Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Aquatic Resources, Uses, Aquatic Resources, Uses,

and Managementand Management

The Importance of WaterThe Importance of Water All living things All living things need waterneed water

You are about 60% You are about 60% water by weightwater by weight

What do we use What do we use water for?water for?

Water on EarthWater on Earth About 97% Earth’s water is saltyAbout 97% Earth’s water is salty Fresh water is distributed unevenlyFresh water is distributed unevenly 2025: 1/3 human population will 2025: 1/3 human population will live in areas lacking fresh waterlive in areas lacking fresh water

What can be done about this?What can be done about this? Water is continuously cycling Water is continuously cycling through the environmentthrough the environment

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

OceanOcean AtmosphereAtmosphere LandLand OceanOcean

Surface WaterSurface Water

Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, wetlandsreservoirs, wetlands

Runoff replenishes surface waterRunoff replenishes surface water WatershedWatershed

Area of land drained by a Area of land drained by a single riversingle river

Drainage basinDrainage basin

GroundwaterGroundwater Supply of fresh Supply of fresh water found under water found under Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface

Stored in Stored in underground aquifersunderground aquifers

Discharged into Discharged into rivers, springs, rivers, springs, etc…etc…

Usually considered Usually considered nonrenewablenonrenewable

Canada’s Watersheds

Properties of WaterProperties of Water Molecules of waterMolecules of water

2 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen2 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen HH22OO

PolarPolar One end slightly positiveOne end slightly positive One end slightly negativeOne end slightly negative Appears “bent”Appears “bent”

Hydrogen bondsHydrogen bonds Result of water’s polarityResult of water’s polarity Basis for many of water’s Basis for many of water’s propertiesproperties

High heat capacityHigh heat capacity Moderates climateModerates climate Universal solventUniversal solvent

Properties of WaterProperties of Water

Water Resource ProblemsWater Resource Problems

Too much waterToo much water Too little waterToo little water Poor-quality Poor-quality waterwater

FloodingFlooding River’s discharge can’t be containedRiver’s discharge can’t be contained Floods more disastrous today: why?Floods more disastrous today: why? What can be done?What can be done?

Too Little WaterToo Little Water Arid & semiarid landsArid & semiarid lands IrrigationIrrigation

Needed to produce foodNeeded to produce food Greatest use of water (71%)Greatest use of water (71%)

Aquifer DepletionAquifer Depletion Removing groundwater faster than Removing groundwater faster than it is replenishedit is replenished

Lowers water tableLowers water table Land subsidenceLand subsidence Saltwater intrusionSaltwater intrusion

Salt water seeps into fresh Salt water seeps into fresh waterwater

Coastal areasCoastal areas

Overdrawing Surface WatersOverdrawing Surface Waters Damaging to ecosystemsDamaging to ecosystems Wetlands dry upWetlands dry up Estuaries become too saltyEstuaries become too salty Why are we removing so much water?Why are we removing so much water? Availability of surface waters may Availability of surface waters may be a serious regional problembe a serious regional problem

The Fraser RiverThe Fraser River Profound changes in hydrologyProfound changes in hydrology Average resident in Kamloops consumes 800 Average resident in Kamloops consumes 800 liters of water/dayliters of water/day

Impacts of climate changeImpacts of climate change Less snowLess snow River peaking River peaking

earlierearlier Water quantityWater quantity

reducedreduced

SalinizationSalinization

Salt accumulates in soilSalt accumulates in soil Result of irrigation: why?Result of irrigation: why? Can hurt productivityCan hurt productivity May render soils unfit for May render soils unfit for productionproduction

How can problem be How can problem be solved/helped?solved/helped?

Water PollutionWater Pollution Physical or chemical change in Physical or chemical change in water that adversely affects the water that adversely affects the health of humans or other health of humans or other organismsorganisms

Global problemGlobal problem Eight different Eight different

categories categories

Types of Water PollutionTypes of Water Pollution Sediment pollutionSediment pollution Sewage and waste waterSewage and waste water Fecal coliform and other disease-Fecal coliform and other disease-causing agentscausing agents

EutrophicationEutrophication Organic compoundsOrganic compounds Inorganic chemicalsInorganic chemicals Radioactive substancesRadioactive substances Thermal pollutionThermal pollution

Sediment PollutionSediment Pollution Water and wind cause erosionWater and wind cause erosion Slit, clay and sand are Slit, clay and sand are transported into waterwaystransported into waterways

Changes physical features, water Changes physical features, water flow, and water depthflow, and water depth

Alters concentrations of Alters concentrations of dissolved substances in waterdissolved substances in water

Increases turbidity, less Increases turbidity, less sunlight penetratessunlight penetrates

Sediment PollutionSediment Pollution

SewageSewage Wastewater from drains & sewersWastewater from drains & sewers Wastes, soaps, detergents, etc…Wastes, soaps, detergents, etc… May cause diseaseMay cause disease Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Oxygen needed for Oxygen needed for microorganisms to decompose microorganisms to decompose wastewaste

Lots of sewage = high BOD = Lots of sewage = high BOD = less oxygen availableless oxygen available

Enrichment of a body of waterEnrichment of a body of water Eutrophic lakeEutrophic lake

Increase of nutrientsIncrease of nutrients Cloudy waterCloudy water

Oligotrophic lakeOligotrophic lake Fewer nutrientsFewer nutrients Clear waterClear water

Artificial eutrophication:Artificial eutrophication:

causes?causes?

