Chapter 9Chapter 9““RESPIRATION”RESPIRATION”

What is the difference between What is the difference between

respiration and breathingrespiration and breathing??

Respiration• The transfer of stored energy

in food molecules to a form usable by the organism

• Involves the exchange of gases between the organism and the environment

Process

• Through the process of respiration, the organism produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which will be used for energy

1. Cellular Respiration

• Involves a series of enzyme-controlled reactions in which energy in food is broken down into energy that the organism can use (ATP)

a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP is formed ADP = adenosine diphosphate H2O + ATP ADP + P + energy

• This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of life

Types of Respiration

1. Aerobic Respiration

-involves the use of oxygen

2. Anaerobic Respiration

-oxygen is not used

Respiration• Respiration- is an organisms’ ability to

create energy. (ATP)

Respiration Aerobic RespirationAnaerobic

Respiration

Alcoholic

Fermentation

Lactic Acid

Fermentation

Glucose

(C6H12O6)

2 pyruvic acid

-2 ATP

2 PGAL

(C3H5O3)

Glycolysis (splitting glucose)

+4 ATP

Net Gain:???

Anaerobic Respiration• Also known as Fermentation

• Does not require oxygen

• Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell• Glucose is either broken down into

lactic acid or alcohol and CO2

• As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of 2 ATP’s

Equations for Anaerobic Respiration

glucose 2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s

glucose 2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP’s

• In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced

Anaerobic Respiration

Glucose

2 pyruvic acid

2 ATP

Lactic Acid

4 ATP

“Lactic Acid Fermentation”

“Lactic Acid Fermentation

Anaerobic Respiration“Lactic Acid Fermentation”

****Net gain: 2 ATP

**Not very efficient***

**Carried out by Bacteria and HUMAN MUSCLE CELLS (muscle fatigue)

**Ever heard, ”NO PAIN NO GAIN?”

**Major economic importance to the dairy industry, production of yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk.

Anaerobic Respiration

Glucose

2 Pyruvic acid

2 ATP

Alcohol + CO2

4 ATP

“Alcoholic Fermentation”

“Alcoholic Fermentation”

Anaerobic Respiration“Alcoholic Fermentation”

****Net gain: 2 ATP

**Not very efficient***

Produces Alcohol + CO2

Economic importance to the baking and brewery industries

Aerobic Respiration• Requires oxygen

• Takes place in the mitochondria

• When we say that glucose is oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the help of oxygen molecules

Equation for Aerobic Respiration

glucose + O2 H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s

•Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATP’s are produced

Aerobic Respiration

Glucose

2 Pyruvic acid

2 ATP

+4 ATP

+O2 Water + CO2

+34 ATP

***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***

Aerobic Respiration

***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***

**most efficient

** 2 phases, anaerobic and an aerobic phase

Carried out by humans, plants, protists, and a whole lot more.

Aerobic Respiration

• 3 steps

Summary

• Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’s

• Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’s

• Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration

Adaptations for

Respiration

TO RESPIRE: inhaling and exhaling…

• Inhalation = O2

(oxygen) enters the body system

• Exhalation =CO2

(carbon dioxide) is passed out of the body

Human Respiration is controlled by?

• Functions by contractions on the?– Brain and Diaphragm

Your Respiratory System

Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchiolesalveoli

pleuradiaphragm

Disorders

• Asthma

• Bronchitis

• Emphysema

• Pneumonia

Monera, Protista, and Fungi

• Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through a thin, moist cell membrane

Plants• Leaves- have stomates for gas exchange

• Stems- have lenticels for gas exchange

• Roots- gas exchange occurs across a moist membrane of root hairs

(diffusion)

Hydra• Each cell of the

hydra is in contact with the watery environment and gas exchange occurs by diffusion

Earthworm

• Double Diffusion– Skin– Circulatory System

• Requires moist skin

•The earthworm absorbs oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide through a thin skin. •This skin is protected by a thin cuticle secreted by the epidermis and kept moist by a slimy mucus also produced by epidermal cells.

Grasshopper• Uses Tracheal Tubes

• Air Sacs

• Spiracles

You’re doingA fine job

dear….

Your Metabolism has two major phases.

• Catabolism- the breaking down of complex substances.

• The destructive phase of your metabolism

AKA:

Anabolism- the building of new substances.

AKA-

(Digestion or Hydrolysis)

Synthesis

• A process by which simple substances are combined “chemically” to form more complex substances.– These materials are used for growth and

repair of the organism.

The BorgIngestion

Growth

Synthesis

Transport

Digestion

Cells synthesize (or makes)

• their own proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.

• use enzymes and energy to synthesize proteins, as do you….

• Cells must constantly make new materials for growth and repair.

Secretion

• Some cells synthesize materials that are not used within that cell, but are needed somewhere else. Such products are called secretions.

Types of Secretions

1.Enzymes – maltase, lactase, and luciferase

2.Hormones – adrenaline, testosterone, and insulin

3.Neurotransmitters –acetylcholine and noradrenalin

I t’s Hammer Time!

4. Other types of Secretion:

• Mucus- coats organs

• Chitin- exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

• Poisons- defense and capturing food

              

• Hydrochloric acid- for enzymatic hydrolysis

• Saliva• Fat- Storage, insulation and

protection• Like ear wax

• Cellulose- cell walls

              

Luciferase is the enzyme that allows bioluminescent reactions to occur in fireflies.