chapter 9 alcohol acute effects mechanisms of action long-term effects
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9
Alcohol• Acute effects
• Mechanisms of action
• Long-term effects
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Chemical structures of three commonly used forms of alcohol
(Ethanol)
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Alcohol content
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Blood alcohol concentration (BAC):
BAC: • 0.04%• 0.08%• 0.35%• 0.50%
Factors influencing absorption:• • • •
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Blood levels of alcohol after oral administration
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Why is there are a difference between the effect of alcohol on men and women?
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Metabolism of alcohol
Another enzyme: P450 liver enzyemes
Drug disposition tolerance Cross tolerance
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9.11 The effects of chronic alcohol use on the liver
cirrhosis
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Immediate Physiological Effects- Increases blood circulation to the skin - Decreases heart rate- Depresses REM sleep- Increased urination- Slurred speech
- Alcohol poisoning
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Immediate Psychological Effects- Reduces anxiety- Impairs judgment- Memory deficits (blackouts)- Perceptual changes
- Decreases visual abilities- Decreases reaction time- Decreases eye-hand coordination
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Physical dependence
Common symptoms
Delirium tremens
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Box 9.1 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Part 1)
teratogen
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Benefits of Moderate Alcohol Use
• mortality stats
– What kills the heavy drinkers?
– Why low among moderates?
• May help prevent dementia (moderate doses)
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9.13 Alcohol’s effects on neuronal membranes
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Effects of long-term use (abuse)
- Enzyme changes- P450 liver enzyme- Alcohol dehydrogenase
- Pharmacodynamic tolerance
- Sexual dysfunction
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- Cognitive impairments- reasoning ability,
problem solving- inability to shift
attention to a new task
- memory - Korsakoff's
syndrome - Confabulation
Effects of long-term use (abuse)
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9.18 A wide variety of individuals are alcoholics
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Alcoholism
• What is alcoholism?
• Disease model– Genetics
– Environment
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At risk for alcohol-related problems:• Men: 5 or more standard drinks in a day (or 15 or more per
week) • Women: 4 or more standard drinks in a day (or 8 or more
per week)
Some statistics for alcohol:• Among heavy drinkers, 1 in 4 has alcohol abuse or
dependence.• About 3 in 10 adults drink at levels that elevate health risks.• All heavy drinkers have a greater risk of:
– hypertension– gastrointestinal bleeding– sleep disorders – major depression – stroke– cirrhosis of the liver– Several cancers
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9.19 Three-factor vulnerability model
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Treatment for alcoholism• Denial factor
• Detoxification
• Program types
• Drug treatments– Antabuse– Naltrexone