Chapter 9Globalization,

Inequality, and Development

Chapter Outline• The Creation of a Global Village• Globalization• Global Inequality• Theories of Development and

Underdevelopment• Neoliberal versus Democratic

Globalization

*Globalization• In 1980 just 3.5% of the world’s

population traveled internationally.• By 2001 that figure had more than

tripled to 11.3%.• In 1980 about 14,000 international

organizations existed in the world.• By 1999, there were three-and-a-

half times as many.

*Indicators of Globalization, Early 1980s – Circa 2003

1980–81 1998–03 % Change

Foreign direct investment as % of

Gross Domestic Product4.61 8.85 91.3

International tourist arrivals as % of world

population3.51 11.36 222.9

Air passengers (millions) 748 1,656 121.4

*Indicators of Globalization, Early 1980s – Circa 2003

1980–81 1998–03 % Change

Air freight and mail (billions of ton km) 33 124 275.8

Internet hosts (millions) 0 165 undefined

Number of international organizations

14,2732 50,3734 252.9

*

• ImperialismThe economic domination of one country by another.

• Global commodity chainA worldwide network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity.

*

*The Sources of Globalization

• Technology - commercial jets, telephone, fax, and email

• Politics -countries that are politically isolated have less integration with the rest of the world.

• Economics- industrial capitalism is always seeking new markets, higher profits, and lower labor costs.

*Features of Transnational Corporations1. Depend increasingly on foreign labor

and foreign production.2. Emphasize skills and advances in

design, technology, and management.3. Depend increasingly on world markets.4. Depend increasingly on massive

advertising campaigns.5. Are increasingly autonomous from

national governments.

*Question• The term “global commodity chain”

refers to:a. a worldwide network of labor and

production processes whose end result is a finished commodity

b. rationalization involving efficiency, predictability, and calculability

c. division of the world into competing economic, political, and cultural areas

*Answer: a • The term “global commodity

chain” refers to a worldwide network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity.

*

*McDonaldization• The spread of the principles of fast-food

restaurants, such as efficiency, predictability, and calculability, to all spheres of life.

• McDonald’s now does most of its business outside the United States.

• McDonaldization has come to stand for the global spread of values associated with the United States and its business culture.

*Glocalization• Simultaneous homogenization of

some aspects of life and the strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization.

*Regionalization• The division of the world into different and

often competing economic, political, and cultural areas.

• World trade is not evenly distributed around the planet or dominated by just one country.

• Three main trading blocs exist—an Asian bloc dominated by Japan, a North American bloc dominated by the United States, and a Western European bloc dominated by Germany.

• Each bloc competes against the others for a larger share of world trade.

Question• Regionalization is:

a. the economic domination of one country by another

b. a form of rationalization involving efficiency, predictability, and calculability

c. the division of the world into often competing economic, political, and cultural areas

Answer: c• Regionalization is the division

of the world into often competing economic, political, and cultural areas.

Levels and Trends in Global Inequality

• The total worth of the world’s 358 billionaires equals that of the world’s 2.3 billion poorest people.

• The 3 richest people in the world own more than the combined GDP of the 48 least-developed countries.

• The richest 1% of the world’s population earns as much as the bottom 57%.

Levels and Trends in Global Inequality

According to the UN: • 800 million people in the world are

malnourished.• 4 billion people lack the ability to

obtain adequate food, clothing, shelter, and basic needs.

• 1/5 of the developing world’s population goes hungry every night.

*Global Priorities: Annual Cost of Various Goods and

ServicesGood/Service

Annual Cost (U.S. billion)

Education for everyone in the world 6

Cosmetics in the U.S. 8

Water and sanitation for everyone in the world 9

Ice cream in Europe 11

*Global Priorities: Annual Cost of Various Goods and

ServicesGood/Service Annual Cost

(U.S. $billion)

Reproductive health for all women in the world 12

Perfumes in Europe and U.S. 12

Health and nutrition for everyone in the world 13

Pet foods in Europe and U.S. 17

Gross Domestic ProductTotal value of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States during a specific period. In 1991, GDP became the US government's primary measure of economic activity in the nation, replacing gross national product (GNP), which is the total value of goods and services produced by labor and property supplied by US residents (but not necessarily located within the country).

*Gross Domestic Product per Capita, World Regions

*Number Living on Less Than $1 a Day

Percent Millions

Region 1990 1999 1990 1999

Sub-Saharan Africa 47.7 46.7 242 300

East Asia (excluding China) 27.6 14.2 452 260

South Asia 44.0 36.9 495 490

*Number Living on Less Than $1 a Day

Percent Millions

Region 1990 1999 1990 1999

Latin America 16.8 15.1 74 77

East Europe and Central Asia 1.6 3.6 7 17

Middle East and North Africa 2.4 2.3 6 7

Question• Terrorism is more likely to take

place in the wealthy nations.a. Strongly agreeb. Agree somewhatc. Unsured. Disagree somewhate. Strongly disagree

*Theories of Global Inequality

• Modernization theory– Global inequality results from

dysfunctional characteristics of poor societies.

• Dependency Theory– Economic underdevelopment is

the result of exploitative relations between rich and poor countries.