EutrophicationEutrophication

Eutrophic & Oligotrophic LakesEutrophic & Oligotrophic Lakes

Research conducted in northwest Research conducted in northwest OntarioOntario

Two basins separated by curtainTwo basins separated by curtain One side control, other side is One side control, other side is exposed to nutrient loadsexposed to nutrient loads

Natural lake experiment Natural lake experiment Exposes the dynamics of Exposes the dynamics of eutrophicationeutrophication

Winter fish kill, why?Winter fish kill, why?

Experimental Lakes Experimental Lakes Eutrophication ExperimentEutrophication Experiment

Sources of Water PollutionSources of Water Pollution Natural sourcesNatural sources Human-generatedHuman-generated

Point source: specific sourcePoint source: specific source Nonpoint sourceNonpoint source

Polluted runoffPolluted runoffEnters over a Enters over a

large arealarge area

Nonpoint Source PollutionNonpoint Source Pollution AgricultureAgriculture

72% of water pollution72% of water pollution Fertilizers, pesticides, manureFertilizers, pesticides, manure Soil erosionSoil erosion

Urban runoffUrban runoff Variety of Variety of contaminantscontaminants

Upland and Riparian Buffer Upland and Riparian Buffer ZonesZones

Buffer zones supply Buffer zones supply natural “filters”natural “filters”

Slow water runoffSlow water runoff Water pollutants Water pollutants inflitrate into the inflitrate into the ground ground

Pollutants are taken up Pollutants are taken up by plants or decomposed by plants or decomposed by soilby soil

Controls erosionControls erosion Removes excess Removes excess nutrientsnutrients

Protects fish and Protects fish and spawning habitatspawning habitat

Groundwater PollutionGroundwater Pollution

Even confined aquifers can Even confined aquifers can become contaminatedbecome contaminated

Most North American groundwater Most North American groundwater is safeis safe

Sources of pollution?Sources of pollution? Cleanup is costly!Cleanup is costly!

Global Water IssuesGlobal Water Issues Problems becoming more seriousProblems becoming more serious By 2030, UN warns almost ½ of the By 2030, UN warns almost ½ of the world’s population will have water world’s population will have water scarcity issuesscarcity issues

Many people lack safe drinking water Many people lack safe drinking water and sewage systemsand sewage systems

Mexico City facing serious shortagesMexico City facing serious shortages Less water will be available in the Less water will be available in the future: why?future: why?

Sharing Water ResourcesSharing Water Resources 1950s: Soviet Union diverts water 1950s: Soviet Union diverts water for irrigationfor irrigation

Aral Sea shrinksAral Sea shrinks 1991: Soviet Union 1991: Soviet Union breaks up breaks up

5 countries working 5 countries working

to help Aral Seato help Aral Sea

Water ManagementWater Management

Goal: sustainable supply of Goal: sustainable supply of high quality waterhigh quality water

How do we supply water?How do we supply water? Building damsBuilding dams DiversionDiversion DesalinationDesalination Conservation Conservation

Columbia RiverColumbia River

Fourth largest in N. Fourth largest in N. AmericaAmerica

More than 100 damsMore than 100 dams Water used forWater used for

Electrical Electrical generationgeneration

IrrigationIrrigation Industry & Industry & householdshouseholds

BenefitsBenefits Generate electricityGenerate electricity Flood controlFlood control Provide waterProvide water

ProblemProblem Bad for salmonBad for salmon

What should be done?What should be done?

Columbia River DamsColumbia River Dams

Water Conservation: Water Conservation: AgricultureAgriculture Canada and US are top two users of Canada and US are top two users of

water worldwidewater worldwide Canadians use close to 200 liters Canadians use close to 200 liters water/daywater/day

Three common rules:Three common rules: ReduceReduce RetrofitRetrofit RepairRepair

What is a water footprint?What is a water footprint?

Global Water FootprintGlobal Water Footprint

Water Conservation: Water Conservation: AgricultureAgriculture

Much lost to evaporation or seepageMuch lost to evaporation or seepage Solution: microirrigationSolution: microirrigation

Perforated pipes distribute waterPerforated pipes distribute water Goes straight to plantsGoes straight to plants Reduces water use Reduces water use

40-60%40-60% Problem?Problem?

