chapter 9 chemical names and formulas hingham high school mr. dan clune

Chapter 9Chapter 9Chemical Names Chemical Names

and and FormulasFormulas

Hingham High SchoolHingham High School

Mr. Dan CluneMr. Dan Clune

Section 9.1Section 9.1Naming IonsNaming Ions

Ions consisting of a Ions consisting of a single atom with a single atom with a

positive or negative positive or negative charge.charge.

Monatomic IonsMonatomic Ions

Naming ionsNaming ionsTwo methods if more than one Two methods if more than one

charge is possible:charge is possible:

1. 1. Stock systemStock system – uses roman – uses roman numerals in parenthesis to numerals in parenthesis to indicate the numerical value.indicate the numerical value.

2. 2. Classical methodClassical method – uses – uses root word with suffixes (-ous, -root word with suffixes (-ous, -ic)ic)Does not give true value.Does not give true value.

Naming ionsNaming ionsWe will use the Stock We will use the Stock system.system.

Cation- if the charge is Cation- if the charge is always the same (Group always the same (Group A) just write the name A) just write the name of the metal.of the metal.

Naming CationsNaming Cations

Group 1A has a 1+ charge Group 1A has a 1+ charge

KK1+1+ → → Potassium IonPotassium Ion


MgMg2+2+ → → Magnesium IonMagnesium Ion


AlAl2+2+ → → Aluminum IonAluminum Ion

Naming ionsNaming ionsTransition metals can Transition metals can have more than one have more than one type of charge.type of charge.–Indicate the charge Indicate the charge with roman numerals with roman numerals in parenthesis. in parenthesis. (Table 9-2, p.255) (Table 9-2, p.255)

Naming Cations Naming Cations Transition ElementsTransition Elements

Transition Elements can have more Transition Elements can have more than one Oxidation Number.than one Oxidation Number.

Iron can have 2+ or 3+ charges Iron can have 2+ or 3+ charges

FeFe2+2+ → → Iron(II) IonIron(II) Ion

FeFe3+3+ → → Iron(III) IonIron(III) Ion

Name theseName these

NaNa1+1+ CaCa2+2+ AlAl3+3+ CuCu++ CuCu2+2+ PbPb2+2+ LiLi1+1+

Sodium IonSodium IonCalcium IonCalcium Ion Aluminum IonAluminum Ion Copper(I) IonCopper(I) Ion Copper(II) IonCopper(II) IonLead(II) IonLead(II) Ion Lithium IonLithium Ion

Naming AnionsNaming Anions

Anions are always the Anions are always the same chargesame charge

Change the element Change the element ending to – ending to – ideide

FF1-1- Fluor Fluorineine




FF1-1- Fluor Fluorinin




FF1-1- Fluor Fluorii




FF1-1- Fluor Fluor




FF1-1- Fluor Fluorii



Change the element Change the element ending to – ideending to – ide

FF1-1- Fluor Fluoridid




FF1-1- Fluor Fluorideide


ClCl1-1- NN3-3- BrBr1-1- OO2-2-

GaGa3+3+

ChlorideChloride NitrideNitride Bromide Bromide OxideOxideGalliumGallium

Write theseWrite these

Sulfide ionSulfide ionIodide ionIodide ionPhosphide ionPhosphide ionStrontium ionStrontium ion

SS2-2- II1-1- PP3-3- StSt2+2+

Halide IonsHalide IonsThe ions that are The ions that are

produced when atoms of produced when atoms of chlorine and other chlorine and other

halogens gain electrons.halogens gain electrons.

Cl ClCl Cl--+e-

F FF F--+e-

Br BrBr Br--+e-

Exceptions:Exceptions:

Some of the Some of the Transition MetalsTransition Metals have only one ionic charge:have only one ionic charge:

Do notDo not use roman numerals for use roman numerals for these:these:–SilverSilver is always 1+ ( is always 1+ (AgAg1+1+))–CadmiumCadmium and and ZincZinc are always 2+ are always 2+ ((CdCd2+2+ and and ZnZn2+2+))

Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic IonsGroups of atoms that stay Groups of atoms that stay

together and have a charge.together and have a charge.Most Polyatomic Ions end in:Most Polyatomic Ions end in:

“ “iteite” ” “ “ateate””

