CHAPTER 8The Spirit of Reform

1828-1845

Jackson Van Buren Tyler

CHAPTER 8, Sec 1Andrew Jackson

• 000

Chapter 8 – Sec 1Chapter 8 – Sec 1Jacksonian AmericaJacksonian America

I. I. A New Era in PoliticsA New Era in PoliticsA. A. Voting RightsVoting Rights – – more white menmore white men were were

able to vote because many statesable to vote because many states lowered or eliminated property lowered or eliminated property ownership as a qualification to vote.ownership as a qualification to vote.

By 1840, more than 2.4 million Americans voted By 1840, more than 2.4 million Americans voted in the presidential electionin the presidential election. .

Chapter 8, Sec 1Chapter 8, Sec 1

B. Andrew Jackson’s B. Andrew Jackson’s SPOILS SYSTEMSPOILS SYSTEM.. Jackson was the Jackson was the commoncommon people’s president & people’s president &

felt that more of these people should rule in a felt that more of these people should rule in a democracy.democracy.

He supported the He supported the Spoils SystemSpoils System – –

appointing people to government appointing people to government

positions for their loyalty.positions for their loyalty. Jackson was the 1Jackson was the 1stst president to force president to force

people out of their jobs to hire his loyal people out of their jobs to hire his loyal

followers.followers.

Chapter 8, Sec 1Chapter 8, Sec 1 C. A more democratic electoral system –C. A more democratic electoral system – The Caucus SystemThe Caucus System – party members in – party members in

Congress met and chose the nomineeCongress met and chose the nominee

for president.for president. The Jacksonians replaced it with theThe Jacksonians replaced it with the

national nominating conventionnational nominating convention toto

give more power to the common man.give more power to the common man.

Chapter 8, Sec 1Chapter 8, Sec 1

II. II. THE NULLIFICATION CRISISTHE NULLIFICATION CRISIS

A. A. TheThe Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations (1828). (1828).

South Carolina threatened to secedeSouth Carolina threatened to secede

from the Union about tariffs on goodsfrom the Union about tariffs on goods

from England.from England.

B. B. CalhounCalhoun (Vice Pres.) & from SC (Vice Pres.) & from SC

proposed the idea of proposed the idea of nullificationnullification..

Chapter 8, Sec 1Chapter 8, Sec 1C.C. 18301830 – – Robert HayneRobert Hayne (SC)(SC)

& & Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster (MA)(MA)

confronted each other confronted each other

inin the Senatethe Senate..

D. Jackson took the UnionD. Jackson took the Union

side – he said the Unionside – he said the Union

must be preserved.must be preserved.

E. When another tariff wasE. When another tariff was

passed, SC adopted anpassed, SC adopted an

ordinance of nullification, ordinance of nullification,

i.e., declared the tariffsi.e., declared the tariffs

unconstitutional in SC.unconstitutional in SC.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 1CHAPTER 8, Sec 1

F. Jackson said that SC had committed anF. Jackson said that SC had committed an

act of treason and he sent a warshipact of treason and he sent a warship

to Charleston.to Charleston.

G. In 1833, Congress passed the G. In 1833, Congress passed the

Force BillForce Bill authorizing Jackson to use authorizing Jackson to use

military.military.

H. Clay pushed through H. Clay pushed through

a bill to lower tariffs a bill to lower tariffs

gradually and SC gradually and SC

repealed its nullification.repealed its nullification.

CharlestonCharleston

CHAPTER 8, Sec 1CHAPTER 8, Sec 1III.III. Policies Toward Native AmericansPolicies Toward Native Americans A. In 1830, Jackson pushed theA. In 1830, Jackson pushed the Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act to move the to move the Natives west. The Natives west. The CherokeeCherokee of of Georgia would not move. They Georgia would not move. They sued the government – sued the government – Worcester v. GeorgiaWorcester v. Georgia & it went & it went to the Supreme Court for ato the Supreme Court for a decision. The Courtdecision. The Court ruled for the Natives, but Jackson wouldruled for the Natives, but Jackson would not enforce it and continued to try to movenot enforce it and continued to try to move the Natives.the Natives.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 1CHAPTER 8, Sec 1IV. IV. Jackson Battles the BankJackson Battles the Bank

A. Jackson felt the bank was a A. Jackson felt the bank was a monopoly that benefited themonopoly that benefited the wealthy elite. BUT the bank had wealthy elite. BUT the bank had done a good job stabilizing moneydone a good job stabilizing money and interest rates.and interest rates.

