chapter 8thomsec/pg/5echapter_08.pdf · chapter 8 the dynamic planet elemental geosystems 5e robert...
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Chapter 8 The Dynamic Planet
Elemental Geosystems 5e
Robert W. ChristophersonCharles E. Thomsen
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The Dynamic Planet
The Pace of Change
Earth’s Structure and Internal Energy
The Geologic Cycle
Plate Tectonics
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The Pace of Change Geologic Time Scale
Uniformitarianism
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Big ideasCatastrophism = young, fast Earth
Uniformitarianism = old, slow Earth
The present is the key to the past
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Geologic Time ScaleAge of Earth 4.6 by
Oldest rock 4.25 by
Life 3.4 by
K-T boundary 66.4 my = end of dinosaurs
Cretaceous – Tertiary = K-T
Pleistocene 1.6 my
Holocene 10,000
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Cosmic YearEarth formed January 1st
Oldest rock Valentine’s Day February 14th
Life! March 1st
Cretaceous-Tertiary end of dinos evening of December 25th
Humans December 31st 11:49:35
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Geologic Time Scale
Figure 8.1
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Geologic Time Scale
Figure 8.1
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Earth’s StructureLayers of material sorted by density
Core
Mantle
Lithosphere
Crust
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Earth in Cross Section
Figure 8.2
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Earth’s Interior
Figure 8.2
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Earth’s Interior
Figure 8.2
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Figure 8.2
Earth’s Interior
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Core to Crust
Figure 8.3
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Earth’s magnetic fieldCreated by spinning outer core
Reverses aperiodically
9 reversals in last 4 million years
Some last millions of years, some thousands
Reverses full strength then decays to nothing for a few thousand years
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Magnetic Reversals
Figure 8.14
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IsostacyCrust floats
Higher mountains have deeper roots
Oceanic crust may be 5 km thick
Continental crust 30-60 km thick
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Isostatic Adjustment
Figure 8.4
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The Geologic CycleThe Rock Cycle
Igneous processes
Sedimentary processes
Metamorphic processes
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The Geologic Cycle
Figure 8.5
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The Rock Cycle
Figure 8.6
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Igneous Rock Types
Figure 8.7
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Intrusive and Extrusive Rocks
Figure 8.8
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Sedimentary Rock Types
Figure 8.9
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Metamorphic Rocks
Figure 8.12
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Plate Tectonics A Brief History Sea-Floor Spreading and Production of New Crust Subduction of the Crust The Formation and Breakup of Pangaea Plate Boundaries Earthquake and Volcanic Activity Hot Spots
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Plate tectonicsProposed by many peopleAlfred Lothar Wegener proposed idea of continental drift in 1912Used geologic evidence, fossil evidence, continental margins1960s flood of data confirmed Wegener’s idea, now called plate tectonics
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Plate tectonics14 major rigid plates moved by caramel-like asthenosphere
Major evidence (along with Wegener’s)Magnetic reversals along spreading centers in mid-oceanic ridge
Spreading rates
Ages of crust
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Plate tectonicsOldest crust 208 my, found off Japan
All continents together 225 mya, called Pangea
All were together 465 mya
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Crustal Movements
Figure 8.13
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Transform Faults, Plate Margins
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Motion at Plate Boundaries
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Continents Adrift
Figure 8.15
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Continents Adrift
Figure 8.15
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Continents Adrift
Figure 8.15
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Plate Motions Through Time
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Pangaea Breakup, Plate Movements
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India Collision with Asia
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Pangaea Breakup, Plate Movements
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Plate Boundary Features
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Earth’s Major Plates
Figure 8.16
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Ocean Floor
Figure 8.17
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Figure 8.18
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Hot Spot Tracks
Figure 8.19
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Hot Spot Volcano Tracks
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Seafloor Spreading and Plate Boundaries
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Transform Faults
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Forming a Divergent Boundary
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End of Chapter 8
Elemental Geosystems 5e
Robert W. ChristophersonCharles E. Thomsen