chapter 9 fiscal policy copyright © 2010 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 9Fiscal Policy
Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin
9-2
Chapter Outline
•NONDISCRETIONARY AND DISCRETIONARY FISCAL POLICY
•USING FISCAL POLICY TO COUNTERACT “SHOCKS”
•EVALUATING FISCAL POLICY•OBAMA STIMULUS PLAN
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You Are Here
9-4
Fiscal Policy
• Fiscal Policy is the purposeful movement in government spending or tax policy designed to direct an economy
• Discretionary Fiscal Policy: government spending and tax changes enacted at the time of the problem to alter the economy
• Nondiscretionary Fiscal Policy: that set of policies that are built into the system to stabilize the economy
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How Nondiscretionary Fiscal Policy Works
• Nondiscretionary fiscal policy consists of policies that are built into the system so that an expansionary or contractionary stimulus can be given automatically.
• The welfare state and the progressive income tax serve as the built-in policies.– If the economy is in recession, those who lose their
jobs are granted unemployment and welfare benefits and they owe less in taxes.
– If the economy is growing at an unsustainable rate, people are making a lot of money and are faced with higher tax rates and there are fewer people eligible for government benefits.
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How Discretionary Fiscal Policy Works
• If we are in a recession the fiscal policy to stimulate the economy would consist of– Increases in government spending– Decreases in taxes
• If we are in an inflationary period the fiscal policy to contract the economy would consist of– Decreases in government spending– Increases in taxes
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Expansionary Fiscal Policy
AS
AD
RGDP
PI
RGDP*
PI*
AD’
RGDP’
PI’
9-8
Contractionary Fiscal Policy
AS
AD
RGDP
PI
PI*
RGDP*
AD’
PI’
RGDP’
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Shocks
• A Shock is any unanticipated economic event.– Aggregate Demand Shock: an
unexpected event which causes aggregate demand to increase or decrease, e.g. the Sept 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
– Aggregate Supply Shock: an unexpected event which causes aggregate supply to increase or decrease, e.g. Iraq’s 1990 invasion of Kuwait and threat to Saudi Arabia.
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Nondiscretionary and Discretionary Fiscal Policy
Combats a RecessionAS
PI
RGDP
AD1
RGDP*
PI*
AD2
Shock
AD3 DFP
NDFP
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Nondiscretionary and Discretionary Fiscal Policy Combats an Overheated
EconomyAS
PI
RGDP
AD1
RGDP*
PI*AD2
Shock
AD3
NDFP
DFP
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Evaluating Nondiscretionary Fiscal
Policy• Most economists believe that
the built-in stabilizers have had a modestly positive effect on diminishing the severity of modern recessions.
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The Mistiming of Discretionary Fiscal Policy
• Recognition Lag: the time it takes to measure the state of the economy
• Administrative Lag: the time it takes for Congress to agree on a course of action with the president
• Operational Lag: the time it takes for the full impact of a government program or tax change to have its effect on the economy
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Political Problems with Fiscal Policy
• Expansionary bias is the problem where politicians are more willing to deal with recessions with tax cuts and spending increases than they are to deal with inflationary pressures with tax increases and spending cuts.
• The Political Business Cycle suggests that politically motivated fiscal policy is used for short term gain just prior to elections
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The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of
Discretionary Fiscal Policy• Between 1975 and 2001 fiscal policy was pretty much abandoned as a mechanism for controlling the economy.
• Monetary policy was used to expand or contract prices and GDP.
• In 2001, the impending recession motivated tax rebates and the Sept. 11 attacks motivated a variety of tax cut and spending increase ideas in Congress.
• In 2003, the continuing slow growth motivated a renewal of the tax credit rebate idea.
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Growth Rates by Presidential Terms
First Second Third Fourth
Truman -0.5% 8.7% 7.7% 3.8%
Eisenhower I 4.6% -0.7% 7.1% 1.9%
Eisenhower II 2.0% -1.0% 7.1% 2.5%
Kennedy/Johnson 2.3% 6.1% 4.4% 5.8%
Johnson 6.4% 6.5% 2.5% 4.8%
Nixon I 3.1% 0.2% 3.4% 5.3%
Nixon II/ Ford 5.8% -0.5% -0.2% 5.3%
Carter 4.6% 5.6% 3.2% 0.2%
Reagan I 2.5% -1.9% 4.5% 7.2%
Reagan II 4.1% 3.5% 3.4% 4.1%
Bush GHW 3.5% 1.9% -0.2% 3.3%
Clinton I 2.7% 4.0% 2.5% 3.7%
Clinton II 4.5% 4.2% 4.4% 3.7%
Bush GW I 0.8% 1.9% 3.0% 4.0%
Bush GW II 3.2% 3.3% 2.2% -0.8%
Average 3.3% 2.8% 3.8% 4.0%
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The 2003 Rebate
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Obama Stimulus Plan
Stimulus Plan ElementAmount in
MillionsNon-Discretionary Fiscal Policy:
Unemployment, Welfare, Medicaid $135,832
Aid to States $53,600
Discretionary Fiscal Policy: Tax Cuts $301,135 Discretionary Fiscal Policy: Spending
Increases $300,047
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Kick it Up a Notch
Aggregate Supply Shocks
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Nondiscretionary and Discretionary Fiscal in the Wake of a Negative
Aggregate Supply Shock
AS1PI
RGDP
AD1
RGDP*
PI*
Shock
AS2
AD2
NDFP
AD3
DFP
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AS1PI
RGDP
AD1
RGDP*
PI*
Nondiscretionary and Discretionary Fiscal in the Wake of a Positive
Aggregate Supply Shock
Shock AS2
AD2
NDFP