chapter 9 sustaining biodiversity: the species approach 2007 - de-listed 1999 - reduced to...

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Sustaining Biodiversity: Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species ApproachThe Species Approach

2007- De-listed

1999- Reduced to “threatened” under the US Endangered Species Act

1967- Declared “endandered” under the US Endangered Species Act

Becoming common in coastal GA!

Chapter Overview QuestionsChapter Overview Questions

How do biologists How do biologists estimate extinction ratesestimate extinction rates, , and how do human activities affect these and how do human activities affect these rates?rates?

Why should we careWhy should we care about protecting wild about protecting wild species?species?

Which Which human activitieshuman activities endanger wildlife? endanger wildlife?

Chapter Overview QuestionsChapter Overview Questions

How can we How can we help preventhelp prevent premature premature extinction of species?extinction of species?

What is What is reconciliation ecologyreconciliation ecology, and how can it , and how can it help prevent premature extinction of species?help prevent premature extinction of species?

Core Case Study: Core Case Study: The Passenger Pigeon - Gone The Passenger Pigeon - Gone

ForeverForever Once the most Once the most

numerous bird on earth.numerous bird on earth. In 1858, Passenger In 1858, Passenger

Pigeon hunting became Pigeon hunting became a big business.a big business.

By 1900 they became By 1900 they became extinct from extinct from over-over-harvestharvest and and habitat habitat loss.loss.

Figure 11-1Figure 11-1

Case Study: Passenger PigeonCase Study: Passenger Pigeon

Why Should We Care About Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?Biodiversity?

Use ValueUse Value: usefulness : usefulness in terms of in terms of economiceconomic and and ecological ecological services (many!).services (many!).

Nonuse ValueNonuse Value: : ··existenceexistence value value

(a.k.a. intrinsic value)(a.k.a. intrinsic value)

··aesthetic aesthetic value value ··bequestbequest value value (for future generations)(for future generations)


1900: 315,000 wild orangutans

2007: <20,000 (losing 2000/yr)

SPECIES EXTINCTIONSPECIES EXTINCTION

Species can become extinct: Species can become extinct: LocallyLocally:: A species is no longer found in an area A species is no longer found in an area

it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world.the world.

EcologicallyEcologically:: Occurs when so few members of a Occurs when so few members of a species are left they no longer play its ecological species are left they no longer play its ecological role.role.

BiologicallyBiologically:: Species is no longer found on the Species is no longer found on the earth.earth.

Global ExtinctionGlobal Extinction

Some animals have become prematurely Some animals have become prematurely extinct because of human activities.extinct because of human activities.

““The large, the slow, and the tasty”The large, the slow, and the tasty”

-E.O.Wilson-E.O.Wilsonnextnext

Fig. 11-2, p. 223

Aepyornis(Madagascar)

Passenger pigeon Great auk Dodo Dusky seaside sparrow

Endangered and Threatened Species: Endangered and Threatened Species: Ecological Smoke AlarmsEcological Smoke Alarms

Endangered speciesEndangered species:: so few individual so few individual survivors that it could soon become extinct.survivors that it could soon become extinct.

Threatened speciesThreatened species:: still abundant in its still abundant in its natural range but is likely to become natural range but is likely to become endangered in the near future (high current endangered in the near future (high current losses)losses) nextnext

Fig. 11-3, p. 224

Grizzly bear Kirkland’s warbler

Knowlton cactus

Florida manatee

African elephant

Utah prairie dog Swallowtail butterfly

Humpback chub

Golden lion tamarin

Siberian tiger

Fig. 11-3, p. 224

Hawksbill sea turtle

Giant panda Black-footed ferret

Whooping crane

Northern spotted owl

Blue whale

Mountain gorilla Florida panther

California condor

Black rhinoceros

Some species Some species have have characteristics characteristics that make them that make them vulnerablevulnerable to to ecological and ecological and biological biological extinction.extinction.

