chapter 8 waves— sound and light
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 8
WAVES—SOUND AND LIGHT
![Page 2: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
∗ Vibrations and Waves∗ Wave Motion∗ Transverse and Longitudinal Waves∗ The Nature of Sound∗ Resonance∗ The Nature of Light∗ Reflection∗ Transparent and Opaque Materials∗ Color∗ Refraction∗ Diffraction∗ Interference∗ The Doppler Effect∗ The Wave–Particle Duality
In this unit, we will look at:
![Page 3: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I can define what a wave is, list several different types of waves and compare a wave with a vibration.
Learning Goal:
![Page 4: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Vibration:
a wiggle in time
Wave:
a wiggle in space and time—a disturbance that travels from one place to another transporting energy.
Vibrations and Waves
![Page 5: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
∗ http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/waves/wave_basics/waves.htm
Wave Demonstration
![Page 6: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Description:
• Vibration
in terms of frequency (time)—how often vibration motion occurs
• Wave
in terms of its frequency, speed, amplitude, and wavelength
Vibrations and Waves
![Page 7: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Frequency:
number of to-and-fro vibrations in a given time
Unit: 1 vibration per second = 1 Hertz
Period:
defined as the time it takes for a complete vibration
Unit: any unit of time, usually seconds
Vibrations and Waves
![Page 8: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Relationship between frequency and period:
Frequency = 1/period Unit: Hertz (Hz)
Period = 1/frequency Unit: second (s)
The source of all waves is a vibration.
Vibrations and Waves
![Page 9: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A. 1/20 second.
B. 20 seconds.
C. more than 20 seconds.
D. none of the above.
If the frequency of a particular wave is 20 Hz, its period is
Vibrations and Waves
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 10: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A. 1/20 second.
Explanation:
Note when ƒ = 20 Hz, T = 1/ƒ = 1/(20 Hz) = 1/20 second.
If the frequency of a particular wave is 20 Hz, its period is
Vibrations and Waves
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 11: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• The propagation of a disturbancethrough a medium
• The medium transporting the wave returns to initial condition after disturbance has passed
• Requires an energy source and a medium (except for light) through which the energy is transferred
Wave Motion
![Page 12: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Wave characteristics:
Crest—highest point Trough—lowest point
Wavelength Amplitude
Frequency Period
Wave Motion
![Page 13: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A. frequency.
B. period.
C. wavelength.
D. amplitude.
The distance between adjacent peaks in the direction of travel for a transverse wave is its
Wave Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 14: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
C. wavelength.
Explanation:
The wavelength is the distance between any adjacent identical parts of the waveform.
The distance between adjacent peaks in the direction of travel for a transverse wave is its
Wave Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 15: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Wave speed:
• describes how fast the disturbance
moves through the medium
• related to frequency and wavelength
Equation for wave speed:
Wave speed = frequency × wavelength
v = ƒλ
Wave Motion
![Page 16: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Two different types of waves classified in the direction in which the medium vibrates compared to the direction of energy travel:
• Longitudinal wave: the vibration is in the direction of travel.
• Transverse wave: the vibration is in right angles (sideways) to wave travel.
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
![Page 17: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Longitudinal wave
Transverse wave
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
![Page 18: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A. along the wave.
B. perpendicular to the wave.
C. both of the above.
D. neither of the above.
The vibrations along a transverse wave move in a direction
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 19: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
B. perpendicular to the wave.
Comment:
The vibrations in a longitudinal wave, in contrast, are along (or parallel to) the direction of wave travel.
The vibrations along a transverse wave move in a direction
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 20: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
I can define what a wave is, list several different types of waves and compare a wave with a vibration.
Learning Goal:
![Page 21: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
End Day 1
![Page 22: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sound Waves
![Page 23: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Homework Review
![Page 24: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
I can calculate wave properties in terms of frequency, wavelength, wave speed, and amplitude.
Learning Goal:
![Page 25: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK2-6cgqgYA
Sound and Waves
![Page 26: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
End of Day 2
![Page 27: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Waves and Light
![Page 28: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
I can calculate wave properties in terms of frequency, wavelength, wave speed, and amplitude.
Previous Learning Goal:
![Page 29: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
A. 1/20 Hertz.
B. 20 Hertz.
C. more than 20 Hertz.
D. none of the above.
If a wave machine is generating a wave by making 20 vibrations per second, the frequency is
Wave Review
![Page 30: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A. 1/20 Hertz.