[ ]1-

Nitrite

O N O

O N[ ]1-

Nitrate

O

O

Polyatomic ionsPolyatomic ions

Acetate Acetate CC22HH33OO221-1-

Nitrate Nitrate NONO331-1-

Nitrite Nitrite NONO221-1-

Hydroxide Hydroxide OHOH1-1- Cyanide Cyanide CNCN1-1- Permanganate Permanganate MnOMnO44

1-1-


Sulfate Sulfate SOSO442-2-

Sulfite Sulfite SOSO332-2-

Carbonate Carbonate COCO332-2-

Chromate Chromate CrOCrO442-2-


Dichromate Dichromate CrCr22OO772-2-

Phosphate Phosphate POPO443-3-

Phosphite Phosphite POPO333-3-

Ammonium Ammonium NHNH441+1+

Adding Hydrogen Adding Hydrogen to ato a

Polyatomic IonPolyatomic Ion HH++ + C0 + C033

2-2- → HCO→ HCO33--

Hydrogen + Carbonate → Hydrogen Hydrogen + Carbonate → Hydrogen

CarbonateCarbonate

HH++ + P0 + P0443-3- → HPO→ HPO44

2-2-

Hydrogen + Phosphate → Hydrogen Hydrogen + Phosphate → Hydrogen

PhosphatePhosphate

HH++ + + HPOHPO442-2- → H→ H22POPO44

--

Hydrogen + Hydrogen → Dihydrogen Hydrogen + Hydrogen → Dihydrogen

Phosphate PhosphatePhosphate Phosphate

Common AnionsCommon Anions1- 2- 3-

F- Fluoride O2- Oxide N3- Nitride

Cl-Chloride S2- Sulfide P3- Phosphide

Br-Bromide S042- Sulfate

I- Iodide C032-

CarbonateP04

3- Phosphate

1-0H- Hydroxide

Cl0- Hypochlorite

N03- Nitrate

HC03- Bicarbonate

C2H302- Acetate

HomeworkHomework

Section 9-1Section 9-1Review Review

Practice ProblemsPractice ProblemsDue: 12/13/05Due: 12/13/05

Section 9-2Section 9-2

Naming and Writing Naming and Writing

FormulasFormulas

forfor

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

Naming Binary Ionic Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompounds

BinaryBinary Compounds - 2 Compounds - 2 elements.elements.

Ionic - a cation and an anion.Ionic - a cation and an anion.To write the names, just name To write the names, just name

the two ions.the two ions.

Naming Binary Ionic Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompoundsEasy with Representative Easy with Representative

elements (which are Group elements (which are Group A elements)A elements)

NaCl = NaCl = NaNa1+1+ ClCl1-1- = =

Sodium ChlorideSodium ChlorideMgBrMgBr22 = = MgMg2+2+ BrBr1-1- = =

Magnesium BromideMagnesium Bromide

Naming Binary Ionic Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompoundsThe problem comes with the The problem comes with the

transition metals.transition metals.Need to figure out their charges.Need to figure out their charges.The compound must be neutral.The compound must be neutral.same number of + and – charges.same number of + and – charges.Use the anion to determine the Use the anion to determine the

charge on the positive ion.charge on the positive ion.

Naming Binary Ionic Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompoundsWrite the name of CuOWrite the name of CuO

Need the charge of CuNeed the charge of Cu

CuCu??OO2-2-

copper must be 2+copper must be 2+

Copper(II) OxideCopper(II) Oxide

Naming Binary Ionic Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompoundsName CoClName CoCl33

CoClCoCl33 Cl is 1- and there are three of Cl is 1- and there are three of

them = 3-them = 3-Co must be 3+ Co must be 3+

Cobalt (III) ChlorideCobalt (III) ChlorideReverse Criss-CrossReverse Criss-Cross

Naming Binary Ionic Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompoundsWrite the name of CuWrite the name of Cu22S. S.

CuCu22SSSince S is 2-, the CuSince S is 2-, the Cu22 must be must be

2+, so each one is 1+.2+, so each one is 1+.

Copper(I) SulfideCopper(I) Sulfide


FeFe22OO33 Each O is 2- 3 x -2 = -6Each O is 2- 3 x -2 = -62 Fe must = 6+, so each is 2 Fe must = 6+, so each is 3+.3+.