SPECIES SPECIES EXTINCTIONEXTINCTION

NextNext

Fig. 11-4, p. 225

Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)

Specialized niche

Narrow distribution a.k.a. endemic species

Feeds at high trophic level

Fixed migratory patterns

Rare

Commercially valuable

Need large territories

CharacteristicBlue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros

Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite

Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish

Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear

Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles, many songbirds, esp. neotropical migrants

Many island species,African violet, some orchids

Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds

California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

Examples

Estimating Species ExtinctionEstimating Species Extinction

It is very difficult to catalogue extinctionIt is very difficult to catalogue extinction Extinction takes a Extinction takes a long timelong time to happen and is to happen and is

difficult to measuredifficult to measure (need long term pop. data) (need long term pop. data)

We have only identified We have only identified 1.7 million1.7 million of the world’s of the world’s 4 to 100 million species (likely about 14 million)4 to 100 million species (likely about 14 million)

We We know littleknow little about most of the species that about most of the species that have been identifiedhave been identified


Precautionary PrinciplePrecautionary Principle Because it is difficult to know how many species are Because it is difficult to know how many species are

becoming extinct, many people advocate the becoming extinct, many people advocate the precautionary principalprecautionary principal..

The precautionary principal states that if you are The precautionary principal states that if you are not not exactly sure exactly sure how much damage is being caused, it is how much damage is being caused, it is best to take preventive measures now until you can best to take preventive measures now until you can be sure.be sure.

Especially holds true if the potential loss is Especially holds true if the potential loss is catastrophic (most people never need their life catastrophic (most people never need their life insurace, but it’s a good idea to have it!)insurace, but it’s a good idea to have it!)


Scientists use Scientists use measurementsmeasurements and and modelsmodels to to estimate extinction rates.estimate extinction rates.

The The International Union for the Conservation of International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesNature and Natural Resources (IUCN) publishes (IUCN) publishes an annual an annual Red ListRed List, listing the world’s threatened , listing the world’s threatened species.species.

The 2004 Red List contains 15,589 species at The 2004 Red List contains 15,589 species at risk for extinction.risk for extinction.


Fig. 11-5, p. 225

12%Birds

Plants

Reptiles

Mammals

Fish 34% (51% of freshwater species)

25%

20%

14%

Percentage Threatened with ExtinctionDue to Human Activities


Scientists use Scientists use modelsmodels to to estimate the risk estimate the risk of particular of particular species becoming species becoming extinct or extinct or endangered.endangered.

NextNext

Fig. 11-6, p. 226

5 million

Number of years until one millionspecies are extinct

100,000 extinct per year



Numberof speciesexisting

Effects of a 0.1% extinction rate


100 million

50 million

14 million

IMPORTANCE OF WILD SPECIES IMPORTANCE OF WILD SPECIES We should not cause the premature We should not cause the premature

extinction of species because of the extinction of species because of the economic and ecologicaleconomic and ecological services they services they provide.provide.

Some believe that each wild species has an Some believe that each wild species has an inherent right to existinherent right to exist.. Some people distinguish between the survival Some people distinguish between the survival

rights among various types of species (plants vs. rights among various types of species (plants vs. animals).animals).

Biophilia vs BiophobiaBiophilia vs BiophobiaE.O. WilsonE.O. Wilson

BiophiliaBiophilia- literally, “love of life”, meaning love of - literally, “love of life”, meaning love of the natural world.the natural world. Connotative meaning: we are one with, part of, and Connotative meaning: we are one with, part of, and

totally connected to all of life on earth.totally connected to all of life on earth.

BiophobiaBiophobia- Fear of the natural world.- Fear of the natural world. Connotative meaning: Nature is the enemy, to be Connotative meaning: Nature is the enemy, to be

dominated and exploited.dominated and exploited.

HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION, HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION, AND FRAGMENTATIONAND FRAGMENTATION

Conservation biologists summarize the most Conservation biologists summarize the most important causes of premature extinction as important causes of premature extinction as “CHIPPO”: “CHIPPO”: CClimate Changelimate Change HHabitat destruction, degradation, and abitat destruction, degradation, and

fragmentationfragmentation IInvasive speciesnvasive species PPopulation growthopulation growth PPollutionollution OOverharvestverharvest

HABITATHABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION, LOSS, DEGRADATION, AND FRAGMENTATIONAND FRAGMENTATION

The greatest threat to species is the loss, The greatest threat to species is the loss, degradation, and fragmentation of habitat.degradation, and fragmentation of habitat.

