chapter 8. the mythical founders of rome: twin brothers romulus and remus the legend says that they...

Chapter 8

The mythical founders of Rome: twin brothers Romulus and Remus The legend says that they were raised by a wolf! They want to build a city - Romulus kills Remus in a fight over where to build their city, and Romulus builds Rome

The Tiber River flows through Rome from mountains in central Italy Rome is at the center of a long, narrow peninsula called Italy Italy is located on the Mediterranean Sea The hills in the area made Rome easy to defend The fertile soil made it easier to grow food

Here is a map of Italy and Greece. What similarities do you see in the geography of the two countries?

900 B.C. The first people settle Rome 600 B.C. A group of people called the Etruscans held power in Rome They spoke a different language than most other ancient Italian languages they probably came from Turkey An Etruscan king ruled, but the Romans did not like having an all-powerful king tell them what to do 509 B.C. Romans defeated Etruscans and their harsh king, Tarquinius Superbus The Romans borrowed ideas from Etruscan culture Worshipped many of the same gods Etruscans and Romans both used Greek alphabet They both wore the toga a long flowing garment, that almost looked like a sheet

Republic government was established Republic: Citizens who have the right to vote select their leaders Romans spoke a language called Latin 264 B.C. The Romans gain power of the entire Italian peninsula and the Republic rules over Italy

In the Roman Republic, the most powerful part of the government was the senate At first, the senate was made up of 300 upper- class men Patrician a member of a wealthy family in the Roman Republic only patricians could become Senators in the government Plebeian an ordinary citizen in Roman Republic Early in the Roman Republic, plebeians could not be senators

Consul chief official of the government, similar to a U.S. President 2 consuls led the government They were responsible for enforcing laws and policies They ruled for one year They usually did what senate wanted them to do the senate was really more powerful than the consuls, even though the consuls had the highest title The senate advised consuls on foreign affairs, laws, and finances Power was divided equally, both consuls had to agree on any decision If one made a veto, the matter was dropped Veto the rejection of any planned action by a person in power Today, Presidents veto a proposed law if he doesnt like it Consuls were elected by citizens 367 B.C. plebeians were allowed to become consuls

A dictator was appointed to handle emergency situations when consuls disagreed constantly Dictator A Roman official who had the powers of a king but could only hold office for six months Praetors Judges in Roman trials Helped to develop rules for courts of law

Why do you think the Romans wanted to limit the dictators term of rule to only 6 months?

Patricians and plebeians had different attitudes and interests Patricians (the rich class) They thought of themselves as leaders They fought to keep control of the government They grew wealthy from Roman war conquests With this money, they bought farms, and slaves worked for them on the farms Plebeians (the average people) They just wanted to be respected and treated fairly They believed the Senate was unfair for not allowing them to take part in it They formed groups to protect their interests They often were out of work

Since they believed they were being shown disrespect, the plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army as a protest As a result, the patricians agreed to establish the Laws of the Twelve Tables Twelve Tables a set of laws that applied to all citizens, no matter who they were

The Roman armies conquered new territory Carthage A North African city, located in modern day Tunisia Carthage held power in surrounding territory and Spain Rome took over Carthages territory By 146 B.C., the Romans had destroyed Carthage and conquered Greece Eventually, Rome took control of Spain and Gaul (modern day France)

120 B.C. The patricians and plebeians fought over land Private armies, led by powerful Roman politicians, also fought for power, resulting in civil war Roman republic was breaking up, but a man named Julius Caesar emerged as a strong leader

Julius Caesar stepped in to rule Rome From 58 51 B.C., he led the army that conquered Gaul He helped bring new territory and many people under Roman control He was much like Alexander the Great he inspired loyalty from his troops with his strong leadership In 48 B.C., Caesar made himself dictator of Roman lands Dictators were only supposed to rule for 6 months, but in 44 B.C., Caesar proclaimed himself dictator for life Caesar ruled with great power He took power that had belonged to the senate for himself

Caesar slowly took all the powers of government for himself 45 B.C. Caesar became the only consul 44 B.C. Became dictator for life These actions made many enemies for Caesar March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar was killed by a group of senators at a senate meeting The Romans felt Caesar had taken his power too far

After Caesar died, the Romans fought in civil wars, or wars against people in their own country The civil wars lasted 13 years After the wars were over, Caesars adopted son, Octavian, held power The senate gave Octavian the title Augustus, meaning highly respected Augustus was the first emperor of Rome This began the Roman Empire, which was led by an all- powerful emperor, and ended the Roman Republic The republic had lasted 500 years, and Rome had grown

Before we proceed to 8.2, lets review 8.1. To do this, we are going to play Two Truths and a Lie. Each group will use their 8.1 Guided Notes to come up with three pieces of information about the Roman Republic. Two will be true, and one will be false. The other groups will have to guess which statement is fiction.

To refresh your memory on topics from 8.1, write the correct answers to these questions on your Do Now paper. 1. Which Roman leader made himself dictator for life in 44 B.C.? 2. Who was the first emperor of Rome? 3. How many members did the Roman senate have at a time? 4. In what year was Julius Caesar assassinated?

When Augustus gained power, Roman control had spread far beyond Italy

Augustus gained power in 27 B.C. He did not want to be an all-powerful emperor instead, he wanted to restore the republic Augustus respected the senate and wanted to share power with them He was a good ruler; he did such a good job that the Roman people wanted to make him an all-powerful emperor

Do you find it strange that the Roman people would want Augustus to be an all- powerful ruler, instead of sharing power? Why?

