Chapter 9

Chapter 9 Princes and Popes

Ancient History Review Timeline1.) Creation2.) River Valley Civilizations (Nile, Euphrates, Hindus)3.) Greek Civilizations4.) Roman Civilizations5.) Islam Begins6.) Christianity in the dark agesSection 1 Reforms in the ChurchWhat were the reasons for reform in the church during Medieval Times?Moral CorruptionNeglect of church duties for person gainNeeded protection from Vikings for their landChurchmen became vassals divided between church and feudal lordsLay-investiture kings and nobles appointed officials and invest them with their religious authorityUnqualified leadersEnticed by money.

List and describe the measures of reform that began in 910Forbid Simony-buying and selling of religious or blessed articles or church officesFreed church from secular controlRestore dignity of the papacyCistercians monks live in seclusion and strict disciplineBernard of Clairvaux most zealous memberCollege of Cardinals churchmen choose the pope

Cistercians

Bernard of Clairvaux How did the clash between church and state lead to Henry IVs penitence at Canossa and the Concordat of Worms?Pope Gregory VII wanted church free from secular control and prohibited lay investitureEmperor Henry IV didnt obey and called the Pope a false monk.so the pope excommunicated him1077 Henry begged barefoot in the snow!Concordat of Worms recognized the right of the church to elect its own bishops and abbots and to invest them with spiritual authority.

Henry IVGregory VIIDescribe the new religious orders founded in the 13th century.Monks lead lives of seclusionFranciscan and Dominican friars labored for reform by living and preaching among the people (mendicant orders)Francis of Assisi founded Franciscan order and gave up wealthDominic battled heresy by educating. They would lead education and the Inquisition

Francis of AssisiDescribe the rule of Innocent III at the zenith of the papacy.Wealth PowerEven humbled the kings (not positively)

List and describe the weapons that the popes directed against those who opposed them.1.) Excommunication2.) Interdict3.) InquisitionDescribe the character and results of the Medieval ReformProvided not lasting solutionsCompounded problemsDidnt focus on inward cleansingSection 2: A European EmpireDescribe the founding of the German kingdom after the death of CharlemagneGrandson divided kingdom (p. 109)Needed protection from MagyarsCreated Dukes who protected duchy.Elected Henry the FowlerAllowed dukes to maintain authorityRepelled invaders and expanded eastwardOtto I, Henrys son, was strong and forced authority over dukes.Supported by churchmen and defeated MagyarsMagyars settled in the Danube Valley and are known as Hungarians

Charlemagne

Henry the FowlerOtto I

Describe the establishment of the Holy Roman EmpireItaly was divided and warringOtto crossed Alps and took Lombardy10 yrs. Later took RomeChurch wanted protectionsooo.Explain why the Holy Roman Empire was called holy, Roman, and an empire. Pope crowned Otto emperorAssociation created Holy Roman Empire between Germany and Italy.but not holy, roman, or an empireLater kings saw themselves as decedents of Charlemagne and Caesar

List the conflicts that weakened the Holy Roman Empire and would prevent Germany and Italy from unifying as early as many of the other European countries.1.) Conflict of InterestGermany intervening in Italian affairsOtto III building castle in Romerest of Germans left behindbut growing in power.2.) Conflict with the popesEmperors began choosing popes.taking their powerThe disagreement between Henry IV and Gregory VIIbut Henry was mad!He returned home, crushed German nobles, captured Rome, appointed new pope.Gregory had to flee and died within the yearInnocent III helped gain church power again

Otto III3.) Conflict with NoblesMost damaging conflictEmperors were concerned with Romeso German nobles grew in powerA new royal line, Salian House, took over (House of Henry IV)They couldnt establish a centralized monarchyAfter Henrys sons death, civil war broke outLeading to Feudalism and duchies became statesDo you Remember Feudalism?

