Chapter 8 Support & Movement

Chapter 8Support & Movement8. 1 Support Systems in AnimalsThe support system of humans and land vertebrates is an endoskeleton (internal skeleton)

8.1 The Support System In Animals

Support System In HumansHuman endoskeleton consists of 206 bones.Spinal column consists of 33 small bones (vertebrate)The weight supported by pelvic girdle.The functions of the endoskeleton is to :Support the weight of the bodyGive the body its structure and shapeProduce blood cellsProduce soft organs of the body such as the heart and the kidneysActs as base for attachment of muscles8.1 The Support System In Animals

Human skeletonskullhumerusPelvic girdleFemur(thigh bone)tibiaPelvic girdleribsSpinal column / spine / backbonefibula8.1 The Support System In AnimalsANIMALS128.1 The Support System In AnimalsLand Vertebratessupported by endoskeletonsThe land vertebrates endoskeleton :Give them shapeSupport their weightProtect their soft tissues and organs of the body

8.1 The Support System In AnimalsSupport System In Land Vertebrates

Pelvic girdlePectoral girdle8.1 The Support System In AnimalsAquatic Vertebratessupported by the buoyancy of waterPectoral and pelvic girdles are very small and weak.

because their body is supported by water so their bones do not have to support all of their weight.Why ?8.1 The Support System In AnimalsAquatic vertebrates like the whale can grow to enormous sizes. Comparison of Land & Aquatic VertebratesSIMILARITIESLANDAQUATICHave endoskeletonDIFFERENCESLANDAQUATICSupported by2) Size of the pectoral & pelvic girdles3) Strength of the pectoral & pelvic girdles8.1 The Support System In AnimalsendoskeletonBuoyancy of waterlargesmallVery strongVery weakExercise 1 :8.1 The Support System In AnimalsSupport System In Land Invertebrates

Some invertebrates have hard external structures for :Maintaining their shapeSupporting their bodies Protecting their internal body organsAiding movement hard external structures are called exoskeletons hard substance called chitinExternal skeletal system (exoskeleton)Land Invertebrates

8.1 The Support System In Animals

Invertebrates with soft bodies have body fluids to provide them with shape and support The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeletonThe hydrostatic skeleton has the following functions :Provides supportMaintains body shapeAids movement

Land InvertebratesHydrostatic skeletons (body fluids )

8.1 The Support System In Animals8.1 The Support System In Animals

Hard exoskeletons exoskeletons are very hard because contain calcium: Crabs, prawns, cockle, snailExternal skeletal system (exoskeleton)Aquatic Invertebrates

8.1 The Support System In Animals

Use the fluid pressure as support system.The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.Jellyfishstarfish

Aquatic Invertebrateshydrostatic skeletons (Body fluids )

8.1 The Support System In Animals

Comparison of Land & Aquatic InvertebratesSIMILARITIESLANDAQUATICHave endoskeletonDIFFERENCESLANDAQUATICSupported by8.1 The Support System In AnimalsendoskeletonBuoyancy of waterExercise 2 :ACTIVITY 8.1 : Support In AnimalsClassify the animals given based on their methods of support.CatCockroachCowEagleWhaleStarfishSharkSlugScorpionCaterpillarSquidSpiderAntJellyfishCentipedeTapewormLeechSnakegrasshopperfrogRatDolphinDeerEarthwormSUPPORT IN ANIMALSVERTEBRATESINVERTEBRATESEndoskeletonsBuoyancy of WaterExoskeletonsHydrostatic skeletonsBuoyancy of WaterCatCowRatDeerEagleSnakefrogWhaleSharkDolphinScorpionAntCentipedeGrasshopperCockroachSpider

LeechSlugCaterpillarTapewormearthwormSquidStarfishjellyfish8.2 SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS8.2The Support System In PlantsSupport System of Land plants2 types :8.1 The Support System In AnimalsVarious Support Systems Of Woody PlantsWoody tissueThornsWoody tissues enables the plants to grow tall and erect in order to obtain sunlightPlants such as the rattan, rose and bougainvillea have thorns to help them climb and obtain support by clinging onto other plants

Various Support Systems Of Woody PlantsButtress rootsClasping rootsPlants such as the casuarina tree have buttress roots to give them additional supportPlants such as the money plant have clasping roots to help them climb on other plants for support and to obtain sunlight

Question:Which of the following correctly shows the support system of animals?

GrasshopperEarthwormAEndoskeletonHydrostatic skeletonBHydrostatic skeletonExoskeletonCExoskeletonHydrostatic skeletonDEndoskeletonExoskeleton