B. 20 Hertz.
C. more than 20 Hertz.
D. none of the above.
If a wave machine is generating a wave by making 20 vibrations per second, the frequency is
Wave Review
![Page 31: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
For this wave, the wavelength is shown by:
A
B
C
Any of the lines
Wave Review
A
B
C
![Page 32: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
For this wave, the wavelength is shown by:
A
B
C
Any of the lines
Wave Review
A
B
C
![Page 33: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Wave Review
A. 30 cm/second.
B. 1 cm/second.
C. 100 cm/second.
D. Can’t determine with the information given.
For a wave with a frequency of 10 Hertz, a period of 1/10 seconds, a wavelength of 10 cm and an amplitude of 3 cm, the wave speed would be:
![Page 34: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Wave Review
A. 30 cm/second.
B. 1 cm/second.
C. 100 cm/second.
D. Can’t determine with the information given.
For a wave with a frequency of 10 Hertz, a period of 1/10 seconds, a wavelength of 10 cm and an amplitude of 3 cm, the wave speed would be:
Wave speed =
frequency x
wavelength
![Page 35: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
For this wave, the amplitude is shown by:
A
B
C
Any of the lines
Wave Review
A
B
C
![Page 36: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
For this wave, the amplitude is shown by:
A
B
C
Any of the lines
Wave Review
A
B
C
![Page 37: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Homework Review
![Page 38: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
I can explain the nature of light in terms of wavelength and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Learning Goal:
![Page 39: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Light:
Electromagnetic waves
created by vibrating
electric charges having
frequencies that fall
within the range of sight
The Nature of Light
![Page 40: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Light:
the frequency of vibrating electrons equals the frequency of the light
The Nature of Light
![Page 41: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Light:
Travels nearly a million times faster than sound in air
Light can travel through a vacuum!
The Nature of Light
![Page 42: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Light:
Light and all electromagnetic waves are transverse waves
The Nature of Light
Energy
![Page 43: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Nature of Light
![Page 44: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A. radio waves.
B. microwaves.
C. visible light.
D. gamma rays.
The electromagnetic spectrum is a span of electromagnetic waves, ranging from lowest to highest frequencies. The smallest portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is that of
The Nature of Light
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 45: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
C. visible light.
Explanation:
This can be inferred by a careful study of the spectrum.
The smallest portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is that of
The Nature of Light
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 46: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Electromagnetic waves are composed of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields that vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
The Nature of Light
![Page 48: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
A photographer wishes to photograph a lightning bolt by setting his camera so that it is triggered by the sound of thunder.
The Nature of Light
A situation to ponder�
![Page 49: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
A. Good idea for nearby lightning strikes.
B. Good idea for all strikes.
C. Poor idea for nearby lightning strikes.
D. Poor idea for all strikes.
Is this a good idea or a poor idea?
A situation to ponder�
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 50: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
D. Poor idea for all strikes.
Explanation:
Light travels about a million times faster than sound. By the time the sound of thunder arrives, the lightning bolt is long gone.
Is this a good idea or a poor idea?
A situation to ponder�
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 51: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Reflection:
the returning of a wave to the medium through which it came when encountering a reflective surface
Reflection
![Page 52: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Law of reflection:
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Reflection
![Page 53: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Diffuse Reflection
When light is incident on a rough surface, it is reflected in many directions.
Reflection
![Page 54: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
A. Wet surface is smooth with less diffuse reflection, part of which would otherwise reach the driver’s eyes.
B. Wet road usually means a wet windshield.
C. Wet road usually means more vapor in the air.
D. There is no reason—that’s just the way it is.
Compared with a dry road, seeing is difficult when driving at night on a wet road. Why?
Reflection
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 55: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
A. Wet surface is smooth with less diffuse reflection, part of which would otherwise reach the driver’s eyes.
Compared with a dry road, seeing is difficult when driving at night on a wet road. Why?
Reflection
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 56: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Transparent materials:
(glass and water)
Light passes through in straight lines, with atoms undergoing a series of absorptions and reemissions
Transparent and Opaque Materials
![Page 57: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Opaque materials:
colored glass is opaque to much of incident white light
Transparent and Opaque Materials
![Page 58: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
I can explain the nature of light in terms of wavelength and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Learning Goal:
![Page 59: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
End of Day 3
![Page 60: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Waves and Light
Color
![Page 61: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
I can explain the nature of light in terms of wavelength and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Learning Goal:
![Page 62: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Nature of Light
![Page 63: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The color we see depends on frequency of light ranging from lowest (red) to highest (violet). In between are colors of the rainbow.
Color
High
Frequency
Low
Frequency
![Page 64: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Hues in seven colors: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet.
Grouped together, they add to appear white.
Color
![Page 65: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Selective Reflection
Most objects don’t emit light, but reflect light.
Color
![Page 66: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Selective Reflection
A material may absorb some of the light and reflect the rest.
Examples:Paint
Nature
Color
![Page 67: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Selective Reflection
Dependent on the wavelengths present in the light.
