Chapter 9Chapter 9Society and Politics in Society and Politics in the Early Republicthe Early Republic

The American PeopleThe American People, 6, 6thth ed. ed.

I. A Nation of RegionsI. A Nation of Regions

The NortheastThe Northeast The Northeast region stretched from The Northeast region stretched from

eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey to eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey to New England.New England.

Small family farms dotted the landscape Small family farms dotted the landscape and produced a surplus of goods.and produced a surplus of goods.

People used the barter system for People used the barter system for economic exchanges. Cash was rare.economic exchanges. Cash was rare.

The demand for heating fuel quickly The demand for heating fuel quickly depleted the region’s forests. depleted the region’s forests.

The SouthThe South The South stretch from Maryland to The South stretch from Maryland to

Georgia along the coast, and west to the Georgia along the coast, and west to the newly forming states of Alabama and newly forming states of Alabama and Mississippi.Mississippi.

Planters had experimented with a number Planters had experimented with a number of grains, but had little success until cotton of grains, but had little success until cotton was imported from Europe.was imported from Europe.

The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed one laborer to clean up to 50 allowed one laborer to clean up to 50 pounds of cotton a day.pounds of cotton a day.

Trans-AppalachiaTrans-Appalachia

The Trans-Appalachia region consisted The Trans-Appalachia region consisted of the lands west of established white of the lands west of established white settlement known as the “backcountry” or settlement known as the “backcountry” or “frontier.”“frontier.”

Settlers, drawn by the promotions of land Settlers, drawn by the promotions of land speculators, moved west into the region speculators, moved west into the region in astounding numbers between 1790 in astounding numbers between 1790 and 1810.and 1810.

The Nation’s CitiesThe Nation’s Cities Although most Americans lived on the land or in Although most Americans lived on the land or in

small villages, a growing number chose to live in small villages, a growing number chose to live in the expanding cities.the expanding cities.

The most aggressive urban growth was found in The most aggressive urban growth was found in the Northeast due to established ports of the Northeast due to established ports of commerce and booming economy.commerce and booming economy.

In Trans-Appalachia, cities like Chicago and In Trans-Appalachia, cities like Chicago and Pittsburg began to spring up along the Great Pittsburg began to spring up along the Great Lakes and interior rivers.Lakes and interior rivers.

Cities were relatively small, dangerous, and Cities were relatively small, dangerous, and unhealthy.unhealthy.

II.II. Indian-White Relations in Indian-White Relations in the Early Republicthe Early Republic

The Goals of Indian PolicyThe Goals of Indian Policy

From 1790 to 1830, the federal government From 1790 to 1830, the federal government established policies toward Native Americans established policies toward Native Americans ostensibly to integrate them into white society.ostensibly to integrate them into white society.

The Indian’s refusal to view themselves as a The Indian’s refusal to view themselves as a conquered people forced the government to deal conquered people forced the government to deal with the tribes through land treaties.with the tribes through land treaties.

Illegal infringement of tribal lands rarely ceased, Illegal infringement of tribal lands rarely ceased, always in the benevolent guise of education or always in the benevolent guise of education or Christianization.Christianization.

III.III. Perfecting a Democratic Perfecting a Democratic SocietySociety

The Revolutionary HeritageThe Revolutionary Heritage

Social reform was inspired by the Social reform was inspired by the democratic ideals of the Revolution.democratic ideals of the Revolution.

Americans accepted the ideal of Americans accepted the ideal of differences in wealth or social standing differences in wealth or social standing but could not tolerate the suggestion that but could not tolerate the suggestion that such differences made some people such differences made some people better than others.better than others.

Race, Slavery, and the Limits Race, Slavery, and the Limits of Reformof Reform In the South, the aggressive growth of In the South, the aggressive growth of

cotton cultivation made the price of slave cotton cultivation made the price of slave labor skyrocket.labor skyrocket.

Antislavery appeals from abolitionists all Antislavery appeals from abolitionists all but disappeared, even from once-but disappeared, even from once-vehement religious groups and the vehement religious groups and the nation’s capital.nation’s capital.

Antislavery reform also weakened in the Antislavery reform also weakened in the Northeast.Northeast.

IV.IV. The End of Neo-The End of Neo-ColonialismColonialism

The War of 1812The War of 1812

War Hawks of Congress had tolerated enough of War Hawks of Congress had tolerated enough of Britain’s presence on American soil. Britain’s presence on American soil.

President Madison finally asked Congress for a President Madison finally asked Congress for a declaration of war on June 1, 1812.declaration of war on June 1, 1812.