B. Congress passed a bill to extend theB. Congress passed a bill to extend the national bank for another 20 years.national bank for another 20 years. Jackson vetoed it and won anotherJackson vetoed it and won another term. Then he removed the government’sterm. Then he removed the government’s deposits from the state banks. deposits from the state banks. This actionThis action contributed significantly to the financial problemscontributed significantly to the financial problems that plagued the country in years ahead.that plagued the country in years ahead.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 1CHAPTER 8, Sec 1V. V. A New Party EmergesA New Party Emerges

A. THE WHIGS – A. THE WHIGS – named named after the party in England that had worked after the party in England that had worked

to limit the king’s power. Wanted a to limit the king’s power. Wanted a larger larger federal governmentfederal government, , industrial & commercial industrial & commercial developmentdevelopment, and a , and a centralized economycentralized economy..

B. Jackson’s B. Jackson’s DemocratsDemocrats wanted a wanted a limited governmentlimited government, and they , and they distrusteddistrusted eastern merchants and business leaderseastern merchants and business leaders. .

CHAPTER 8, Sec 1CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 C. C. MARTIN VAN BURENMARTIN VAN BUREN as president. as president. 1836 Election – got elected because 1836 Election – got elected because of Jackson’s popularity as Democratof Jackson’s popularity as Democrat and because of nation’s prosperity.and because of nation’s prosperity. Used the military to remove remaining Used the military to remove remaining Natives to Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears.Natives to Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears.

ECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC CRISIS -- -- PANIC of 1837PANIC of 1837 banksbanks failedfailed businesses failedbusinesses failed farmers lost landfarmers lost land factory workers lost jobsfactory workers lost jobs

CHAPTER 8, Sec 1CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 D.D. ELECTION of 1840ELECTION of 1840 WHIGS nominated WHIGS nominated General William Henry HarrisonGeneral William Henry Harrison(hero at Battle of Tippecanoe(hero at Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812). and the War of 1812). John Tyler was his running mate as VP.John Tyler was his running mate as VP.SLOGANSLOGAN – – “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.”“Tippecanoe and Tyler too.”

Harrison wonHarrison won!!!! 234 – 60 electoral votes 234 – 60 electoral votes HarrisonHarrison

He delivered his inauguration speech in bitter cold.He delivered his inauguration speech in bitter cold. He got pneumonia and died 32 days later. He got pneumonia and died 32 days later. He served the shortest term of any American president. He served the shortest term of any American president. John Tyler took over as President.John Tyler took over as President.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 1CHAPTER 8, Sec 1 E.E. THE TYLER YEARSTHE TYLER YEARS

1. The press & Congress1. The press & Congress

called him “His Accidency.”called him “His Accidency.”

2. 2. Foreign relationsForeign relations::

Dispute over ME & CanadianDispute over ME & Canadian

Border – Webster- Ashburton Treaty.Border – Webster- Ashburton Treaty.

3. 3. Social ChangeSocial Change: Social : Social transformation began to shape a uniquelytransformation began to shape a uniquely

American society. American society.

Chapter 8 – Section 2Chapter 8 – Section 2

A CHANGING CULTUREA CHANGING CULTURE

IMMIGRANTSIMMIGRANTS

RELIGIONRELIGION

LITERARY LITERARY RENAISSANCERENAISSANCE

CHAPTER 8, Section 2CHAPTER 8, Section 2

I. I. A NEW WAVE OF IMMIGRANTSA NEW WAVE OF IMMIGRANTS

A.A. IRELANDIRELAND & & GERMANYGERMANY

2,000,0002,000,000 1,500,0001,500,000

Potato Famine Midwest – farmersPotato Famine Midwest – farmers

Settled in NE & businessmen Settled in NE & businessmen

citiescities

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2B. NATIVISMB. NATIVISM• HOSTILITYHOSTILITY toward foreigners. toward foreigners.• Many Americans were anti- Many Americans were anti- Catholic. Irish & Germans were Catholic. Irish & Germans were Catholic.Catholic.• Supreme Order of theSupreme Order of the Star Star Spangled BannerSpangled Banner was against was against Catholics – 1849Catholics – 1849• American PartyAmerican Party – 1854 – 1854 (Secret(Secret Membership) “I know nothing.”Membership) “I know nothing.” Became the Became the Know-Nothings.Know-Nothings.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2II. II. A RELIGIOUS REVIVALA RELIGIOUS REVIVAL