NextNext

Fig. 9-10, p. 193

NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION

Underlying Causes

• Population growth

• Rising resource use

• Undervaluing natural capital

• Poverty

Direct Causes

• Habitat loss • Pollution • Commercial hunting and poaching

• Habitat degradation and fragmentation

• Climate change • Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants

• Introduction of nonnative species

• Overfishing• Predator and pest control

Causes of Depletion and Premature Extinction of Wild Species

HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION, HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION, AND FRAGMENTATIONAND FRAGMENTATION

Reduction in Reduction in ranges of four ranges of four wildlife species, wildlife species, mostly due to mostly due to habitat losshabitat loss and and overharvestoverharvest..

NEXTNEXT

Fig. 11-8a, p. 230

Range 100 years ago

Indian Tiger

Range today(about 2,300 left)

Fig. 11-8b, p. 230

Range in 1700

Black Rhino

Range today(about 3,600 left)

Fig. 11-8c, p. 230

Probable range 1600

African Elephant

Range today

Fig. 11-8d, p. 230

Range today(34,000–54,000 left)

Asian or Indian Elephant

Former range

Case Study: Case Study: A Disturbing Message from the BirdsA Disturbing Message from the Birds

70%70% of bird species are declining in number of bird species are declining in number Especially true of Especially true of migratory bird species A.K.A. migratory bird species A.K.A.

“Neotropical migrants”“Neotropical migrants”

NextNext

Fig. 11-10, p. 232

Bachman’s warbler

Cerulean warbler Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Black-capped vireo

Golden-cheeked warbler

Florida scrub jay California gnatcatcher

Kirtland’s warbler Henslow’s sparrow

Fig. 11-9, p. 2311

609

Number ofbird species

400

200

Case Study: Case Study: A Disturbing Message from the BirdsA Disturbing Message from the Birds

Worldwide, Worldwide, 70%70% of the of the world’s 10,000 bird world’s 10,000 bird species are decliningspecies are declining

The majority of the The majority of the world’s bird species are world’s bird species are found in South found in South America.America. Threatened with Threatened with habitat habitat

lossloss and and invasive invasive speciesspecies..

NEXTNEXT

INVASIVE SPECIESINVASIVE SPECIES

Many Many nonnative nonnative speciesspecies provide us provide us with food, medicine, with food, medicine, and other and other benefitsbenefits but a few can but a few can wipe wipe out native speciesout native species, , disrupt ecosystems, disrupt ecosystems, and cause large and cause large economic losses.economic losses.

Kudzu Kudzu vine was introduced in vine was introduced in the southeastern U.S. to the southeastern U.S. to control erosion. It has taken control erosion. It has taken over native species habitats.over native species habitats.

Figure 11-AFigure 11-A

USES FOR KUDZUUSES FOR KUDZU Almost every part of the Almost every part of the

plant is plant is edibleedible.. Provides a Provides a starchstarch used used

in beverages and in beverages and gourmet confections.gourmet confections.

Provides Provides herbal herbal remediesremedies for several for several diseases.diseases.

It is a source of It is a source of fiberfiber for for paper that could replace paper that could replace

use of treesuse of trees..Figure 11-AFigure 11-A

KUDZU!KUDZU!

Figure 11-AFigure 11-A


Many invasive species have been introduced Many invasive species have been introduced intentionally.intentionally.

NEXTNEXT

Fig. 11-11a, p. 234

Deliberately Introduced Species

Purple loosestrife European starling African honeybee(“Killer bee”)

Nutria Salt cedar(Tamarisk)

European wild boar(Feral pig)

Marine toad(Giant toad)

Water hyacinth Japanese beetle

Hydrilla


Many invasive species have been introduced Many invasive species have been introduced unintentionally.unintentionally.