Water Conservation: IndustryWater Conservation: Industry

In US, five industries consume 90% In US, five industries consume 90% industrial waterindustrial water

Strict pollution control Strict pollution control

laws have helpedlaws have helped Many industries capture, Many industries capture,

purify and reuse waterpurify and reuse water U. S. Steel recycles U. S. Steel recycles

~ 2/3 of its water~ 2/3 of its water

Water Conservation: MunicipalWater Conservation: Municipal Use gray waterUse gray water EducationEducation Water-saving fixturesWater-saving fixtures Repair leaksRepair leaks Other ideas?Other ideas?

Toilet to TapToilet to Tap California effort to reduce surface California effort to reduce surface waterwater

Waste water is treated:Waste water is treated: MicrofiltrationMicrofiltration Reverse osmosisReverse osmosis Ultraviolet lightUltraviolet light Hydrogen peroxide disinfectionHydrogen peroxide disinfection

Converts sewage water into drinking Converts sewage water into drinking waterwater

Improving Water QualityImproving Water Quality

Contaminants are removedContaminants are removed Drinking water purificationDrinking water purification

Treat with chemical coagulantTreat with chemical coagulant Suspended particles settle Suspended particles settle outout

Filter water through sandFilter water through sand DisinfectDisinfect

Improving Water QualityImproving Water Quality Municipal sewage treatmentMunicipal sewage treatment

Primary treatment: remove Primary treatment: remove suspended & floating particlessuspended & floating particles

Secondary treatment: decompose Secondary treatment: decompose suspended organicssuspended organics

Tertiary treatment: dissolved Tertiary treatment: dissolved substancessubstances

Sludge must be managedSludge must be managed

Municipal Sewage Municipal Sewage TreatmentTreatment

Winnipeg, ManitobaWinnipeg, Manitoba Separate sewers in Separate sewers in newer suburbs newer suburbs

Sanitary sewage goes Sanitary sewage goes to sewage treatment to sewage treatment plant while stormwater plant while stormwater is collected in is collected in stormwater retention stormwater retention pondsponds

Benefits? Benefits? Disadvantages?Disadvantages?

Municipal Sewage Municipal Sewage TreatmentTreatment

Engineered wetlands Engineered wetlands What are the benefits?What are the benefits?

Native Plant SolutionsNative Plant Solutions

Arcata, CaliforniaArcata, California Constructed wetlands Constructed wetlands that aid that aid

in treatmentin treatment Marshes absorb Marshes absorb

contaminantscontaminants Provides wildlife Provides wildlife

habitathabitat

Municipal Sewage Municipal Sewage TreatmentTreatment

Controlling Water PollutionControlling Water Pollution

Constitution Act, 1867Constitution Act, 1867 CCME develops guidelinesCCME develops guidelines New guidelines for Canadian New guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water QualityDrinking Water Quality

Canada Water Act, 1970Canada Water Act, 1970 The Fisheries Act, 1868The Fisheries Act, 1868

DFO, aimed at protecting fish DFO, aimed at protecting fish and fish habitatand fish habitat

Preventing Water Preventing Water Pollution At HomePollution At Home

The Global OceanThe Global Ocean

Covers 3/4 of Earth’s surfaceCovers 3/4 of Earth’s surface Four sections: what are they?Four sections: what are they? Vast wildernessVast wilderness Essential to hydrologic cycle; Essential to hydrologic cycle; why?why?

Patterns of CirculationPatterns of Circulation

Mass movements of surface waterMass movements of surface water Currents: prevailing winds Currents: prevailing winds blowing over the oceanblowing over the ocean

Gyres: large, circular currentsGyres: large, circular currents Coriolis effect influencesCoriolis effect influences

Clockwise in N. HemisphereClockwise in N. Hemisphere Counterclockwise in S. Counterclockwise in S. HemisphereHemisphere

Surface Ocean CurrentsSurface Ocean Currents

Ocean-Atmosphere Ocean-Atmosphere InteractionInteraction

Strongly linked to each otherStrongly linked to each other El Niño-Southern Oscillation El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)(ENSO) Affects climateAffects climate Warm water expansionWarm water expansion Lasts 1-2 yearsLasts 1-2 years

ENSO and ClimateENSO and Climate

ENSOENSO Devastates S. American fisheriesDevastates S. American fisheries

Less upwelling of nutrient-rich waterLess upwelling of nutrient-rich water Some fish species decrease by 99%!Some fish species decrease by 99%!

