Effects of Industrialization

Chapter 9 Section 2

Effects

Pro Con

Eventually led to a better quality of life

Plentiful jobs

Initially caused human suffering

Unhealthy working conditions

Air and water pollution Ills of child labor Rise in class tensions

between workers and the middle class

City building, and movement of people to cities

Cities were crowded People had to live in small apartments

Urbanization

No development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes existed

Lacked adequate housing, education and police protection

No drainage in streets No garbage collection Workers lived in dark, dirty places with

entire families crowded into one bedroom Sickness, disease outbreaks, and epidemics Average lifespan: (urban) 17, (rural) 38

Living Conditions

14 hours a day/6 days a week Unclean Dark Dangerous machines No government aid for the disabled Coal mining was the most dangerous Women and children were the cheapest

labor

Working Conditions

Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Factory owners, shippers, merchants

Middle Class

Laborers With the increase of new inventions and

technology, many laborers began to see machines take over their jobs◦ Angry, some broke the machines they felt were

replacing them◦ Example: Luddites attacked whole factories in

Northern England in the early 1800s.

Working Class

Jobs Contributed to the wealth of a nation Inventions and technology Increased production of goods Raised the standard of living Hope to improve Healthier diets Better housing Cheaper, mass-produced clothing

Long Term Effects

Educational opportunities Labor Unions Higher wages Shorter hours Better working conditions Tax revenues

Long Term Effects

Industrialization Spreads

Like Britain, the US also had many natural resources. ◦ Rivers◦ Coal◦ Iron ore◦ Huge labor force (immigrants and farm workers)

Scared of competition, Britain tried to blockade the US from trade.

Industrial Development in the United States

Like in Britain, Industrialization here began in the textile industry as well.

First factory was opened by Moses Brown. ◦ Pawtucket, Rhode Island. ◦ They mass produced the thread for cloth.

In 1813, the textile industry was revolutionized by Francis Lowell.

US Industrialization

Francis Lowell was a machinist Graduated from Harvard Lobbied to add cotton to the US Tariff Act. When he passed away, his friends decided to

have the town named after him. Lowell, Massachusetts became a huge

manufacturing center.

Like in Britain, the people (especially the women) left the country for the city. ◦ Higher wages ◦ Independence in the city

Worked 12 hours shifts in the factories, 6 days a week.

Rural to Urban Shift

Again, like in Britain the textile industry lead the way.

Clothing manufacturing increased Shoemaking also mechanized

Textiles and Clothing

Despite the new factories, the US was slow to industrialize. ◦ Primarily agricultural til after Civil War in 1865

But then…Technological Boom. ◦ Wealth of natural resources

Oil, coal,& iron◦ Burst of inventions

Light bulb, telephone◦ Growing population

Consumed all these new goods

Entered Slowly

Thomas Alva Edison Said to be the responsible

for creating the modern world.

Didn’t speak until he was almost 4 years old.

Had it existed then, he would have been diagnosed with ADHD as a child.

His parents were middle class, but saved money to hire him a tutor to fill his curiosity for science.

Only 3 months of formal schooling.

Alexander Graham Bell Taught music at an all

boy’s school. Survived tuberculosis. Teacher of deaf students

at Boston School for the Deaf.

When he died in 1922, the entire nation stopped using telephones for a full minute in his honor.

Because of railroads, cities like Chicago and Minneapolis were growing. ◦ They were located right by the railroads.

Chicago- hugely prosperous stockyard industry

Minneapolis- grain industry was rapidly growing.

Railroads alone were profitable.

Railroads

Population and Railways in the US

So where to get the $$? Building railroads takes lots of money, so

businesses would sale stock. Stock- shares of a company, with certain

rights of ownership. Each stock holder becomes part owner in the companies.

Corporations- a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

Corporal America

Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller)

Carnegie Steel Company (Andrew Carnegie)

New Corporations

Europe saw what was occurring around them, and wanted the same for their selves. ◦ They called it the British Miracle- the result of

profiting from new manufactured goods. The Napoleonic wars and French Revolution

had put an end to trade.

European Industrialization

The Industrial WorldUnit 7: The Industrial Revolution

(1700 – 1900)

Belgium- European leader in the race to industrialization. ◦ Significant amounts of iron ore◦ Coal ◦ Many waterways for transportation (like the US

and Britain)

European Industrialization

At this time, Germany was still very politically divided.

Little resources Obviously would slow down the industrialization process.

Instead of nationwide industrialization, there were certain areas that were industrialized. The areas that were rich in coal.

In around 1835, Germany started to copy Britain. Imported British engineers, and machines. Also sent their kids to Britain in order to learn industrial

management.

“Smokestacks seem to sprout from the earth like mushrooms.”

Germany

Europe

Continued to grow by region, instead of country.

In large farming communities, industry would arise in little pockets of an area. ◦ Bohemia, Catalonia, & Northern Italy all had their

little pockets of industrial growth. They used serf labor in Moscow and St.

Petersburg.

Expansion in Europe

The agriculture in France was still booming, so industrialization didn’t occur so suddenly here.

Avoided social and economic problems because of this.

1850- their government began constructing their first railroads.

France

Some nations didn’t industrialize. Social structures slowed the new production

methods. Austria-Hungary and Spain- people didn’t

have means of transportation to get to the city. ◦ Austria-Hungary’s mountains limited their

transportation. ◦ Spain- horrible roads and not much water to use

for transport.