NEXTNEXT

Fig. 11-11b, p. 234

Gypsy moth larvae

Accidentally Introduced Species

Sea lamprey(attached to lake trout)

Argentina fire ant

Brown tree snake

Eurasian ruffe Common pigeon(Rock dove)

Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-horned beetle

Asian tiger mosquito


The The Argentina fire Argentina fire antant was introduced was introduced to Mobile, Alabama to Mobile, Alabama in 1932 from South in 1932 from South America.America. Most probably from Most probably from

ships.ships. No natural No natural

predators in North predators in North America.America.


Fire Ants!Fire Ants!


INVASIVE INVASIVE SPECIESSPECIES

PreventionPrevention is the is the best way to reduce best way to reduce threats from invasive threats from invasive species, because species, because once they arrive it is once they arrive it is almost impossible to almost impossible to slow their spreadslow their spread..


Fig. 11-14, p. 236

• Do not allow wild animals to escape.

• Do not spread wild plants to other areas.

• Do not dump the contents of an aquarium into waterways, wetlands, or storm drains.

• When camping use wood near your campsite instead of bringing firewood from somewhere else.

• Do not dump unused bait into the water.

• After dogs visit woods or the water brush them before taking them home.

• After each use clean your vehicle, mountain bike, surfboard, kayaks, canoes, boats, tent, hiking boots, and other gear before heading for home.

• Empty all water from canoes, kayaks, dive gear, and other outdoor equipment before heading home.

• Plant a variety of trees, shrubs, and other plants in your yard to reduce losses from invasive species.

• Do not buy plants from overseas or swap them with others using the Internet.

What Can You Do?

Invasive Species

Fig. 11-13, p. 236

• Climate similar to habitat of invader

• Absence of predators on invading species

• Early successional systems

• Low diversity of native species

• Absence of fire

• Disturbed by human activities

Characteristics ofSuccessful

Invader Species

• High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species)

• Pioneer species

• Long lived

• High dispersal rate

• Release growth-inhibiting chemicals into soil

• Generalists

• High genetic variability

Characteristics ofEcosystems Vulnerable

to Invader Species

POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH, POLLUTION, AND CLIMATE POLLUTION, AND CLIMATE

CHANGECHANGE

Population growthPopulation growth, , affluenza,affluenza, and and pollutionpollution have promoted the premature extinction of have promoted the premature extinction of some species.some species.

Projected climate changeProjected climate change threatens a number threatens a number of species with premature extinction.of species with premature extinction.

PollutionPollution Each year pesticides:Each year pesticides: Kill about 1/5Kill about 1/5thth of the of the

U.S. honeybee U.S. honeybee colonies.colonies.

67 million birds.67 million birds. 6 -14 million fish.6 -14 million fish. Threaten 1/5Threaten 1/5thth of the of the

U.S.’s endangered U.S.’s endangered and threatened and threatened species.species.

Example of Example of biomagnificationbiomagnification of DDT of DDT in an aquatic food chain.in an aquatic food chain.

NEXTNEXT

Note: Toxins Note: Toxins bioaccumulatebioaccumulate in the tissues of an in the tissues of an

individual organism, but individual organism, but biomagnifybiomagnify through a through a food chain.food chain.

Fig. 11-15, p. 237

DDT in water 0.000003 ppm,

DDT in fish-eating birds (ospreys)

25 ppm

DDT in large fish (needle fish) 2 ppm

DDT in small fish (minnows) 0.5 ppm

DDT in zooplankton 0.04 ppm

OVEREXPLOITATIONOVEREXPLOITATION

Killing predators and pestsKilling predators and pests that bother us or that bother us or cause economic losses threatens some cause economic losses threatens some species with premature extinction.species with premature extinction.

Some protected species are killed for their Some protected species are killed for their valuable partsvaluable parts or are or are sold livesold live to collectors. to collectors.

Legal and illegal tradeLegal and illegal trade in wildlife species in wildlife species used as pets or for decorative purposes used as pets or for decorative purposes threatens some species with extinction.threatens some species with extinction.

OVEREXPLOITATION: PoachingOVEREXPLOITATION: Poaching

The illegal killing of The illegal killing of wildlife for food or wildlife for food or profit is called profit is called poaching.poaching.