1152 Princes wanted to end civil warsElected Fredrick I (Barbarossa) of the Hohenstaufen House, king.Wanted to build holy empire.and once again meddled in ItalyMarried son to heiress of SicilyFredrick II last notable Hohenstaufen ruler, inherited German and Sicilian kingdomsHe is high cultured and educated, was the ward of Innocent III

Barbarossa

Fredrick IIFredrick promised to leave Sicily alone, but after Innocents death, he went to take it and Italy over.leaving Germany alone once againPapacy fought himFredrick died 1250 end of Holy Roman Empire.Italy and Germany would not be reunited till 19th century as unified national states.Section 3 Rise of Feudal MonarchiesGeneral TimelineRoman BritainAngles and Saxons invadeDanish Vikings InvadeAlfred the Great pushed back Danes and laid a foundation for a unified English monarchyEngland fell to the Danish ruler CanuteAnglo-Saxons drove out the Danes and placed Edward the Confessor on the throneBattle of HastingsWilliam the Conqueror brings centralized feudalism from Normandy to BritainHenry II strengthened royal authorityMagna Carta limited the kings powerEdward I established ParliamentDescribe how the Angle Saxons occupied and changed BritainRomans had to leave in 5th century to protect Roman territory on the continentAngles and Saxons invaded BritainThey established kingdoms and called the land Angle landExplain why Alfred was called the Great including how he strengthened the Anglo-Saxon practice of local government.Protected a helpless England from the DanesHe conquered southern EnglandSet up a monarchyBuilt a navy, churches, schoolsDivided realm called shires ruled by shire-reeveBuilt schools and churchesMonks compiled Anglo-Saxon ChroniclesHad great character

Alfred the GreatExplain why William the conqueror invaded EnglandA century after Alfred, England fell to Danish ruler, CanuteHis later rulers were weak, so Anglo-Saxons drove out the Danes and made Edward the Confessor kingA descendant of AlfredKnown as confessor b/c of his devotion to God1066, Edward dies, and his cousin William says throne was promised to himEnglish nobles elected Harold insteadWilliam gets popes permission, and invades England

Edward the Confessor

William the Conqueror

Harold, Early of WessexOct. 14, 1066 William and Harold meet and fight the Battle of HastingsIt wasnt just about kings! It alters English historyHarold killed, Anglo-Saxons defeatedWilliam the Conqueror established Norman dynasty

Battle of Hastings

List and describe the steps that William the Conqueror took to establish centralized feudalism in BritainBrought Norman feudalism; William was feudal lordDivided land among military followers, and they were called tenant-in-chiefMen had to pledge allegianceHe chose the popesnot the churchWanted to tax people, to did a survey called Domesday Book

Doomsday BookVideo of Battle of Hastingshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1LskT6Y8Describe how Henry I strengthened royal authority.

Henry IDescribe how British courts of this time influenced the way courts work todayDescribe Henrys conflict with Thomas-a-Becket

Henry vs BecketDescribe Richard Is rule of England

Richard IExplain how the Magna Carta came into being, what it did, and what important precedents it set.

Match the witan, Curia regis, and parliament with their description and put them in chronological order

Describe how Edward I created Parliament and how it came to consist of the House of Commons and House of Lords

Edward IParliament became more and more powerfulExplain why the development of Parliament was important for future democraciesOverall TimelineList and explain the factors that helped the Capetian kings increase their power

Capet Coat of ArmsList and explain the ways in which Phillip II expanded the power of the French Monarchy. Explain how his position differed from the early Capetian kings

Philip II of FranceExplain how Louis IX expanded royal power and why he gained the title, the ideal medieval king

Louis IXDescribe Philip IV clash with Boniface VIII, including what triggered the clash, what weapons Philip and Boniface yielded against each other, and why Philip won.

Describe the Origins of the Estate General and contrast its effect on France with Parliaments effect on England

Rescue of the Holy LandSection 4List the motivations spurring particpants of the Crusades

List the Methods the Roman Catholic Church employed to urge Europeans to join in the CrusadesDescribe each of the following crusades1.) First Crusade2.)The Kings Crusade (3rd Crusade)3.) The Diverted Crusade (4th Crusade)4.) The Later CrusadeList and Describe each of the five consequences of the Crusades that the book mentions, also describe how the crusades led to each consequence.