 - organizations from 6 industries formed National National Trades’ UnionTrades’ Union

Bankers & factory owners formed associations & courts Bankers & factory owners formed associations & courts declared strikes illegaldeclared strikes illegal

1842 - Massachusetts Supreme Court upheld the right to 1842 - Massachusetts Supreme Court upheld the right to strikestrike

Panic of 1837 caused the labor movement to crumblePanic of 1837 caused the labor movement to crumble Movement was able to achieve a few of its goalsMovement was able to achieve a few of its goals

- Some health and safety laws were passed to protect - Some health and safety laws were passed to protect workersworkers - 1840 – President - 1840 – President Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren put in place a 10 put in place a 10 hour workday for all public workers hour workday for all public workers - 1850s – private businesses followed the government’s - 1850s – private businesses followed the government’s exampleexample

Irish ImmigrationIrish Immigration 1800s – Irish suffered under British rule1800s – Irish suffered under British rule Catholics weren’t allowed to Practice FaithCatholics weren’t allowed to Practice Faith

- Vote, Hold office, Buy or inherit land, or Attend School- Vote, Hold office, Buy or inherit land, or Attend School Relied on Potatoes for FoodRelied on Potatoes for Food 1848 – Disease attacked the potato crop 1848 – Disease attacked the potato crop (Potato Famine)(Potato Famine) 1854 – 1.25 million Irish had migrated to America 1854 – 1.25 million Irish had migrated to America

- Journey was paid for by relatives who had previously - Journey was paid for by relatives who had previously migrated migrated

Irish stayed in the great port cities of Boston, New York, Irish stayed in the great port cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and BaltimorePhiladelphia, and Baltimore- 1850 – Irish made up ¼ of these cities populations- 1850 – Irish made up ¼ of these cities populations- 1900 – There were more Irish in America than in Ireland - 1900 – There were more Irish in America than in Ireland

Irish Immigrants survived by doing unskilled workIrish Immigrants survived by doing unskilled work- Construction Gangs- Construction Gangs (Roads, Canals, and Railroads) (Roads, Canals, and Railroads) - Women washed and sewed - Women washed and sewed

Anti-Immigrant FeelingsAnti-Immigrant Feelings Irish immigration caused anger and prejudice Irish immigration caused anger and prejudice

- Unfair opinion formed wormed without facts - Unfair opinion formed wormed without facts Protestants feared that Catholics would place Protestants feared that Catholics would place

loyalty to the Pope above all elseloyalty to the Pope above all else Native-born Americans feared that Irish politicians Native-born Americans feared that Irish politicians

would take over cities would take over cities NativistsNativists – People who wanted to restrict the – People who wanted to restrict the

influence of foreign born peopleinfluence of foreign born people- Refused to hire immigrants - Refused to hire immigrants - Formed Secret Societies (Promised not to - Formed Secret Societies (Promised not to support Catholics who ran for office)support Catholics who ran for office)- When asked about secret groups members - When asked about secret groups members would reply “I know nothing” would reply “I know nothing”

Anti-Immigrant FeelingsAnti-Immigrant Feelings Know-Nothing PartyKnow-Nothing Party – –

Formed in the 1850sFormed in the 1850s- Wanted to limit the power - Wanted to limit the power of Irish immigrantsof Irish immigrants- Wanted to ban Catholics - Wanted to ban Catholics and the foreign born from and the foreign born from holding officeholding office- Called or a cut in - Called or a cut in immigration and a 21 year immigration and a 21 year wait to become an wait to become an American citizenAmerican citizen- Party lasted less than a - Party lasted less than a decadedecade

Hostility lessoned as Hostility lessoned as children and grandchildren children and grandchildren of immigrants became part of immigrants became part of American life of American life

The GermansThe Germans Largest immigrant group in the 1800sLargest immigrant group in the 1800s Settled in both cities and on farmsSettled in both cities and on farms

- Had both artisan and farming skills- Had both artisan and farming skills Large number moved to Midwestern states of Ohio, Illinois, Large number moved to Midwestern states of Ohio, Illinois,

Wisconsin, and MissouriWisconsin, and Missouri German immigrants often built new industriesGerman immigrants often built new industries

- - Bausch and LombBausch and Lomb – Eyeglasses – Eyeglasses- - HeinzHeinz – Processed foods – Processed foods

German culture became part of the American cultureGerman culture became part of the American culture- Christmas tree - Christmas tree - Kindergarten- Kindergarten- Marching Bands - Marching Bands - Hamburgers- Hamburgers

The GermansThe Germans

Many of the Germans Many of the Germans immigrants were Jewsimmigrants were Jews

- Moved west as - Moved west as peddlers and store peddlers and store keeperskeepers

- - Levi StraussLevi Strauss – Came – Came to U.S. in 1847 and to U.S. in 1847 and opened a store in San opened a store in San Francisco Francisco

(His company was (His company was the 1the 1stst to make blue to make blue denim workpants) denim workpants)

Early American Early American LiteratureLiterature

Mid 1800s – Mid 1800s – American writers American writers began developing began developing their own style their own style

(1823 -1841) (1823 -1841) James Fenimore James Fenimore CooperCooper wrote wrote Last Last of the Mohicans, of the Mohicans, The path Finder The path Finder and The Deerslayerand The Deerslayer


Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe wrote mysteries, wrote mysteries, short stories and short stories and poemspoems


Ralph Waldo Ralph Waldo EmersonEmerson – Urged – Urged American writers to American writers to free themselves free themselves from their from their European roots and European roots and develop their own develop their own way of thinkingway of thinking


Nathaniel Nathaniel HawthorneHawthorne – – wrote the wrote the Scarlet Scarlet LetterLetter


Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau – – Believed in living simply Believed in living simply and in harmony with and in harmony with naturenature- Wrote essay - Wrote essay “Civil “Civil Disobedience”Disobedience” that said that said people should not obey people should not obey unjust lawsunjust laws- Went to jail for refusing to - Went to jail for refusing to pay taxes to support pay taxes to support Mexican warMexican war- His practice of passive - His practice of passive resistance later influenced resistance later influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.King Jr.

chapter 8 section 1 religion sparks reform a renewal of religious sentiment—known as the second...

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