Chapter 9 - 1981 to 1995

Workstations, UNIX & the Net

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Next Step - Workstations Inexpensive microprocessor

Motorola 68000 Cost less than mini; more than PC Main Features

UNIX Extensive Networking Capabilities

Idea: Attach these to mainframe rather than dumb terminal

2

Apollo - First Workstation Bill Poduska, from Prime Computer Domain: own OS and NW system $40,000 Used for CAD & engineering Mid-1980 - sold 1,000 1989- bought by H.P.

3

Sun Microsystems 1982- founded by

Vinod Khosla Also Bill Joy

Grant - UNIX

Stanford University Network Workstation Andy Bechtolsheim

June 1982- SUN-2, $20,000 Berkeley UNIX

First SUN Workstation - 1983

4

UNIX AT&T Bell Labs, NJ; Ken Thompson,

Dennis Richie Not a complete OS

Set of tools to manipulate & share files Due to legal actions

AT&T couldn’t sell for profit Universities got license for cheap Commercial could also buy

Open Source 5

The UNIX Journey Developed in New Jersey

To easily share files; Very frugal Not for masses;

Univ. of Illinois-Champagne-Urbana U.C. Berkeley

Extensively rewritten Bill Joy

Took it to SUN6

UNIX and Universities Cheap source code Written in C; run any machine with C

compiler Free to modify code - and they did Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)

UNIX 1978-Joy offering tapes cheap

7

Universities (cont.) 1980 - ARPA backed BSD Version 4.2

Network Protocol TCP/IP ARPA promoted TCP/IP Forever linked UNIX & Internet

8

UNIX * Miscellaneous VAX - Berkley UNIX w/ TCP/IP

Helped transform ARPANET to Internet

Vulnerable to viruses Never really challenged Windows

Not even LINUX, yet

9

Vax Strategy - 1980’s Offer single architecture (VAX) with single

OS (VMS) in solitary or networked configurations ranging from desktop to mainframe capability

Networking – Ethernet - from Intel & Xerox “The network is the computer.” Several Modes: 11/780, 11/750, MicroVAX

II, 8600 (Venus), 9000

10

Vax Strategy Risks Similar to IBM’s “betting the

company” Had to supply customers with

everything without seeming to change too much

Entire line had to be high in quality

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Risks (cont.) Stop marketing own competing H.W.

PDP-10- Outdated Public outcry over PDP-10 &

DECtape Phase out an announcement

Historical Perspective- Pg. 186

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Vax Strategy Results Did not stick with it

1982 - 3 incompatible machines (not IBMPC compatible - fatal)

Strategy went well through 1980’s 1987 stock market crash Competition - UNIX workstations & IBM PC DEC couldn’t recover #2 position Final blow: Did not develop current

architecture13

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer IBM-360, DEC VAX

Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) 200+ instructions, each Due to slow access core memory Due to immature compilers Trying to close “English Instruction” gap Cheap ROM allowed low cost of CISC

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RISC- More #1 John Cocke, IBM “wild duck”

Improved technology believed smaller set of instructions with more loads & stores would be faster than 370

Experimental: IBM 801, 1979 Did not make market

1980 - Berkeley- RISC Project 1981- Stanford

MIPS (Millions of instructions per second) Skepticism outside university environment Everything else booming - so why change? 15

RISC - More #2 1987- SUN SPARC- RISC Chip

Scalable Processor Architecture Overcame Skepticism

RISC improved microprocessors speeds faster than mainframe & mini- processors were improving

Sun Licensed SPARC to others Hoped it would become the standard But would not be profitable 16

RISC – More #2 (cont.)