The rule of Augustus began the Roman Empire The Roman Empire was ruled by a powerful emperor The senate still existed to help the emperor make decisions, but they had very little power

The Romans expanded their empire by conquering a large amount of land The Romans took some slaves after conquering lands, but most people remained free Rome divided its empire into provinces in order to organize the government Province: an area of the empire ruled by a Roman governor and supported by an army

The Romans allowed conquered people to follow their own religions and way of life; they did not force them to do everything the Romans did As long as there was peace, Roman governors did not interfere, they only supervised the people The Roman governments one requirement: they did want people to pay taxes Many people adopted Roman culture anyway, such as the Latin language and Roman religion

Augustus died in 14 A.D. After Augustus death, Rome had several bad emperors Caligula He believed he was a god and was cruel and unfair Nero He murdered his half- brother, mother, and wife Caligula and Nero were hated by Romans so much that they removed them from the official Roman records

In 96 A.D., Rome entered into a period of having good emperors Hadrian He built a strong government He made laws to protect women, children, and slaves, which extended throughout the empire He reorganized and improved the army, making them more disciplined

As you have learned, a republic is a government in which citizens elect leaders to make laws for them. An empire is a government in which an all-powerful emperor makes all the decisions for everyone and you cant argue with him. If you are facing the windows, you will write 2 pros and 2 cons of a republic. If you are facing the door, you will write 2 pros and 2 cons of an empire with an all-powerful ruler.

Now, discuss the pros and cons of your type of government with the person next to you, who wrote about the same type of government. Now, discuss both types of government with your whole group. As a group, decide which kind of government you would like to live under, and tell us why.

The Romans greatly admired the Greeks Greek religion influenced Roman religion Both practiced polytheism belief in more than one god Many Roman gods were similar or the same as Greek gods Zeus = Jupiter Poseidon = Neptune The Romans also told stories using heroes from Greek mythology

The Romans studied Greek knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy They also wanted to understand the world through reason The Romans developed new concepts in architecture and engineering The Romans studied Greek styles of art and architecture, and used them to develop their own styles

In what ways did the Greeks and Romans value learning?

Romans used the arch a curved structure used as a support over an open space Romans began using concrete to build Concrete a mix of stone, sand, cement, and water

Colosseum a large amphitheater built in Rome; the site of combats and contests The Colosseum held between 50,000 and 75,000 people, depending on its setup

Please answer the following questions as you watch Engineering an Empire: Colosseum.Engineering an Empire: Colosseum When did construction on the Colosseum begin? How long did it take to complete? How many people could the Colosseum hold? What are the two types of games played in the Colosseum? How long did the Colosseum stay in use?

Roman roads were built very well and spread throughout the empire All roads lead to Rome Aqueducts structures that carried water over long distances Aqueducts ran through mountains and valleys Some are still used today

What are some characteristics of Roman buildings?

Roman law spread throughout the empire Roman system of justice influences American system of justice it was created by Emperor Justinian and called Justinians Code People accused of crimes would have the right to face their accusers Accused person is innocent until proven guilty

What were two features of Justinians code? Explain their meaning.

Julius Caesar assassinated, 44 B.C. End of the Roman Republic Civil war in Rome, 44 27 B.C. Octavian (Augustus) becomes emperor. Rome is now an EMPIRE (rule by a single ruler) in 27 B.C.

When Augustus gained power, Roman control had spread far beyond Italy

Augustus gained power in 27 B.C. He did not want to be an all-powerful emperor instead, he wanted to restore the republic Augustus respected the senate and wanted to share power with them He was a good ruler; he did such a good job that the Roman people wanted to make him an all-powerful emperor

Rome originally hated the idea of the Etruscans having an all-powerful king that ruled over the area. They overthrew the Etruscans and began a republic, a form of rule by the people. Now, they were back to where they started an all- powerful ruler (Octavian Augustus).

The rule of Augustus began the Roman Empire The Roman Empire was ruled by a powerful emperor The senate still existed to help the emperor make decisions, but they had very little power Rome entered Pax Romana (Roman Peace) an era of 200 years with little war in Rome

The Romans allowed conquered people to follow their own religions and way of life; they did not force them to do everything the Romans did As long as there was peace, Roman governors did not interfere, they only supervised the people The Roman governments one requirement: they did want people to pay taxes Many people adopted Roman culture anyway, such as the Latin language and Roman religion

Problem with having an all-powerful emperor: some were very bad rulers! Caligula and Nero are two examples they were so cruel that the Romans removed them from the official history of Rome!

After Pax Romana (around 180 C.E.), Rome continued expanding their empire The Romans took some slaves after conquering lands, but most people remained free Emperor Hadrian expanded as far as Britain Rome divided its empire into provinces in order to organize the government Province: an area of the empire ruled by a Roman governor and supported by an army

Romans used the arch a curved structure used as a support over an open space Romans began using concrete to build Concrete a mix of stone, sand, cement, and water

Colosseum a large amphitheater built in Rome; the site of combats and contests The Colosseum held between 50,000 and 75,000 people, depending on its setup

Please answer the following questions as you watch Engineering an Empire: Colosseum.Engineering an Empire: Colosseum When did construction on the Colosseum begin? How long did it take to complete? How many people could the Colosseum hold? How long did the Colosseum stay in use? How many people visit the Colosseum every year?

Roman roads were built very well and spread throughout the empire All roads lead to Rome Aqueducts structures that carried water over long distances Aqueducts ran through mountains and valleys Some are still used today

chapter 8. the mythical founders of rome: twin brothers romulus and remus the legend says that they...

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