A. A. The Second Great Awakening!!The Second Great Awakening!! 1. Began in 1. Began in Kentucky.Kentucky. 2. Leaders of Protestant 2. Leaders of Protestant

denominations began denominations began CAMPCAMP meetings that went on meetings that went on for days filled with song, for days filled with song, prayer, & emotional prayer, & emotional outpourings of faith.outpourings of faith.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 B.B. BASIC MESSAGEBASIC MESSAGE - - Individuals must Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives.readmit God and Christ into their daily lives.• Previously, Calvinism believed that only a chosen Previously, Calvinism believed that only a chosen

few few were predestined for salvation. were predestined for salvation. • Now, ministers preached that ALL people could Now, ministers preached that ALL people could

attainattain grace through faith. grace through faith. C. Charles Grandison FinneyC. Charles Grandison Finney – a Presbyterian – a Presbyterian

minister & most prominent advocate. minister & most prominent advocate. • Helped found Helped found modern revivalismmodern revivalism. . • He believed that if Christian ideas reformed He believed that if Christian ideas reformed people from within, society would becomepeople from within, society would become better, but if people remained selfish andbetter, but if people remained selfish and immoral, political reforms would not make immoral, political reforms would not make any difference.any difference.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 D. New Religious Groups EmergeD. New Religious Groups Emerge 1. Unitarians1. Unitarians – – said Jesus was not the said Jesus was not the

Son of God, only a great teacher.Son of God, only a great teacher. 2. Universalists2. Universalists – – believe in the believe in the universal salvation of souls, no hell,universal salvation of souls, no hell, God will save everyone. God will save everyone. 3. The Church of Jesus Christ of 3. The Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-day Saints (Mormons)Latter-day Saints (Mormons) – – Leader – Leader – Joseph SmithJoseph Smith who published who published The Book of Mormon The Book of Mormon which told of the which told of the coming of God & the need to build a coming of God & the need to build a kingdom on Earth to receive him. kingdom on Earth to receive him.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 4. Mormons were harassed in Ohio, 4. Mormons were harassed in Ohio,

Missouri, and elsewhere. They moved Missouri, and elsewhere. They moved to Commerce, Illinois in 1839, bought to Commerce, Illinois in 1839, bought the town and renamed it Nauvoo and the town and renamed it Nauvoo and began building a self-contained began building a self-contained community.community.

They continued to be persecuted. They continued to be persecuted. Joseph Smith was murderedJoseph Smith was murdered. . 5. 5. Brigham YoungBrigham Young then became their leaderthen became their leader and Mormons moved to and Mormons moved to

UtahUtah permanently. permanently.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2

Joseph Smith Brigham Joseph Smith Brigham YoungYoung

The Book of MormonThe Book of Mormon

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2III. A Literary RenaissanceIII. A Literary Renaissance A. A. ROMANTICISM – ROMANTICISM – feeling over reason, feeling over reason, inner spirituality over external rules, inner spirituality over external rules, the individual above society, and the individual above society, and nature over environments created by humans.nature over environments created by humans.

B. B. TranscendentalismTranscendentalism – – Urged people to transcend or over-Urged people to transcend or over- come the limits of their minds and come the limits of their minds and let their souls reach out to embracelet their souls reach out to embrace the beauty of universe.the beauty of universe.

CHAPTER 8, SEC 3CHAPTER 8, SEC 3

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 B. B. AMERICAN WRITERS EMERGEAMERICAN WRITERS EMERGE

1. 1. Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson – most – most

influential transcendentalist who wrote influential transcendentalist who wrote Nature.Nature.

2. 2. Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau – believed – believed

individuals must fight to conform.individuals must fight to conform.

3. 3. Washington IrvingWashington Irving – –

Legend of Sleepy HollowLegend of Sleepy Hollow

4. 4. James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper – –

The Last of the Mohicans The Last of the Mohicans Thoreau’s CabinThoreau’s Cabin

5. 5. Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne – – The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 6. 6. Herman MelvilleHerman Melville – – Moby DickMoby Dick 7. 7. Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe – – wrote terror & mysterywrote terror & mystery

8. 8. Walt Whitman Walt Whitman – – Leaves of GoldLeaves of Gold (loved nature, common people,(loved nature, common people, and American democracy)and American democracy)

9. 9. Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson – best remembered– best remembered female poet of era who female poet of era who wrote simple, personalwrote simple, personal and deeply emotional and deeply emotional poetry.poetry.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 C. C. THE PENNY PRESSTHE PENNY PRESS – –

1. The 1. The Penny PapersPenny Papers - inexpensive - inexpensive

newspapers for thenewspapers for the

common man.common man.

