1. Commercial/Business Interests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

1. Commercial/Business Interests

Labor, resources and raw materials…

2. Military/Strategic Interests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking

“The White Man’s Burden”

The Hierarchy of Race

It is the White Man’s duty, obligation, to civilize the people of the world.

4. Religious/Missionary Interests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American Frontier

Mr. Dole would serve as president of the provisional government of Hawaii and depose Queen Lili’uokalani

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

The Hawaiians attempt to reject America and remain independent. Their efforts fail miserably.

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii1893 – American

businessmen backed anuprising against Queen Liliuokalani.Sanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867$7.2 million

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

When Seward advocated for the purchase of Alaska he had absolutely

no idea of the amount of natural resources the U.S.A. would find there.

“Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!”

Funeral for the U.S.S. Maine victims in Havana

After being blown up under mysterious circumstances in Havana Harbor, a state of the art battleship that

took 6 years to build, the U.S.S. Maine, was dragged out and sunk in deep, deep waters never to be

resurfaced again.

A brutal, racist portrayal of the Spanish just prior to the break-out

of the Spanish-American War (1898).

Rise Sensational JournalismsJingoism: hyper or even ultra-patriotism

The Newspaper Wars

Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World

William Randolph Hearst’s

New York Journal

Yellow Journalism

Hearst to Frederick Remington: “You furnish the

pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!”

The press blamed Spain for the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine and America wanted to believe it to be true.

Theodore Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders”

Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.Imperialist and American nationalist.Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!Resigns his position to fight in Cuba: forms “The Rough Riders”

The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

Teddy Roosevelt leads his band of Rough Riders, a mix of Harvard Men and Dakota Ranchers up San Juan Hill (really Kettle Hill).

Teddy Roosevelt comes back a national hero. Pres. William McKinley puts him on the ballot as vice-president in the 1900 pres. election.

The Spanish-American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”Commodore Dewey leads a raid on Manila Bay, Philippines. He is able to destroy the Spanish Fleet. The American’s in his Pacific Fleet do not lose a single casualty.

Dewey Captures Manila, Philippines!

Emilio Aguinaldo: Fights against the USA for Philippines Independence

Leader of the FilipinoUprising.

July 4, 1946:Philippine independence

The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines.The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

The American Anti-Imperialist

LeagueFounded in 1899.Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.Campaigned against the annexation of thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment (1898)

Platt Amendment (1903)1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with

foreign powers that would endanger its independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Panama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)

The Panama Canal links the Atlantic Fleet with the Pacific Fleet. American warships can be around the globe at a moment’s notice.

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

“Walk Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!”

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy (There are only two, can you name the other president?)

The russo-Japanese war

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.“55 Days at Peking.”

China: The Open Door Policy

Secretary John Hay.Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

The Great White Fleet: 1907

The Grande

Imperial Cruise

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

Improve financialopportunities for American businesses.Use private capital tofurther U. S. interestsoverseas.Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910sEmiliano

Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.

Spread democracy.

Promote peace.

Condemn colonialism.

Searching for Banditos

General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

President Woodrow Wilson would have to

respond to Mexican

revolutionaries like Pancho Villa who was raiding American towns

and killing Americans that

lived close to the Mexican boarder.

Wilson would send his greatest General, General Pershing, to try capture Pancho Villa; however,

President Wilson would be forced to send General Pershing from the Mexican

boarder to Paris, France, and lead American boys in the fight against

German aggression

during WWI.

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: Just One of the “Boys?”Empire: a group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful

sovereign or government: usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom, as the former British Empire, French Empire, Russian Empire, Byzantine Empire, or Roman Empire. Is America an Empire?

Imperialism: the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies; advocacy of imperial or sovereign interests over the interests of the dependent states; like the British with its policy of so uniting the separate parts of an empire with separate governments as to secure for certain purposes a single state.