*Core, Periphery, and Semiperiphery

• Immanuel Wallerstein argues that capitalist development resulted in a world system composed of three tiers:– core capitalist countries - major

sources of capital and technology– peripheral countries - major sources

of raw materials and cheap labor– semiperipheral countries - former

colonies that are becoming prosperous

*Characteristics of Countries That Emerged

From Poverty• Have a colonial past that left them

with industrial infrastructures.• Enjoy a favorable geopolitical

position.• Implement strong, growth-oriented

economic policies and have socially cohesive populations.

Question• The citizens of poorer nations are more

likely to be lazy when compared to the citizens of richer nations.

a. Strongly agreeb. Agree somewhatc. Unsured. Disagree somewhate. Strongly disagree

*Neoliberal Globalization

•A policy that promotes private control of industry, minimal government interference in the running of the economy, the removal of taxes, tariffs, and restrictive regulations that discourage the international buying and selling of goods and services, and the encouragement of foreign investment.

*National Priorities, U. S. 2002

Priority % “Too Little”

1. Improving the nation’s health. 74.9

2. Improving the education system. 73.9

3. Social Security 60.8

4. Protecting the environment. 60.85. Assistance with child care. 59.16. Dealing with drug addiction 59.17. Halting the rising crime rate. 57.4

8. Solving problems of the big cities. 45.49. Mass transportation 37.0

*National Priorities, U. S. 2002

Priority % “Too Little”

10. Scientific research 36.411. Highways and bridges 35.712. Parks and recreation 35.0 13. Improving conditions of blacks 32.7 14. Military, armaments, and defense 31.315. Welfare 21.216. Space exploration program 11.817. Foreign aid 6.7

Question• Global environment problems can

be solved without any international agreements to handle them.

a. Strongly agreeb. Agree somewhatc. Unsured. Disagree somewhate. Strongly disagree

*Democratic Globalization

• Research shows democracy lowers inequality and promotes economic growth:– Makes it more difficult for elite groups

to misuse their power. – Increases political stability and

provides a better investment climate.– Encourages broad political

participation.

*Neoliberal Globalization to

Democratic GlobalizationFour Reforms:

1. Stronger support for democracy in the developing world.

2. More and better foreign aid.3. Forgiving debt owed by developing

countries to rich countries.4. Eliminating tariffs that restrict

exports from developing countries.

Quick Quiz

1. Which of the following factors do sociologists consider sources of globalization?

a. technological progress in such areas as transportation and communication

b. political developments such as democratization

c. economic developments such as the formation of global commodity chains

d. all of these choices

Answer: d• Sociologists consider all of the following

to be sources of globalization:– technological progress in such areas

as transportation and communication.– political developments such as

democratization – economic developments such as the

formation of global commodity chains

2. Transnational corporations:a. rely on domestic labor and

domestic productionb. sell to domestic marketsc. are increasingly autonomous

from national governmentsd. all of these choices

Answer: c• Transnational corporations are

increasingly autonomous from national governments.

3. George Ritzer coined the term "McDonaldization" to describe:a. a worldwide network of labor and

production processes whose end result is a finished commodity

b. the economic domination of one country by another

c. a form of rationalization involving efficiency, predictability, and calculability

d. the homogenization of life worldwide

Answer: c• George Ritzer coined the term

"McDonaldization" to describe a form of rationalization involving efficiency, predictability, and calculability.

4. Regionalization is:a. a worldwide network of labor and

production processes whose end result is a finished commodity

b. a form of rationalization involving efficiency, predictability, and calculability

c. the division of the world into often competing economic, political, and cultural areas

d. the homogenization of many aspects of life worldwide

Answer: c• Regionalization is the division of

the world into often competing economic, political, and cultural areas.

5. According to dependency theorists, rich nations now rely on which of the following to exercise domination and control over poor nations:a. military occupationb. support for authoritarian

governmentsc. substantial foreign investmentd. all of these choicese. military occupation and support for

authoritarian governments

Answer: d• According to dependency

theorists, rich nations now rely on military occupation, support for authoritarian governments and substantial foreign investment to exercise domination and control over poor nations.

6. Peripheral countries are:a. capitalist countries that are the

major sources of capital and technology in the world

b. former colonies that are major sources of raw materials and cheap labor

c. former colonies that are making considerable headway in their attempts to industrialize

d. colonies that have not yet gained independence and are therefore subject to exploitation

Answer: b. • Peripheral countries are former

colonies that are major sources of raw materials and cheap labor.

7. According to ______________, global inequality results from various dysfunctional characteristics of poor societies themselves.

Answer: modernization theory

• According to modernization theory, global inequality results from various dysfunctional characteristics of poor societies themselves.

8. In a survey conducted in 2000 in which Americans were asked to list spending priorities, foreign aid ranked:

a. first on the listb. in the top half of the listc. in the bottom half of the listd. last on the liste. foreign aid did not make the list

Answer: d• In a survey conducted in 2000 in

which Americans were asked to list spending priorities, foreign aid ranked last on the list.

9. A large body of research shows that democracy lowers inequality and promotes economic growth.

a. Trueb. False

Answer: a• A large body of research shows

that democracy lowers inequality and promotes economic growth.

10. Which of the following policies have been put forward by sociologists and others as effective ways of helping developing countries?

a. increasing the amount of foreign aid and redesigning its delivery

b. debt cancellationc. elimination of tariffs by the

world’s rich countriesd. all of these choices

Answer: d• Each of the following policies have been

put forward by sociologists and others as effective ways of helping developing countries:– increasing the amount of foreign

aid and redesigning its delivery– debt cancellation– elimination of tariffs by the

world’s rich countries