INCLUDEDINCLUDED: fires, crimes: fires, crimes

marriages, gossip, politicsmarriages, gossip, politics

and local news.and local news.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2 2. First American magazine for women:2. First American magazine for women: Godey’s Lady’s BookGodey’s Lady’s Book..

3. 3. The Atlantic MonthlyThe Atlantic Monthly – – magazine for magazine for well-educated.well-educated. 4. 4. Harper’s WeeklyHarper’s Weekly – everything – everything from book reviews to news from book reviews to news reports. reports.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2IV. IV. UtopianUtopian Communities Communities – IDEAL – IDEAL

SOCIETYSOCIETY Included cooperative livingIncluded cooperative living No private propertyNo private property

A. 1841 – Brook FarmA. 1841 – Brook Farm B. B. SHAKERS SHAKERS – established small – established small

utopian communities. They did not utopian communities. They did not believe in marrying or having believe in marrying or having children, so they could only expand children, so they could only expand by making converts.by making converts.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 2CHAPTER 8, Sec 2

Movements in American Culture

In the mid-1800s

Revivalism

RomanticismTranscendentalism

Utopian Communities

Nativism

CHAPTER 8, SECTION 3CHAPTER 8, SECTION 3REFORMING SOCIETYREFORMING SOCIETY

THEMETHEME

Reform movements sought Reform movements sought to change American to change American

society, but in ways that society, but in ways that upheld American values upheld American values

and ideals.and ideals.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 3CHAPTER 8, Sec 3

I. I. The Reform SpiritThe Reform Spirit..

Revivalists preached the power of Revivalists preached the power of

individuals to improve themselves individuals to improve themselves

and the world.and the world. Lyman BeecherLyman Beecher – said – said true reformtrue reform

had to come fromhad to come from

citizenscitizens not from the not from the

government. government.

Chapter 8, Sec 3Chapter 8, Sec 3 Benevolent SocietiesBenevolent Societies – –

at first they focused on spreading at first they focused on spreading the word of God and then they the word of God and then they sought to combat social problems. sought to combat social problems.

**** Unmarried young women with Unmarried young women with uncertain futures joined groups uncertain futures joined groups to stop excessive drinking and to to stop excessive drinking and to change prisons and education.change prisons and education.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 3CHAPTER 8, Sec 3 A. A. The Temperance MovementThe Temperance Movement 1. Alcoholism was widespread during the early 1. Alcoholism was widespread during the early

1800s.1800s. 2. In the 2. In the WestWest they drank to ease the loneliness they drank to ease the loneliness

of ruralof rural life.life. 3. In the 3. In the EastEast it was the major leisure activity for it was the major leisure activity for workers.workers. 4. 4. AMERICAN TEMPERANCE UNIONAMERICAN TEMPERANCE UNION – – 1833 – preached the evils of alcohol &1833 – preached the evils of alcohol & worked to pass state laws against it. worked to pass state laws against it. 5. 5. MaineMaine was the first state to pass a was the first state to pass a prohibition law. prohibition law.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 3CHAPTER 8, Sec 3 B. B. PRISON REFORMPRISON REFORM . . 1. 1816 – states began to build1. 1816 – states began to build new prisons to provide anew prisons to provide a better environment for prisoners.better environment for prisoners. 2. They also began rehabilitation.2. They also began rehabilitation. 3. Called 3. Called penitentiariespenitentiaries because because prisoners would work to achieveprisoners would work to achieve penitence, or remorse for theirpenitence, or remorse for their wrongs.wrongs. 4. 4. Dorothea DixDorothea Dix worked to reform worked to reform

prisonsprisons and created special institutions for theand created special institutions for the mentally ill.mentally ill.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 3CHAPTER 8, Sec 3

HORACE MANN HIGH SCHOOLHORACE MANN HIGH SCHOOL

HORACE MANNHORACE MANN

CHAPTER 8, Sec 3CHAPTER 8, Sec 3 C. C. EDUCATION REFORM.EDUCATION REFORM. 1.1. Public Education SystemPublic Education System – most – most

Americans believed that our country could Americans believed that our country could not survive without well educated and not survive without well educated and informed citizens.informed citizens.