Iron(III) OxideIron(III) Oxide


Write the names of the Write the names of the followingfollowing

KClKCl NaNa33NN CrNCrN ScSc33PP22

Potassium ChloridePotassium Chloride

Sodium NitrideSodium Nitride

Chromium(III) NitrideChromium(III) Nitride

Scandium(II) Phosphide Scandium(II) Phosphide


Write the names of the Write the names of the followingfollowingPbOPbO

PbOPbO22

NaNa22SeSe

Lead(II) OxideLead(II) Oxide

Lead(IV) OxideLead(IV) Oxide

Sodium SelenideSodium Selenide

Ternary Ionic Compounds Ternary Ionic Compounds Consist of polyatomic ionsConsist of polyatomic ionsAt least three elementsAt least three elementsName the ionsName the ions

NaNONaNO33

CaSOCaSO44

(NH(NH44))22CC22OO44

Sodium NitrateSodium Nitrate

Calcium SulfateCalcium Sulfate

Ammonium OxalateAmmonium Oxalate

Ternary Ionic CompoundsTernary Ionic Compounds

Fe(OH)Fe(OH)33

NiPONiPO44 CuSOCuSO33

Iron(III) HydroxideIron(III) Hydroxide

Nickel(III) PhosphateNickel(III) Phosphate Copper(II) SulfiteCopper(II) Sulfite

Writing FormulasWriting FormulasThe charges have to add up to zero.The charges have to add up to zero.Get charges on pieces.Get charges on pieces.Cations from name on table.Cations from name on table.Anions from table or polyatomic.Anions from table or polyatomic.Balance the charges by adding Balance the charges by adding

subscripts.subscripts.Put polyatomics in parenthesis.Put polyatomics in parenthesis.

Writing FormulasWriting FormulasWrite the formula for calcium Write the formula for calcium

chloride.chloride.Calcium is Calcium is CaCa2+2+ Chloride is Chloride is ClCl1-1- CaCa2+2+ Cl Cl1-1- would have a 1+ would have a 1+

charge.charge.Need another Need another ClCl1-1- CaCa2+2+ Cl Cl22

1-1- (use criss-cross method (use criss-cross method))

Criss Cross MethodCriss Cross MethodCalcium ChlorideCalcium Chloride

ClClCaCa ClCl22

2+ --

Criss Cross MethodCriss Cross MethodCopper(I) NitrideCopper(I) Nitride

NNCuCu3

NN+ 3-3-

Criss Cross MethodCriss Cross MethodCalcium PhosphateCalcium Phosphate

POPO44CaCa3

2+ 3-3-

POPO44( )( )2

Write the formulas for theseWrite the formulas for these

lithium sulfidelithium sulfidetin(II) oxidetin(II) oxidetin(IV) oxidetin(IV) oxidemagnesium fluoridemagnesium fluoride

LiLi22S S SnOSnOSnSn22OO

MgFMgF22


copper(II) sulfatecopper(II) sulfateiron(III) phosphideiron(III) phosphidegallium nitrategallium nitrateiron(III) sulfideiron(III) sulfide

CuSOCuSO44

FePFePGa(NOGa(NO33))

33

FeFe22SS33


Ammonium Ammonium chloridechloride

ammonium ammonium sulfidesulfide

barium nitratebarium nitrate

NHNH44Cl Cl

(NH(NH44))22SS

Ba(NOBa(NO33))22

Things to look forThings to look for

If cations have ( ), the number If cations have ( ), the number in ( ) is their charge.in ( ) is their charge.

If anions end in If anions end in -ide-ide they are they are probably off the periodic table probably off the periodic table (Monoatomic)(Monoatomic)

If anion ends in If anion ends in -ate-ate or or -ite-ite it it is polyatomicis polyatomic

HomeworkHomework



Molecules and Molecular Molecules and Molecular CompoundsCompounds

Molecule - smallest electrically Molecule - smallest electrically neutral unit, still has properties neutral unit, still has properties of the substanceof the substance

Made from only Made from only nonmetalsnonmetalsCan be from one element- OCan be from one element- O22

Can make a compound- COCan make a compound- CO22

Systematic NamingSystematic NamingThere are too many There are too many

compounds to remember the compounds to remember the names of them all.names of them all.

Compound is made of two or Compound is made of two or more elements.more elements.

Name should tell us Name should tell us how how manymany and and what typewhat type of atoms. of atoms.

