chapter 9 how cells harvest chemical energy introduction to cell metabolism glycolysis aerobic cell...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 9How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
Introduction to Cell Metabolism
Glycolysis
Aerobic Cell Respiration
Anaerobic Cell Respiration
![Page 2: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
O2 CO2BREATHING
Lungs
CO2 O2Bloodstream
Muscle cells carrying out
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Sugar + O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O
Breathing and Cell Respiration are related
![Page 3: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide
Water Energy
Cellular Respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
![Page 4: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Burning glucose in an experiment
Energy released from glucose
(as heat and light)
100%
Energy released from glucose
banked in ATP
“Burning” glucosein cellular respiration
About 40%
Gasoline energy converted to movement
Burning gasolinein an auto engine
25%
How efficient is cell respiration?
![Page 5: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Glucose
Gain of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Reduction and Oxidation
OILRIG
Oxidation is losing electrons
Reduction is gaining electrons
Glucose gives off energy and is oxidized
![Page 6: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Reduction and Oxidation
OILRIG Gain or loss of electrons is often in the form of hydrogen. The hydrogen is then passed to a coenzyme such as NAD+
![Page 7: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Reduction and Oxidation
What are some common co-enzymes? NAD+ and FAD
NAD+ + 2 H NADH + H+
FAD + 2 H FADH2
Remember that H = 2 electrons and 2H+
![Page 8: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Reduction and Oxidation
These co-enzymes are very important for cell respiration because they transfer high-energy electrons to electron transport systems (ETS).
![Page 9: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Reduction and Oxidation
As the electrons move from carrier to carrier, energy is released in small quantities.
Electron transport system (ETS)
![Page 10: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Generation of ATP
There are two ways to generate ATP
Chemiosmosis
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
![Page 11: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Generation of ATP
Chemiosmosis
Cells use the energy released by “falling” electrons in the ETS to pump H+ ions across a membrane
Uses the enzyme ATP synthase.
![Page 12: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Generation of ATP
Chemiosmosis
![Page 13: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ATP can also be made by transferring phosphate groups from organic molecules to ADP
Figure 6.7B
substrate
product
Enzyme
Adenosine
Adenosine
Generation of ATP
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
![Page 14: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ATP can also be made by transferring phosphate groups from organic molecules to ADP
Figure 6.7B
substrate
product
Enzyme
Adenosine
Adenosine
Generation of ATP
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
![Page 15: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
General Outline
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Glycolysis
OxygenAerobic
No OxygenAnaerobic
Transition Reaction
Krebs Cycle
ETS
38 ATP
Fermentation
![Page 16: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Glycolysis
Where? The cytosol
What? Breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid
![Page 17: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Glycolysis
Steps – A fuelmolecule is energized,using ATP.
1 3
1
GlucoseStep
2
3
4
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (TRIOSE PHOSPHATE)
Step A six-carbonintermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates.
4
Step A redoxreaction generatesNADH.
55
1,3-Diphosphoglycerate(2 molecules)
6
Steps – ATPand pyruvic acidare produced.
6 9 3-Phosphoglycerate(2 molecules)7
2-Phosphoglycerate(2 molecules)8
2-Phosphoglycerate(2 molecules)
9
(2 moleculesper glucose molecule)
Pyruvic acid
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Energy In: 2 ATP
Energy Out: 4 ATP
NET 2 ATP
![Page 18: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
General Outline
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Glycolysis
OxygenAerobic
No OxygenAnaerobic
Transition Reaction
Krebs Cycle
ETS
36-38 ATP
Fermentation
![Page 19: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
General Outline of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport System
Transition Reaction
![Page 20: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Transition Reaction/Pre-Krebs/Link Reaction: Occurs in the Matrix
Each pyruvic acid molecule is broken down to form CO2 and a two-carbon acetyl group, which enters the Krebs cycle. An Oxidative Decarboxylation Reaction:
Acetyl CoAPyruvic Acid
![Page 21: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
General Outline of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport System
Transition Reaction
![Page 22: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Krebs Cycle
Where? In the Mitochondria
What? Uses Acetyl Co-A to generate ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
![Page 23: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Krebs Cycle
![Page 24: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Krebs Cycle
![Page 25: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
General Outline of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport System
![Page 26: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Electron Transport System
Figure 6.12
Intermembranespace
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Mitochondrialmatrix
Proteincomplex
Electroncarrier
Electronflow
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP
SYNTHASE
![Page 27: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Electron Transport System
![Page 28: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CHEMIOSMOSIS
• The coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport via a concentration gradient.
• It is the MECHANISM for oxidative phosphorylation in Aerobic C.R. and Photosynthesis
![Page 29: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Electron Transport System
For each glucose molecule that enters cellular respiration, chemiosmosis produces up to 38 ATP molecules
![Page 30: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Overview of Aerobic Respiration
![Page 31: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
General Outline
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Glycolysis
OxygenAerobic
No OxygenAnaerobic
Transition Reaction
Krebs Cycle
ETS
38 ATP
Fermentation
![Page 32: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fermentation
Requires NADH generated by glycolysis.
Where do you suppose these reactions take place?
Yeast produce carbon dioxide and ethanol
Muscle cells produce lactic acid
Only a 2 ATP are produced per glucose
![Page 33: Chapter 9 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Introduction to Cell Metabolism Glycolysis Aerobic Cell Respiration Anaerobic Cell Respiration](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e905503460f94b94b7f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fermentation