CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9MODALS Part 1

By: Cristina Avalos D.

MODAL AUXILIARIES ARE USE MODAL AUXILIARIES ARE USE TO EXPRESS:TO EXPRESS:Obligation /NecessityAdvice/ SuggestionsExpectationsPermission / RequestRefusalWillignessProbability

Obligation/NecessityObligation/NecessityMustHave toHave got toPast form: Had to ( when it refers to an idea of past necessity)Must it’s stronger than have to and indicates urgence or stress importanceExamples:You must stay in bed until I returnI have to be home by eightI have got to go now (I gotta go now)I had to study last night

Lack of necessity:Lack of necessity:We use don’t have to to express that something is not really necessary

Examples:You don’t have to do everything for herWe don’t have to atttend classes

Prohibition or Obligation:Prohibition or Obligation:We also use must to express obligation or prohibition. Negative Form: must not or musn’t Examples:You must be 18 to driveYou musn’t do anything like this againYou must not tell anyone my secret

Advice or SuggestionsAdvice or SuggestionsShould (Ought to)Had better•Should and Ought to have the same meaning: they express advisability•Had better is close to should and ought to but the meaning is stronger. Had better usually implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequences

Examples:You look sick, you should go to the doctorYou ought to call the policeYou should pass the exam easily. You’ve worked really hardYou had better not be late

Past form of should, ought to Past form of should, ought to and had betterand had betterShould:Should + have + past participleOught to:Ought to + have + past participleHad better:Had better + have + past participle

Examples: I should have studied last night ( means that studying was a good idea but I didn’t do it. So, I made a mistake)I ought to have called the police (but I didn’t do it so, now I regret)He had better have taken care of it

ExpectationsExpectationsBe supposed toIt is use to express the idea that someone expects something to happen, it also expresses expectations about scheduled events or behaviors.Examples:The game is supposed to begin at 10:00I am supposed to go to the meetingThe children are supposed to put away their toys before they go to bed

Past form:Was / were supposed toIt is use to express unfulfilled expectations.

Example:• John was supposed to call me yesterday. I wonder why he didn’t.

Permission or RequestPermission or RequestMay/ MightCan CouldWould you mindWillWould

Polite requestsPolite requestsWe use:•May I / Might I•Could I•Can I•Would you mind •Would ( it is used for invitations/ to be polite or to express wishes)

Examples:May/ Might I ask you a question?He could be working in the libraryCan you help me with this exercise please?Would you pass the salt?Can you speak louder? Would you mind closing the window?Would you like a cup of coffee?

Refusal and WillingnessRefusal and WillingnessTo express Refusal (when someone or something refuses to do an action) we use:Won’tTo express Willingness( a person wants or has the intention to do something) we use:WillExamples: She won’t get upWill you spend Christmas with us?Will you come to my party?

ProbabilityProbabilityTo express probability we also use:Will: To predict a future actionI will see you later!Must: What we infer to be the most logical interpretation for a situationHe didn’t come to classes, he must be sickNegative form of must: Can’t: It is use ONLY TO EXPRESS PROBABILITY

Should: What may reasonably be expected to happen ( If everything has gone according to the plan)Our guests should be here soonMight-May-Could: The possibility that an event will happen or is happeningWe might go to Hawaii for our honeymoon

ContractionsContractions Should + have: Shoulda Could + have: Coulda Must + have: Musta May + have: Maya

Might + have: Mighta