Color
![Page 68: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Color
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Green “G” is reflected
because it is not absorbed
so Green is seen
Red “R” is reflected
because it is not absorbed
so Red is seen
![Page 69: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Selective Transmission
The color of a transparent object depends on the color of the light it transmits (or lets pass through).
Color
![Page 70: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Three types of cone receptors in our eyes perceive color—each is stimulated by only certain frequencies of light:
• Light of lower frequencies stimulates the cones sensitive to low frequencies (red)
• Light of middle frequencies stimulates the cones sensitive to mid-frequencies (green)
• Light of high frequencies stimulates the cones sensitive to high frequencies (blue)
Vision & Color
![Page 71: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Stimulation of all three cones equally, we see white light
Vision & Color
![Page 72: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Additive primary colors (red, blue, green):
red + blue = magenta
red + green = yellow
blue + green = cyan
Color
![Page 73: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Opposites of primary colors:
opposite of green is magenta
opposite of red is cyan
opposite of blue is yellow
The addition of any color to its opposite color results in white.
Color
![Page 74: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Color
RedGreen
Blue
Magenta Cyan
Yellow
White
![Page 75: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
A. Infrared radiation.
B. Ultraviolet radiation.
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A nor B.
To which is the human eye blind?
Color
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 76: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
A. Infrared radiation.
B. Ultraviolet radiation.
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A nor B.
To which is the human eye blind?
Color
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 77: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
In a vacuum (like space), all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed:
3.0 x 108 m/sec.
This is called the Speed of Light and its symbol is c.
c = frequency x wavelength
Speed of Light
![Page 78: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
In a vacuum (like space), all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed:
3.0 x 108 m/sec.
This is called the Speed of Light and its symbol is c.
c = frequency x wavelength
Speed of Light
![Page 79: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The different colors of light that we see correspond to different frequencies.
The frequency of red light is lower than the frequency of blue light.
Because the speed of both kinds of light is the same, a lower frequency wave has a longer wavelength. A higher frequency wave has a shorter wavelength.
Therefore, red light’s wavelength is longer than blue light’s.
Speed of Light
![Page 80: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Color
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Yellow light has a longer wavelength than
green light. Which color of light has the higher
frequency?
A. Yellow.
B. Green.
C. Both have the same wavelength.
![Page 81: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Color
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Yellow light has a longer wavelength than
green light. Which color of light has the higher
frequency?
A. Yellow.
B. Green.
C. Both have the same wavelength.
A wave with a longer wavelength
has lower frequency!
![Page 82: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
I can explain the nature of light in terms of wavelength and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Learning Goal:
![Page 83: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
End of Day 4
![Page 84: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Properties of Waves and
Wave Behavior
![Page 85: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
I can explain the difference between refraction, diffraction and interferencein terms of wave behavior.
Learning Goal:
![Page 86: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Occurs whenever successive impulses are applied to a vibrating object in rhythm with its natural frequency.
Resonance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m686UO68AXI
![Page 87: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Resonance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m686UO68AXI
http://academic.greensboroday.org/~regesterj/potl/Waves/DiffractionInterference/
StandingWave.htm
![Page 88: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Refraction:
the bending of a wave due to a change in themedium and/or speed of the wave
Refraction
![Page 89: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Refraction occurs when sound waves are affected by uneven winds, or when air near the ground is warmer than air above.
Refraction
![Page 90: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Converging lens (a)-
incoming parallel light rays refract and converge to a focal point
Diverging lens (b)-
incoming parallel light rays refract in such a way that extended rays diverge to a focal point in front of the lens
Refraction - Lenses
![Page 91: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Reflection:
the returning of a wave to the medium through which it came when encountering a reflective surface
Reflection
![Page 92: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Any bending of light by means other than reflection and refraction
Smaller openings produce greater bending of the waves at edges
Diffraction
![Page 93: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Amount of diffraction depends on thewavelength of the wave compared to the size of the obstruction that casts the shadow
Diffraction
![Page 94: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/feschools/waves/diffract3.htm
Diffraction
![Page 95: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Interference
is the combined effect of two or more overlapping waves.
Interference
![Page 96: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Two types of interference:
Constructive interference
crest of one wave overlaps crest of another wave ⇒ individual effects add, resulting in a wave of increased amplitude
Interference
![Page 97: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Two types of interference:
Destructive interference
crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another ⇒individual effects are reduced
Interference
![Page 98: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
A. sound.
B. light.
C. both of these.
D. neither of these.
Interference is a property of
Interference
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 99: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
A. sound.
B. light.
C. both of these.
D. neither of these.
Interference is a property of
Interference
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 100: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
End of Day 5
![Page 102: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Doppler Effect and Wave-Particle Duality
![Page 103: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 104: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
Two overlapping waves
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 105: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 106: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
Small opening causes wave to bend
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 107: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 108: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
Two media – Air and Water
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 109: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 110: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 111: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 112: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