MIPS computer systems Stanford MIPS project DEC bought RISC chip for workstation Silicon Graphics

1990- IBM R/6000 1990’s early: IBM & Apple

Power PC, Motorola Chip17

Workstation vs. PC RISC Architecture Scientific & Engineering Apps. Networking (Ethernet) Cost

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Ethernet Developed @ Xerox PARC, 1973 Robert Metcalfe & David Boggs Metcalfe

At MIT in 1969- helped connect PDP-10 to ARPNET – to do same in ‘72 at PARC

Focus @ PARC was local networking PARC Local Network

Data General minis in star technology Expensive, inflexible, not robust

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ALOHAnet To connect among Hawaiian

Islands Radio Signals Wireless Packets of 1000 bits; address of

recipient attached to head of each message

Computers turned to UHF frequency & listened for packets

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Network Features #1 Radio (medium) was passive Computers (Nodes) did the work

Process, queue, route

“Ether”- invisible medium Replaced by coaxial cable

New Computer just taps into cable21

Network Features #2 Computer “listens” before sending Collision: random pause, try again

If many collisions, send less frequently Math analysis showed would work 1974- Running @ 3 million bps

Arpanet 50 (telephone) - kilobits/sec

22

Ethernet Impacts Speed changed relationship between

small and large computers 1st affected workstations, then PC market DEC, INTEL, Xerox: accepted as

standard for VAX DOS/ Early PC chips - not well suited

for networking23

Apple PC’s With Lotus 1-2-3, Word Processing,

& dBase III, IBM compatibles began to replace Apples & Word Processors in office environment

Less expensive clones

24

“Personal” Computing in Business Employees had personal SW

Not in line with business goals Some sw not very good

Became problem for I.S. people So LAN’s helped to “control” technology

Irony: networking made it not so personal

25

Novell Networking practical after 80386 1989 - had half business Complex, expensive, overlaid DOS

File server with software Not as good a UNIX networking with

workstations Backups, messaging, sharing

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Internet LAN’s provided access to Internet Key features

Descendent of ARPANET Packet switching No dedicated line necessary TCP/ IP- standard protocol Open to public, commercial

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Internet Success ARPA’s support; adoption of

TCP/IP in 1980 TCP/IP inclusion into Berkeley

UNIX Not proprietary

Rise in number of LAN’s

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Success (cont.) Ethernet Speeds Grove’s Law

Telecommunication bandwidth doubles every 100 years

Cable, etc. have improved “Last Mile Problem”

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Internet Before WWW Arpanet- goal was resource sharing

FTP, Telnet: had to know location of information Email - did emerge

Groups Bulletin Boards, Discussion Groups, Etc.

Gopher- 1990/91 Univ. of Minnesota Search for Data on campus Spread

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Before WWW (cont.) WAIS - Wide Area Information

System Thinking Machines Corp., Cambridge Searched documents & made index of

words

All were short lived But demonstrated what could be done

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WWW - The Beginning Doug Englebart: mouse + on-line

system, NLS Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper - hypertext Ted Nelson: Xanadu System

Computer Lib/Dream Machines Hypertext: forms of writing which branch or

perform on request; they are best presented on computer display screens

Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s Apple Macintosh HyperCard - 1987 32

WWW Finally Tim Berners-Lee @ CERN

European particle physics lab Swiss- French border

Features and Goals A shared information space, inclusion Across platforms URL- Uniform Resource Locator

To avoid database restrictions HTTP- to replace FTP HTML 33

WWW Early Years Slow Start - few but CERN supported Hard to program links Just a few browsers-

Lynx & Viola

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Mosaic Marc Andreessen & Eric Bina

U. of Illinois January 1993- released Mosaic, a

browser, over the Internet Used Mouse, hypercard Links in different color Seamless integration of text and graphics Re-written for Windows and Macintosh

35

Netscape Navigator 1994 – Jim Clark, Silicon Graphics

Commercialize Mosaic Univ. of Illinois – objected

Andreessen had been a student there Clark & Andreessen

Netscape Communications Corp Mosaic died

1995 – Public release of stock $28 $58 (day 1) $150

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Chapter 91981-1995

Workstations, UNIX & the Net

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