2.2. HORACE MANNHORACE MANN – – created the first created the first state board of education in state board of education in MAMA. He . He established new high schools and normal established new high schools and normal schools that trained teachers. schools that trained teachers. 3.3. MAMA passed the first mandatory passed the first mandatory school attendance law and other states school attendance law and other states followed.followed.

4.4. CALVIN WILEYCALVIN WILEY ((SCSC) began schools ) began schools in South Carolina. About 1/3 white children in South Carolina. About 1/3 white children in the South were enrolled in public schools in the South were enrolled in public schools by 1860.by 1860.

CHAPTER 8, SEC 3CHAPTER 8, SEC 3 D.D. WOMEN’S EDUCATIONWOMEN’S EDUCATION..

1. Women could not vote in the 1800s.1. Women could not vote in the 1800s.

2. 2. EMMA WILLARDEMMA WILLARD – early educational – early educational

pioneer who founded a girls’pioneer who founded a girls’

boarding school in Vermont in 1814.boarding school in Vermont in 1814.

3. 3. MARY LYONMARY LYON – opened – opened

Mount Holyoke Female Seminary –Mount Holyoke Female Seminary –

11stst institution of higher education institution of higher education

for women only.for women only.

CHAPTER 8, SEC 3CHAPTER 8, SEC 3

4. 4. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL –ELIZABETH BLACKWELL – 1 1stst

woman to earn a medicalwoman to earn a medical

degree in the U.S. or degree in the U.S. or Europe.Europe.

Founded the New YorkFounded the New York

Infirmary for Women andInfirmary for Women and

Children, which was staffed Children, which was staffed

entirely by women.entirely by women.

CHAPTER 8, Sec 3CHAPTER 8, Sec 3II. Early Women’s Movement.II. Early Women’s Movement. In the early 1800s, people worked close to home In the early 1800s, people worked close to home

(farms), but by the mid-1800s, men worked factory (farms), but by the mid-1800s, men worked factory jobs and women ran the home. Women began to jobs and women ran the home. Women began to change.change.

1. 1. ““True WomanhoodTrue Womanhood” - ” - the idea that women the idea that women should be homemakers & take responsibility for should be homemakers & take responsibility for developing their children’s character.developing their children’s character.

Women were expected to be models of piety Women were expected to be models of piety and virtue to their children and husbands.and virtue to their children and husbands.

2.2. CATHERINE BEACHERCATHERINE BEACHER – – in 1841, wrotein 1841, wrote A Treatise on Domestic Economy.A Treatise on Domestic Economy. It said that women could findIt said that women could find fulfillment at home.fulfillment at home.

CHAPTER 8, SEC 3CHAPTER 8, SEC 3 2.2. Women were the conscious of the home Women were the conscious of the home

and and society at this time.society at this time. 3. As women fought for morals, they begin to3. As women fought for morals, they begin to seek greater political rights. seek greater political rights. 4. 4. Margaret FullerMargaret Fuller – believed if men and – believed if men and women were treated equally, it would endwomen were treated equally, it would end injustice in society.injustice in society. 5. 5. LUCRETIA MOTT & ELIZABETH CADY LUCRETIA MOTT & ELIZABETH CADY

STANTONSTANTON – active in antislavery movement. – active in antislavery movement. Organized the Organized the SENECA FALLS CONVENTIONSENECA FALLS CONVENTION. . This was the beginning of an organized This was the beginning of an organized women’s movement and is considered to be women’s movement and is considered to be the beginning of the quest for women’s voting the beginning of the quest for women’s voting rights.rights.

CHAPTER 8, SEC 3CHAPTER 8, SEC 3

LUCRETIA MOTT &LUCRETIA MOTT &

ELIZABETH CADY STANTONELIZABETH CADY STANTON

WOMEN’S RIGHTSWOMEN’S RIGHTS

CHAPTER 8, SEC 3CHAPTER 8, SEC 3

Major Reform Areas for

Society

TEMPERANCEMOVEMENT

PRISON REFORMEDUCATION

REFORM

WOMEN’SRIGHTS

CHAPTER 8, SECTION 4CHAPTER 8, SECTION 4

THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENTTHE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT►What is What is GRADUALISMGRADUALISM? ?

The belief that slavery had to be endedThe belief that slavery had to be ended

slowly.slowly.

1. 1. FirstFirst – stop new slaves from being – stop new slaves from being

brought into the country.brought into the country.

