chapter 9 race and ethnicity copyright 2012, sage publications, inc
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.
Chapter 9
Race and Ethnicity
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The Concept of Race
• Race is based on some real or presumed physical, biological characteristic, such as skin color or hair texture, as well as a shared lineage.
• Ethnic groups, in contrast, are defined on the basis of some real or presumed cultural characteristic such as language, religion, tradition, and cultural practices.
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Historical Thinking About Race
• “Scientific” Explanations• In the 19th and 20th centuries there were
scientific justifications for treating people of other races differently.
• This led to “scientific” justifications for unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige.
• Gregor Mendel’s work on genetics and heredity led to the development of Eugenics.
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Historical Thinking About Race
• Cultural Explanations• Though “scientific” explanations of race
continue to exist, a newer explanation based on social and cultural factors is more prevalent today.
• In the second half of the 20th century, ideas of cultural superiority replaced those associated with biological superiority.
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The Fluidity of Racial Categories• There is nothing intrinsic about any racial
group that makes it distinct from any other.
• Race is a dynamic and fluid concept.
• The hypodescent rule (also known as the one drop rule)
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Racial and Ethnic Identities
• Many members from oppressed racial groups go to some lengths to identify with the dominant group.• Some assigned to a subordinate race
physically resemble the dominant race.• Others straighten, curl, or color their hair.• Others lighten their skin.• Some undergo rhinoplasty.
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Majority-Minority Relations
• Sociologically the definition of majority-minority is not numerical but based on access to power, property, and prestige.
• The social construction of difference says that all majority and minority statuses are products of social definitions.
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Majority-Minority Relations
• Stereotypes, Prejudices, and Discrimination
• A stereotype is a generalization about an entire category of people.
• Prejudice involves attitudes, beliefs, and feelings toward minorities (usually negative).
• Discrimination is the unfavorable treatment arising from negative stereotypes of prejudice.
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Majority-Minority Relations• Intersectionality is the idea that members of
any minority group are affected by the nature of their position in other arrangements of social inequality.
• “Matrix of Oppression”• The converse is also true in that a person
who holds a number of statuses that are highly valued in society is likely to be advantaged.
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Majority-Minority Relations
• Patterns of interaction• Pluralism exists in societies where many groups
are able to coexist without any of them losing their individual qualities.
• Assimilation occurs when a minority group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group.
• Segregation is the physical separation of majority and minority groups.
• Genocide is the systematic attempt at eliminating an entire group of people.
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Majority-Minority Relations
• Race, Ethnicity, and Consumption• Marketing to Minorities
• White Consumption of Black Culture
• Commercialization of Ethnicity
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Racism
• Racism is the negative treatment of racial and ethnic groups.
• Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own group is superior to other groups.
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Racism
• Foundations of Racism
• Social Structure and Racism
• Culture and Racism
• Racist Motives
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Racism
• Institutional Racism• Race-based discrimination that results from
the day-to-day operation of social institutions and social structures
• The Role of Individuals in Institutional Racism
• The “Invisibility” of Institutional Racism
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Social Movements and Race
• Hate Groups
• Most hate groups in the United States are white supremacist movements.
• Examples include the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and neo-Nazi skinheads.
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Social Movements and Race
• Civil Rights Movement• Resistance to the oppression of blacks and
other minority groups• Started in the South in the mid-1950s• Honed a variety of techniques including
boycotts, mass marches, freedom rides, and lawsuits
• As a result Jim Crow laws in the South were dismantled
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Social Movements and Race
• Collective Identity and Power Movements• Social movements that arose in the late
1960s and early 1970s (after civil rights)
• Black Power Movement
• Brown Power and La Raza
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Race and Ethnicity in Global Context
• Ethnic Identity and Globalization• Some sociologists argue that globalization is not a
threat to ethnic identity.
• Ethnic identities are not fragile.
• Globalization can be a force for the creation and proliferation of ethnic identity.
• Ethnic identity and globalization are part of the same process.
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Race and Ethnicity in Global Context
• Global Prejudice and Discrimination
• Global Flows Based on Race and Ethnicity
• Positive and Negative Flows
• Racial and Ethnic Barriers
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Race and Ethnicity in Global Context
• Ethnic Conflict Within Nation-States• Expulsion is the removal of a group (direct or
voluntary) from a territory.• Ethnic Cleansing is the establishment by the
dominant group of policies that allow for the forcible removal of another ethnic group.
• Genocide is defined as “acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.”