Not for Everyone

Competition increased among nations Widened the wealth gap Britain used it’s overseas colonies for their

natural resources. Soon, the US, Russia, and Japan followed

Britain’s lead and started using those colonies for the natural resources and markets.

Imperialism- the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands in order to build an empire and increase its wealth.

Industrialization’s Impact

Great Britain was the most powerful nation in the world.

Imperialism was born out of the cycle of industrialization because these empires needed the resources that their colonies had.

Imperialism

So many influencing factors: Agricultural revolution Production of new goods Transportation revolution Communication changing

Industrialization gave Europe a huge amount of power economically.

Changed their daily life, as well as their life expectancy. Health and wealth started to improve because of all these

industrial changes. The new middle class

More opportunity for education and a chance to participate in government.

Society Transformed

Laissez-faire- the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.

They came from the French economic philosophers that were practicing during the Enlightenment. Discouraged large tariffs (taxes) Government regulations interfered

with the production of wealth. If government allowed free trade,

then in return the economy would grow and prosper.

The Philosophers of Industrialization

A professor at the University of Glasgow in Scotland.

Defended the free economy, or free markets.

Wrote The Wealth of Nations.◦ Economic liberty guaranteed

economic progress.◦ The government should interfere

with the market. Three Laws of Economics:

◦ The law of self interest- people work for their own good

◦ The law of competition-competition forces people to make better products.

◦ The law of supply and demand - enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

Adam Smith

Capitalism- Factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.

Natural laws should govern economic life

Helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution

Capitalism

Thomas Malthus- wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population.

Argued that the population grew faster than the food supply.

Seemed to be true during the 1840s.

Utilitarianism-people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness.

Introduced by Jeremy Bentham.

The government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Pushed for reform in education.

Utilitarianism

Improved working conditions

Low rent rates Wanted a perfect

living place Moved to America,

and built a community called New Harmony, Indiana.

Utopian Ideas

Socialists thought that governments should intervene with business.

Socialism- the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

These thinkers thought that it was important for the government or the wealthy to take action, and that this would improve people’s lives.

Socialism

They were simply trying to offset all the negative effects that industrialism had on society.

Had an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice.

Thought that the government should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job.

Socialism

Karl Marx- a German journalist, created a very radical branch of socialism that is now called Marxism.

Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels.

Split society into two classes, the haves, and have-nots.

Marxism

Thought that capitalist system would eventually destroy itself. His predictions: First- factories would destroy & drive small

artisans and shops out of business The large working class (the proletariat) would

revolt, and take over the factories The workers would then control the government After a period of cooperative living and

education, the state or government would wither away as a classless society developed.

Called this final stage: pure communism. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyqJ9wxZ9L

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Marxism = Communism

Communism- a form of complete socialism in which the means of production– all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people.

With this, private property would no longer exist.

Like the U.S.S.R. from 1921-1991.

What Does Communism Look Like?

Capitalism

Individuals and businesses own property and the means of production

Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest

Businesses follow their own self-interest by competing for the consumer’s money. Each business tries to produce goods or services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors

Consumers compete to buy the best goods at the lowest prices. This competition shapes the market by affecting what businesses are able to sell.

Government should not interfere in the economy because competition creates efficiency in business.

Capitalism vs. SocialismSocialism

The community or the state should own property and the means of production

Progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all.

Socialists believe that capitalist employers take advantage of workers. The community or state must act to protect workers.

Capitalism creates unequal distribution of wealth and material goods. A better system is to distribute goods according to each person’s need.

An unequal distribution of wealth and material goods is unfair. A better system is to distribute goods according to each person’s need.

Horrible working conditions

Long hours Dirty work areas Very little pay

All these things lead to the creation of unions. Labor Unions- engaged in collective bargaining - negotiations between the workers and their employers.

Labor Unions

Skilled workers were the first to form unions because their special skills gave them collective bargaining power.

Strike- if factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to work.

At first, the British government denied their working class the right to join unions. They thought that it was a threat to social order, but they won the right to strike in 1875. Much later in the United States.

Unionization

Forced the political leaders to see the horrible conditions, and the abuses of the workers that the industrialization had actually caused.

Factory Act of 1833- made it illegal for employers to hire children under 9. Children aged 9-12 could only work for 8 hours a day, and 13-17 year olds only 12 hours.

Mines Act 1842- kept women and children from working underground in the mines.

Ten Hours Act of 1847- the women and children were not allowed to work more than 10 hours.

In the US, the National Child Labor Committee was established in 1904 and National Child Labor Act passed in 1916. Was struck down by the Supreme Court, because it interfered

with state power.

Reform Laws

These ideas, and the ideals of French Revolution helped to end slavery and promote rights for women and children.

Abolition of Slavery- Britain abolished slavery in 1833.

Ended in the US when the Civil War ended (1865 – 13th Amendment) in 1865 (Atlantic slave trade ended by U.S. Constitution in 1808).

Reform Spreads

Factory work offered higher wages

BUT, only 1/3 of what men made.

International Council for Women- formed in 1888, to fight for the rights of women to have equality to men.

Women around the world joined.

Women’s Rights

Education Women’s Rights Prison Child Labor

Reform in Many Areas