2. 2. NextNext – phase out slavery in the – phase out slavery in the NorthNorth

and Upper Southand Upper South

3. 3. FINALLYFINALLY – end slavery in the South – end slavery in the South

WHY was it important to do it slowly?WHY was it important to do it slowly?

CHAPTER 8, SEC 4CHAPTER 8, SEC 4►What is What is colonizationcolonization?? Moving African Americans back to their Moving African Americans back to their

ancestral homeland.ancestral homeland. American Colonization Society – American Colonization Society – moving moving

African Americans to Africa. African Americans to Africa. In 1821, the ACS had acquired land in In 1821, the ACS had acquired land in

Africa & established Liberia. The Africa & established Liberia. The capital, Monrovia, was named for Pres. capital, Monrovia, was named for Pres. Monroe.Monroe.

There were about 1.5 million African There were about 1.5 million African Americans at this time. Americans at this time.

Why would moving them be a problem?Why would moving them be a problem?

CHAPTER 8, SEC 4CHAPTER 8, SEC 4► What did abolitionists want to do about What did abolitionists want to do about

slavery? slavery? ► According to abolitionists, slavery was an evil According to abolitionists, slavery was an evil

of which the country needed to repent.of which the country needed to repent. DAVID WALKERDAVID WALKER – published – published

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the WorldAppeal to the Colored Citizens of the World He advocated He advocated violence & rebellionviolence & rebellion as the as the only way to end slavery.only way to end slavery. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISONWILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON – along with – along with

abolitionist Isaac Knapp founded Boston’s abolitionist Isaac Knapp founded Boston’s antislavery newspaper, theantislavery newspaper, the LiberatorLiberator. He . He

said said the time for moderation was over! the time for moderation was over! He believed in complete He believed in complete emancipationemancipation..

CHAPTER 8, SEC 4CHAPTER 8, SEC 4► Garrison founded the Garrison founded the AMERICAN ANTISLAVERY SOCIETY in 1833AMERICAN ANTISLAVERY SOCIETY in 1833

Other leadersOther leaders: : Theodore Weld – recruited Theodore Weld – recruited membersmembers

Arthur & Lewis Tappan - wealthyArthur & Lewis Tappan - wealthy Wendell Phillips - oratorWendell Phillips - orator John Greenleaf Whittier - poetJohn Greenleaf Whittier - poet Prudence Crandall – girl’s schoolPrudence Crandall – girl’s school Lucretia Mott - antislaveryLucretia Mott - antislavery Sara & Angelina Grimke – Sara & Angelina Grimke – antislaveryantislavery

Grimke’sGrimke’s

CHAPTER 8, SEC 4CHAPTER 8, SEC 4►African American figures: African American figures:

Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas published his own newspaper, published his own newspaper,

The North StarThe North Star

and wrote an autobiography,and wrote an autobiography,

Narrative of the Life of Narrative of the Life of

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth – – mademade

antislavery speeches even antislavery speeches even

though she had no formalthough she had no formal

education.education.

CHAPTER 8, SEC 4CHAPTER 8, SEC 4►THE RESPONSE TO ABOLITIONISM!!THE RESPONSE TO ABOLITIONISM!!

THE NORTHTHE NORTH THE SOUTHTHE SOUTHSome opposed extremeSome opposed extreme Defended the institutionDefended the institution

abolitionism as a threat to abolitionism as a threat to of slavery as a way ofof slavery as a way of

the existing social system.the existing social system. Southern life. Southern life.

Some feared a civil war. Some feared a civil war. Believed papers Believed papers sparkedsparked

Some feared that there would Some feared that there would rebellion even rebellion even thoughthough

be too many freed slaves who be too many freed slaves who they did not circulatethey did not circulate

would take jobs and housing. would take jobs and housing. in the South.in the South.

Some had investments & if theSome had investments & if the Forced the House of Forced the House of

South crumbled, the planters South crumbled, the planters Representatives to Representatives to

could not pay the N. banks. could not pay the N. banks. pass a gag rule.pass a gag rule.

CHAPTER 8 SUMMARYCHAPTER 8 SUMMARY►List the areas of life that people in the List the areas of life that people in the

U.S. tried to improve during the early U.S. tried to improve during the early to mid-1800s.to mid-1800s.

REFORM MOVEMENTS

In the 1800s

ABOLITIONISM

PRISONREFORM

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL

WOMEN’S RIGHTS

EDUCATIONREFORM

WOMEN’SEDUCATION