ENSO and Air CurrentsENSO and Air Currents

Influence weather worldwideInfluence weather worldwide 1997-98 strongest on record1997-98 strongest on record Monitoring in the Pacific Ocean:Monitoring in the Pacific Ocean:

70 moored buoys 70 moored buoys

La NiñaLa Niña

Cool surface water in eastern Cool surface water in eastern Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

Strong westbound trade windsStrong westbound trade winds Often occurs after El NiñoOften occurs after El Niño Affects weather worldwideAffects weather worldwide Difficult to predictDifficult to predict

Human Impacts on the Human Impacts on the OceanOcean

How do we impact the ocean?How do we impact the ocean?

Pollution & Deteriorating Pollution & Deteriorating HabitatHabitat

The ocean is a dumping groundThe ocean is a dumping ground Pollution from landPollution from land Runoff in riversRunoff in rivers Atmospheric contaminantsAtmospheric contaminants

World FisheriesWorld Fisheries

Ocean provides a lot of foodOcean provides a lot of food Many species are overfishedMany species are overfished 1950: 19 million tons of fish1950: 19 million tons of fish 2005: ~158 million tons of fish2005: ~158 million tons of fish

Fishing Industry ChallengesFishing Industry Challenges

No nation owns the open waterNo nation owns the open water Ocean is overusedOcean is overused Tragedy of the CommonsTragedy of the Commons Some fisheries unusableSome fisheries unusable Bycatch must be reducedBycatch must be reduced

Modern Commercial Fishing Modern Commercial Fishing MethodsMethods

Aquaculture: Fish FarmingAquaculture: Fish Farming Mariculture: marine fish farmingMariculture: marine fish farming More common in developing More common in developing countries: why?countries: why?

Species concentratedSpecies concentrated

in small areain small area Causing problems for Causing problems for

wild species: how?wild species: how?

ShippingShipping Ships dump oily ballast and other Ships dump oily ballast and other wasteswastes

MARPOL bans marine pollution from MARPOL bans marine pollution from shippingshipping

Six types of marine Six types of marine

pollutionpollution Not well enforced in Not well enforced in

open oceanopen ocean

Ocean DumpingOcean Dumping

Several Canadian cities dump Several Canadian cities dump sewagesewage

Plastics are a real Plastics are a real

problem: why?problem: why? Trash collects in Trash collects in

certain areascertain areas

Coastal DevelopmentCoastal Development

Many coastal areas highly over Many coastal areas highly over developeddeveloped

Habitat is destroyedHabitat is destroyed 3.8 billion people live3.8 billion people live

near a coastlinenear a coastline 3/4 of world population3/4 of world population

live within 93 miles oflive within 93 miles of

a coastline by 2025a coastline by 2025

Impacts on Coral ReefsImpacts on Coral Reefs

About ¼ of all reefs at high About ¼ of all reefs at high riskrisk

Silt smothers reefsSilt smothers reefs Overfishing, tourismOverfishing, tourism Warming Warming bleaching bleaching

Offshore Resource ExtractionOffshore Resource Extraction

Manganese nodules on ocean floorManganese nodules on ocean floor Too expensive nowToo expensive now Getting cheaperGetting cheaper Who owns those Who owns those

resources?resources? Offshore oil poses Offshore oil poses

threatsthreats

Climate ChangeClimate Change

Could influence patterns of Could influence patterns of oceanic circulationoceanic circulation

Rise in sea levelsRise in sea levels Oceans expected to become more Oceans expected to become more acidicacidic

Eco Canada Career FocusEco Canada Career Focus Consider a career as Consider a career as a Limnologista Limnologist

Study the physical, Study the physical, chemical and chemical and biological properties biological properties of waterwaysof waterways

Play a key role in Play a key role in protecting fresh protecting fresh water resourceswater resources

Case Study: Saving Lake Case Study: Saving Lake WinnipegWinnipeg

1010thth largest body of fresh water in the largest body of fresh water in the worldworld

Over 5.5 million people live within the Over 5.5 million people live within the watershed watershed

Nearly 20 million livestock raised thereNearly 20 million livestock raised there Commercial fishing, hydroelectric power, Commercial fishing, hydroelectric power, recreation and tourism, and downstream recreation and tourism, and downstream communities all place demands on the communities all place demands on the ecosystem ecosystem

Case Study: Saving Lake Case Study: Saving Lake WinnipegWinnipeg

HugeHuge loads of nitrogen and loads of nitrogen and phosphorous are causing changes phosphorous are causing changes to the health of the laketo the health of the lake

70 years of study reveal the 70 years of study reveal the lake is approaching lake is approaching deteriorationdeterioration

2003, Lake Winnipeg Action Plan 2003, Lake Winnipeg Action Plan created committing to reduce created committing to reduce nutrient loadsnutrient loads

Collective effort needed to Collective effort needed to save the lakesave the lake