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Chapter 9Chapter 9

Shared Decision Making:Shared Decision Making:

Empowering Teachers Empowering Teachers

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• Under what conditions should the leader involve

subordinates in decision making?

• To what extent should subordinates be involved?

• How should the decision making group be

structured and function?

• What is the role of the leader in participative leadership?

Four Critical QuestionsFour Critical Questions

Quality Rule. Use a unilateral approach to decision making only if;

The quality requirement is low and the matter unimportant to subordinates, or

The quality requirement is low, the decision is important, and will be readily accepted by subordinates

Leader Information Rule. Don’t make a unilateral decision if

The quality of decision is important and you don’t possess sufficient information and expertise to solve the problem alone

Trust Rule. Make a unilateral decision when

The quality of the decision is important and you can’t trust subordinates to decide on the basis of the organizational goals

Problem Structure Rule. Involve knowledgeable subordinates to collect relevant information when

- The quality of the decision is important, the problem is unstructured, and you lack sufficient information or expertise

The Vroom Model of Shared Decision Making

The Vroom Model of Shared Decision Making

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© Hoy, 2008

Assumptions of the Hoy-Tarter ModelAssumptions of the Hoy-Tarter Model

• As subordinates are involved in decision making located within their ZONE OF ACCEPTANCE, participation will be less effective.

• As subordinates are involved in decision making outside their ZONE OF ACCEPTANCE, participation will be more effective.

• As participants are involved in decision making for which they have MARGINAL EXPERTISE, their participation will be marginally effective.

• As subordinates are involved in decision making for which they have MARGINAL INTEREST, their participation will be marginally effective.

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Decision-Making GroupsDecision-Making Groupsand Their Functionsand Their Functions

GroupConsensus

GroupMajority

GroupAdvisory

IndividualAdvisory

Unilateral

Who is Leader Leader Leader Leader and LeaderInvolved? and Group and Group and Group Selected

Individuals

Nature of Group shares Group shares Group shares Individuals No subordinateInvolvement? information, information, information, provide data, involvement analyzes and deliberates, analyzes and discuss, and reaches and votes on recommends. recommend. consensus. action.

Who makes Group by Group by Leader with Leader with Leader Alonethe decision? Consensus Majority Rule Advice Advice

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Five Leadership RolesFive Leadership Roles

1. The integrator brings subordinates together for consensus decision-making. Here the task is to reconcile divergent opinions and positions.

2. The parliamentarian facilitates open communication by protecting the opinions of the minority and leads through a democratic process to a group decision.

3. The educator reduces resistance to change by explaining and discussing with group members the opportunities and constrains of the decisional issues.

4. The solicitor seeks advice from subordinate-experts. The quality of decisions is improved As the administrator guides the generation of relevant information.

5. The director makes unilateral decisions in those instances where the subordinates have no expertise or personal stake. Here the goal is efficiency.

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Administrative Roles for Administrative Roles for Decision MakingDecision Making

Role Function Aim

Integrator Brings together divergent positions To achieve consensus

Parliamentarian Facilitates open discussion To support reflective deliberation

Educator Explains and discusses issues To assure acceptance of decisions

Solicitor Solicits advice from teachers To improve quality of decisions

Director Makes unilateral decisions To attain efficiency

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A Normative Model forA Normative Model forParticipative Decision MakingParticipative Decision Making

Relevance

Outside ZoneMarginal with Expertise

Marginal with Relevance

Inside Zone

YES NO

YES

NO

Expertise

1. Situation? Democratic Conflictual Stakeholder Expert Noncollaborative

2. Involvement? Yes and extensive Yes but limited Occasionally Occasionally None and limited and limited

3. Decision- Group Group Group Group Individual Unilateral Making Consensus Majority Advisory Advisory Advisory Structures

4. Role of Integrator Parliamentarian Educator Educator Solicitor Director

Superior?

Trust

YES NO