Molecular are easier!Molecular are easier!Ionic compounds use charges to Ionic compounds use charges to

determine how many of each.determine how many of each.–Have to figure out charges.Have to figure out charges.–Have to figure out numbers.Have to figure out numbers.

Molecular name tells you the Molecular name tells you the number of atoms.number of atoms.

Uses Uses prefixesprefixes to tell you the to tell you the number of atoms.number of atoms.

Prefixes (Table 9.4, p.269)Prefixes (Table 9.4, p.269)

1 = mono-1 = mono-2 = di-2 = di-3 = tri-3 = tri-4 = tetra-4 = tetra-5 = penta-5 = penta-

6 = hexa-6 = hexa-7 = hepta-7 = hepta-8 = octa- 8 = octa- 9 = nona-9 = nona-10 = 10 =

deca-deca-

PrefixesPrefixesTo write the name, write two To write the name, write two

words:words:Prefix name Prefix name-ide

One exception is we don’t One exception is we don’t write mono- if there is only one write mono- if there is only one of the of the first elementfirst element..No double vowels. (oa oo …) No double vowels. (oa oo …) Exceptions!!!Exceptions!!!

Name TheseName These

NN22OO

NONO22

didinitrogen nitrogen monmonoxoxideide

nitrogen nitrogen didioxoxideide


ClCl22OO77

CBrCBr44

didichlorine chlorine heptheptoxoxideide

carbon carbon tetratetrabrombromideide


COCO22

BaClBaCl22

carbon carbon didioxoxideide

barium barium didichlorchlorideide

Write formulas for theseWrite formulas for these

diphosphorus pentoxidediphosphorus pentoxidetetraiodine monoxidetetraiodine monoxidesulfur hexafluoridesulfur hexafluoridenitrogen trioxidenitrogen trioxidecarbon tetrahydridecarbon tetrahydridephosphorus trifluoridephosphorus trifluoridealuminum chloridealuminum chloride

PP22OO55

II44OO

SFSF66

NONO33

CHCH44

PFPF33

AlClAlCl33

HomeworkHomework



AcidsAcidsWriting Names Writing Names

and and

FormulasFormulas

AcidsAcids

Compounds that give off Compounds that give off hydrogen ions when dissolved hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.in water.

Must have H in them.Must have H in them.Will always be some H next to Will always be some H next to

an anion.an anion.The The anionanion determines the determines the

name.name.

Naming acidsNaming acids

If the anion attached to If the anion attached to hydrogen ends in hydrogen ends in -ide-ide, , put the prefix put the prefix hydro- hydro- and change -and change -ideide to to -ic -ic

acid.acid.

Naming acidsNaming acidsHCl - hydrogen ion and chlorHCl - hydrogen ion and chlorideide

ion – ion – Hydrogen ChlorideHydrogen Chloride Dissolve in WaterDissolve in Water

Hydrogen ChlorideHydrogen Chloride

icichydrohydro acidacidchlorchlor

Naming acidsNaming acidsHH22S - hydrogen ion and sulfS - hydrogen ion and sulfideide

ionionDissolve in WaterDissolve in Water

Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide

icichydrohydro acidacidsulfsulf

Naming AcidsNaming Acids

If the anion has oxygen in it, If the anion has oxygen in it, then it ends in then it ends in -ate-ate or or –ite.–ite.

Change the suffix Change the suffix -ate -ate to to -ic -ic acid acid (use no prefix)(use no prefix)

HNOHNO33 dissolved in water. dissolved in water.

Hydrogen nitrHydrogen nitrateate

NitrNitric acidic acid

Naming AcidsNaming AcidsChange the suffix Change the suffix -ite -ite to to -ous acid-ous acid

HNOHNO22 dissolved in water dissolved in water

Hydrogen nitrHydrogen nitriteite

NitrNitrous acidous acid


HFHFHH33PP

HH22SOSO44

HH22SOSO33

HH22CrOCrO44

Hydrofluoric AcidHydrofluoric Acid

Hydrophosphic AcidHydrophosphic Acid

Sulfuric AcidSulfuric Acid

Sulfurous AcidSulfurous Acid

Chromic AcidChromic Acid

Writing Acid FormulasWriting Acid FormulasHydrogen will always be firstHydrogen will always be firstName will tell you the anionName will tell you the anionMake the charges cancel out.Make the charges cancel out.Starts with hydro?- no oxygen, Starts with hydro?- no oxygen,