A. Interference.
B. Reflection.
C. Refraction.
D. Diffraction.
Two media – air and prism
This shows an example of:
Wave Behavior Review
CHECK YOURSELF
![Page 113: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Wave Behavior Review
![Page 114: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
The Doppler Effect:
a change in frequency as measured by an observer due to the motion of the
• source or
• listener
Named after Austrian physicist and mathematician, Christian Johann Doppler
The Doppler Effect
![Page 115: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5rqMPdQMQ8&playnext=1&list=PL3E17B10CA65C1234&feature=results_main
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iN3fO5l4Rww
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3MkZjlacaI
![Page 116: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Example of Doppler Effect:
The frequency of waves received by an observer increases as a sound source moves toward the observer.
The Doppler Effect
The wave frequency decreases as the source moves
away.
![Page 117: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
A. speed of its sound increases.
B. frequency of sound increases.
C. wavelength of its sound increases.
D. all increase.
When a fire engine approaches you, the
The Doppler Effect
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 118: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
A. speed of its sound increases.
B. frequency of sound increases.
C. wavelength of its sound increases.
D. all increase.
Comment:
Be sure you distinguish between sound, speed, and sound frequency.
When a fire engine approaches you, the
The Doppler Effect
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 119: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
A. sound.
B. light.
C. both A and B.
D. neither A nor B.
The Doppler effect occurs for
The Doppler Effect
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 120: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
A. sound.
B. light.
C. both A and B.
D. neither A nor B.
Explanation:
Astronomers measure the spin rates of stars by the Doppler effect.
The Doppler effect occurs for
The Doppler Effect
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 121: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
![Page 122: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Is Light a Wave or a Particle?
![Page 123: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
In ancient times, Plato, other Greek philosophers, and Isaac Newton thought that light was composed of tiny particles.
100 years after Newton, Thomas Young demonstrated the wave nature of light with interference experiments.
The Wave–Particle Duality
![Page 124: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
25 years later, the wave view was confirmed by Heinrich Hertz.
Later in 1905, Albert Einstein challenged the wave theory and stated that light was confined in tiny particles of energy called photons. His particle model of light was verified by the photoelectric effect.
The Wave–Particle Duality
![Page 125: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Today, light is acknowledged to have both a wave nature and a particle nature—
Wave–Particle duality:
• light reveals itself as a wave or particle depending on how it is being observed
• light behaves as a wave when traveling from a source to a place where it is detected and behaves as a stream of photons when it interacts with a detector
The Wave–Particle Duality
![Page 126: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
The Photoelectric Effect
When light shines on certain metal
surfaces, electrons are ejected
from those surfaces.
Ultraviolet and violet light impart
sufficient energy to knock
electrons from those metal
surfaces while lower-frequency
light does not, even when very
bright.
The Wave–Particle Duality
![Page 127: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
A. The red light in a dark room is usually too dim.
B. Red light has insufficient energy per photon to “expose” the film.
C. Red light is low-temperature light.
D. None of the above.
Why is unexposed black and white photographic film not “exposed” when in red light, but is when in white light?
The Wave–Particle Duality
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 128: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
A. The red light in a dark room is usually too dim.
B. Red light has insufficient energy per photon to “expose” the film.
C. Red light is low-temperature light.
D. None of the above.
Why is unexposed black and white photographic film not “exposed” when in red light, but is when in white light?
The Wave–Particle Duality
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 129: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Findings:
1. ejection of electrons depended only on the frequency of light
2. the higher the frequency of the light, the greater the kinetic energy of ejected electrons
Explanation:
Electrons in the metal are bombarded by “particles of light”—photons. The energy of each photon is proportional to its frequency: E ∼ ƒ.
The Wave–Particle Duality
![Page 130: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
A. wave.
B. particle.
C. both of the above.
D. none of the above.
Light travels as a wave and is absorbed as a
The Wave–Particle Duality
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
![Page 131: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
A. wave.
B. particle.
C. both of the above.
D. none of the above.
Explanation:Light is wavelike as it travels but particle-like when it encounters a surface.
Light travels as a wave and is absorbed as a
The Wave–Particle Duality
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
![Page 132: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
∗ Why is the sky blue?
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vUzS9b_0IE
Other Topics
![Page 133: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hip-4KF6z4o
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpovwbPGEoo
Ruben’s Tube
![Page 134: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DlqVuNMydk
∗ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBmKtsxpoZA
Tidal Waves And Tsunami
![Page 135: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
∗ http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/videos/withstanding-a-rogue-wave.htm
Rogue Waves
![Page 136: Chapter 8 WAVES— SOUND AND LIGHT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071519/613c5d11f237e1331c5125dd/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
∗ http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/videos/lifes-biggest-questions.htm
Space and Light