chapter 9 drugs narcotics classifications effects on human systems
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 9
• Drugs
• Narcotics
• Classifications
• Effects on human systems
NarcoticsSchedule I
• Produce sleep and lethargy
• Opium: derivative of poppy plant
• Morphine: extracted from opium
• Product of heroin metabolism
Morphine is a controlled substanceused as a pain reducer/killer
Morphine was widely used in WW II for pain relief; lightweight,Easy to carry, VERY effective
Numerous soldiers became addicted but not publicized.
Barney Ross/boxer
heroin derived from morphinepopular as a drug easily dissolved in water for injection ( highly soluble) ‘good’ for street sales
•heroin on street is higher % today compared with 60’s
•laced with quinine and /or starch, even Novocain
Codeine- another derivative of opiumpreparation more involved synthetic, not a naturally occurring derivative cough suppressant- controlled substance
Non-opium derivatives are called opiates. Similar physiological effects of opium and its derivatives.
OxyContinPercosset, Hydrocodone used for pain
managementMethadone- used as treatment for
heroin addicts•heroin need diminished
•minimal side effects with the methadone
Hallucinogens
Marijuana- Cannabis sativa
Hashish is the resin produced by plant
Hemp- plant used to produce
natural rope materials
History to Chinese in 2000’s BC
Napoleon credited /blamed for bringing marijuana to the west. Central, South Americas have
moderate temperatures and climate,
with much rain, favorable for the growth of marijuana- smuggling!
Dicot- 5-9 leaves,branching veins on leaves
Produces seeds, flower, stem , leaves all used in preparation
of drugs
• THC= tetrahydrocannabinol • isolated in 1964
• THC also sold illegally as hallucinogen- inhalant; crystalline form
• Resin has highest concentration of THC- hashish- stronger effects than leaves, stem, etc.
• Hashish oil highest concentration
• Read National Report: p. 243
• Legal uses today- relieves pressure associated with glaucoma
• -relieves nausea for patients on chemo
Marijuana Dispensary
• Montclair, NJ
• 1st dispensary since law changed last year for medical marijuana.
Mycology
• Fungi, mushroom, mold, mildews
slime molds, yeasts
• Fungi: Kingdom
• fungi organisms,
• No ‘J’ sound but G
(guh)
Lysergic acid diethylmide-
LSD- synthesized from ergot fungus
Salem witch trials
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogenic mushrooms, fungi can be deadly in shamanistic ceremony
• Gut contents examined reveal fungi
Some laws do not keep up with hallucinogenic mushrooms found• Stopharia aeruginos not illegal• Psylocibin; class A drug; illegal Some mushrooms not knownor have no regulation/legality
• Long lasting effects-
• Phenylcyclidine with LSD= angel dust-
• detachment- strength- inhibitions gone
• Violence, depression suicide possible
Mescaline, phenylcyclidine, PCP and psilocybin (fungus)AKA mushrooms
methylenedioxymethamphetamine = ecstasy
Depressants
• Alcohol(not a
true drug)
• Barbituates:produce sleep
• suppress CNS
Source- barbituric acidYellow jackets, blue devils
and reds are slang for barbitol drugs
pheno, seconal, pento, buto, etc
Tranquilizers
• Depressants but do not induce sleep nor do they directly depress CNS
• Valium and Librium are commonly
prescribed tranquilizers
Inhalants
• Volatile substances, usually solvents that are CNS depressants
• Airplane glue, freon, naptha, methyl ethyl ketone, gasoline, white-out!
• Liver, heart, may suffer from
chemicals inhaled.
Amphetamines
• Stimulants of CNS
• Speed
• Stimulation then depression
• Increased heart rate
• hyperactivity
• euphoria
A false sense of energy
• Injection common but also taken
in pill form
• Benzedrine, hexadine
• Ice= solidified form of methamphetamine smoked
• long hours of effects
• Cocaine• In a chemical class by itself• From Erythroxylon coca- plant
originally grown in Andes Mt. • South America & Southern Asia
http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/pdf/street_terms.pdf
• Freud used cocaine
• Wrote of euphoric sensation
• Pain killer or anesthetic used in past
for medicinal purposes- no longer
• Euphoria, energy, alertness
• Low appetite (weight loss)
• Crack smoked ; inhaled and absorbed
through mucus membranes in sinus
• Cocaine, inhaled, injected (free-base)
or smoked (diffused in lung tissue to blood stream)
• Death possible- heart failure
Club Drugs
EcstasyMethylenedioxymethamphetamine
Aka; MDMAPatented as appetite suppressant
Rohpynol AKARoofies CNS depressant
GHB gamma hydroxybutyrate
CNS depressant
Club Drugs + -OH
• If combined with alcohol
• intense depressant combination
• Roofies; date rape drug
• These two usually in concert
Steroids
• Anabolic- similar to testosterone• Androgenic effects- male• Enhanced strength- promotes
muscular development• Liver problems, thyroid • and kidney difficulties• 1991 classified as controlled, dangerous
substances• Now on schedule III
Schedules II-V? which drugs?In textbook…read
Laws- see p. 251
• Controlled Substances Act p. 251 in 1970• Schedules 1-5- based on potential for abuse,
dependence and medical value.• Schedule I; heroin, LSD, marijuana• II: barbs and amphetamines• III: steroids, codeine• IV: valium, librium• V: non-narcotic medicines
Drug TestsDaubert accepted
• Cocaine: Scott test – blue to pink w/HCl • Barbituates:Dillie-Koppanyi-violet blue• Heroin, Morphine: Marquis-purple, orange
brown for amphetamines• Duquenois-Levine: marijuana, THC,purple
again!• Van Urk: LSD-blue- purple• Reagents used are HCl, chloroform
ionization potential is great
• Crystalline tests useful tool• Identify the crystalline geometry of a
particular drug using the same reagents under the microscope
• Small quantities? • P. 257 heroin under scope, b image with
mercuric iodine most useful• Also, infrared tests and spectrophotometry
can identify substance
• Drug ID in crime labs
• Drug ID with chromatography and
mass spectrometry
from urine, blood and other tissues noted in toxicology ppt.
Reading to do…
• Tests for drugs- see 255-256.
• Do review questions p. 261-263