-ide-ideNo hydro?, No hydro?, -ate -ate comes from comes from --

icic, , -ite -ite comes from comes from -ous-ous

ExampleExample

Hydronitric AcidHydronitric Acid

Hydrogen NitrideHydrogen Nitride

NN3-3-HH++

HH33NN

ExampleExample

Oxalic AcidOxalic AcidHydrogen OxalateHydrogen Oxalate

CC22OO442-2-HH++

HH22CC22OO44

Write formulas for theseWrite formulas for these

hydroiodic acidhydroiodic acidacetic acidacetic acidcarbonic acidcarbonic acidphosphoric acidphosphoric acidhydrobromic acidhydrobromic acid

HIHI

HCHC22HH33OO22

HH22COCO33

HH33POPO44

HBrHBr

BasesBases

Compounds that give off Compounds that give off hydroxide ions when dissolved hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.in water.

Must have OHMust have OH-- in them. in them.Will always be some OH next Will always be some OH next

to an cation(+).to an cation(+).

Naming BasesNaming Bases

Name of Cation plus HydroxideName of Cation plus Hydroxide

NaOHNaOH

Sodium HydroxideSodium Hydroxide

Writing Chemical FormulasWriting Chemical Formulasfor Basesfor Bases

Write the formula for Write the formula for

Barium HydroxideBarium Hydroxide

OHOH++BaBa2-2-

Ba OHBa OH( )( )22

HomeworkHomework



Section 9-5Section 9-5

The Laws Governing The Laws Governing

Formulas Formulas

andand

NamesNames

Laws of Definite Laws of Definite andand

Multiple Multiple ProportionsProportions

Laws of Definite ProportionsLaws of Definite Proportions

A given chemical compound A given chemical compound always contains the same always contains the same proportion by mass of its proportion by mass of its constituent elements. constituent elements.

Laws of Definite ProportionsLaws of Definite Proportions

HH220 – consist of 2 atoms of 0 – consist of 2 atoms of H and 1 atom of OH and 1 atom of O

H – 2 atoms X 1g = 2gH – 2 atoms X 1g = 2gO – 1 atoms X 16g = 16gO – 1 atoms X 16g = 16g

++18g18g

11%11%

89%89%

Laws of Multiple ProportionsLaws of Multiple Proportions

Whenever two elements form Whenever two elements form more than one compound, the more than one compound, the

different masses of one different masses of one element that combine with element that combine with the same mass of the other the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of element are in the ratio of

small whole numbers.small whole numbers.

HH2200 HH220022

Laws of Multiple ProportionsLaws of Multiple Proportions

HH2200

HH220022

Practicing SkillsPracticing Skills

1.1. An -An -ideide ending generally ending generally indicates a binary indicates a binary compound.compound.

2.2. An -An -iteite or - or -ateate ending ending means a polyatomic ion means a polyatomic ion that includes oxygen is that includes oxygen is in the formula.in the formula.

Practicing SkillsPracticing Skills

3.3. Prefixes in a name Prefixes in a name generally indicate that generally indicate that the compound is the compound is molecular.molecular.

4.4. A Roman numeral after A Roman numeral after the name of a cation the name of a cation shows the ionic charge shows the ionic charge of the cation.of the cation.

Practice

Naming Compounds

Practice

Writing Formulas

HomeworkHomeworkSection 9-5Section 9-5

Review Review Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

Due: 12/20/05Due: 12/20/05Test: 12/21/05Test: 12/21/05

Helpful to remember...Helpful to remember...

1. In an ionic compound, the net ionic 1. In an ionic compound, the net ionic charge is charge is zero zero (criss-cross method)(criss-cross method)

2. An 2. An -ide-ide ending generally indicates ending generally indicates a binary compounda binary compound

3. An 3. An -ite-ite or or -ate-ate ending means there ending means there is a polyatomic ion that has oxygenis a polyatomic ion that has oxygen

4. 4. PrefixesPrefixes generally mean molecular; generally mean molecular; they show the number of each atomthey show the number of each atom

Helpful to remember...Helpful to remember...

5. A 5. A Roman numeralRoman numeral after the after the name of a cation shows the name of a cation shows the ionic ionic chargecharge of the cation of the cation

Use the Use the handout sheetshandout sheets provided by your teacher!provided by your teacher!

chapter 9 chemical names and formulas hingham high school mr. dan clune

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