British forces occupied Washington in 1814, British forces occupied Washington in 1814, burning the Capital and presidential mansion.burning the Capital and presidential mansion.

Hostilities ended by the Treaty of Ghent on Hostilities ended by the Treaty of Ghent on Christmas Eve, 1814.Christmas Eve, 1814.

The United States and The United States and the Americasthe Americas

President Monroe issued an 1823 statement on Latin President Monroe issued an 1823 statement on Latin America, known today as the Monroe Doctrine:America, known today as the Monroe Doctrine:

The American colonies were closed to new exploration.The American colonies were closed to new exploration. The political systems of the Americas were separate The political systems of the Americas were separate

from those of Europefrom those of Europe The United States would consider hostile any influence The United States would consider hostile any influence

from European powers.from European powers. The United States would refrain from interference in The United States would refrain from interference in

established colonies in the New World.established colonies in the New World.

V.V. Knitting a Nation Knitting a Nation TogetherTogether

Conquering DistanceConquering Distance

The beginnings of the transportation revolution The beginnings of the transportation revolution helped to bring the nation together.helped to bring the nation together.

Travel and circulation of the printed word were Travel and circulation of the printed word were the only ways of communicating across space.the only ways of communicating across space.

New turnpikes, construction of the National New turnpikes, construction of the National Road, canal building, and advances in steam-Road, canal building, and advances in steam-powered ships helped quicken the spread of powered ships helped quicken the spread of news.news.

Strengthening American Strengthening American NationalismNationalism National pride during this era was shaped National pride during this era was shaped

by the War of 1812 and the religious by the War of 1812 and the religious revivalism of the Second Great revivalism of the Second Great Awakening.Awakening.

Also important were landmark decisions Also important were landmark decisions by the Supreme Court regarding judicial by the Supreme Court regarding judicial review and supremacy of the federal review and supremacy of the federal government over the states.government over the states.

The Specter of SectionalismThe Specter of Sectionalism

Despite the rampant nationalism following the Despite the rampant nationalism following the War of 1812, political unity in the nation was War of 1812, political unity in the nation was fragile.fragile.

Most divisive was the issue of slavery in the Most divisive was the issue of slavery in the vast, new territory west of the Mississippi River.vast, new territory west of the Mississippi River.

Again, a compromise avoided disaster. The Again, a compromise avoided disaster. The new state of Missouri was admitted to the new state of Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine was admitted Union as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state.as a free state.

VI. Politics in TransitionVI. Politics in Transition

The Demise of the The Demise of the FederalistsFederalists

Following the War of 1812, the Federalists Following the War of 1812, the Federalists were plagued by accusations of disloyalty.were plagued by accusations of disloyalty.

Federalists continued to believe that political Federalists continued to believe that political leadership should be restricted to “the wise and leadership should be restricted to “the wise and the good.”the good.”

An increasingly hostile electorate eschewed An increasingly hostile electorate eschewed traditional Federalist values and continued to traditional Federalist values and continued to turn to the party of Jefferson.turn to the party of Jefferson.

Division Among the Division Among the Jeffersonians Jeffersonians During the early years of the nineteenth century, the During the early years of the nineteenth century, the

Jeffersonian Republicans monopolized the nation’s Jeffersonian Republicans monopolized the nation’s presidency and legislature. presidency and legislature.

Their success was largely due to the decline of the Their success was largely due to the decline of the Federalists.Federalists.

Trying to appeal to a broad base of Americans, Trying to appeal to a broad base of Americans, Madison’s administration began a program of nationally Madison’s administration began a program of nationally sponsored economic development through road and sponsored economic development through road and canal construction, protective tariffs, and the creation of canal construction, protective tariffs, and the creation of the second Bank of the United States. Collectively, this the second Bank of the United States. Collectively, this plan was called the American System and began to draw plan was called the American System and began to draw criticism immediately.criticism immediately.

Collapse of the Collapse of the Federalist-Jefferson Party Federalist-Jefferson Party SystemSystem The final collapse of the party system was The final collapse of the party system was

triggered by the election of 1824.triggered by the election of 1824. For the first time in years, there was active For the first time in years, there was active

competition for the presidency from all competition for the presidency from all directions.directions.

After voting, none of the candidates received a After voting, none of the candidates received a majority, and a subsequent vote by the House majority, and a subsequent vote by the House elected John Quincy Adams even though Adams elected John Quincy Adams even though Adams had trailed in original electoral votes.had trailed in original electoral votes.

As a result, Adams served his presidency under As a result, Adams served his presidency under a cloud of suspicion and party politics began a a cloud of suspicion and party politics began a process of realignment.process of realignment.