Rhinoceros are often Rhinoceros are often killed for their horns killed for their horns and sold illegally on and sold illegally on the black market for the black market for decorativedecorative and and medicinalmedicinal purposes. purposes.


Case Study: Case Study: Rising Demand for Bushmeat in AfricaRising Demand for Bushmeat in Africa

BushmeatBushmeat hunting has hunting has caused the local caused the local extinction of extinction of many animals in many animals in West Africa.West Africa.

Can spread Can spread diseasedisease such as such as HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS and ebola virus.ebola virus.


Why is Demand for Bushmeat Rising Why is Demand for Bushmeat Rising in Africa?in Africa?

Human Human populationpopulation growth growth Making $ supplying restaurants with Making $ supplying restaurants with exotic exotic

meatmeat Roads: Roads: AccessibilityAccessibility to remote areas to remote areas European companies European companies overfishingoverfishing coastal coastal

African watersAfrican waters This has also contributed to Somalian piracyThis has also contributed to Somalian piracy


PROTECTING WILD SPECIES: LEGAL PROTECTING WILD SPECIES: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACHESAND ECONOMIC APPROACHES

International treatiesInternational treaties have helped reduce the have helped reduce the international trade of endangered and international trade of endangered and threatened species, but threatened species, but enforcement is enforcement is difficult.difficult. One of the most powerful is the 1975 One of the most powerful is the 1975

Convention on International Trade of Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES).Endangered Species (CITES).• Signed by 169 countries including the USA, lists 900 Signed by 169 countries including the USA, lists 900

species that cannot be commercially traded.species that cannot be commercially traded.

INTERNATIONAL TREATIESINTERNATIONAL TREATIES

Convention on BiodiversityConvention on Biodiversity-- Goals: reverse Goals: reverse delcines in biodiversity & share the benefits delcines in biodiversity & share the benefits of genetic resourcesof genetic resources

Problems:Problems: Lack of enforcementLack of enforcement Lack of severe penaltiesLack of severe penalties Implementation delaysImplementation delays U.S. has not ratifiedU.S. has not ratified

Because of scarcity of inspectors, probably no Because of scarcity of inspectors, probably no more than 1/10more than 1/10thth of the illegal wildlife trade in of the illegal wildlife trade in the U.S. is discovered.the U.S. is discovered.


For every live and exotic animal captured & For every live and exotic animal captured & sold in the pet market, _______ are killed sold in the pet market, _______ are killed during capture or die in transit.during capture or die in transit.

50

Fig. 11-21, p. 246

• Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species.

• Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics.

• Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild.

• Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild.

• Spread the word. Talk to your friends and relatives about this problem and what they can do about it.

What Can You Do?

Protecting Species

Case Study: Case Study: The U.S. Endangered Species ActThe U.S. Endangered Species Act

One of the world’s most One of the world’s most far-reachingfar-reaching and and controversialcontroversial environmental laws is the environmental laws is the 1973 U.S. 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).Endangered Species Act (ESA). ESA forbids ESA forbids federal agenciesfederal agencies (besides defense (besides defense

department) to carry out / fund projects that would department) to carry out / fund projects that would jeopardize an endangered species.jeopardize an endangered species.

Landowners could destroy Landowners could destroy somesome habitat under special habitat under special agreements with the US Fish & Wildlife Service.agreements with the US Fish & Wildlife Service.

ESA makes it illegal for Americans to ESA makes it illegal for Americans to engage in engage in commercecommerce associated with, or associated with, or hunt / kill / collecthunt / kill / collect endangered or threatened species.endangered or threatened species.


UnsuccessfulUnsuccessful attempts have been made since attempts have been made since 1973 to change the ESA:1973 to change the ESA: Make protection of endangered species Make protection of endangered species voluntary voluntary

on private landon private land Make it Make it harder and more expensiveharder and more expensive to list a species to list a species Eliminate the need to designate Eliminate the need to designate critical habitatscritical habitats Allow the Secretary of the Interior to Allow the Secretary of the Interior to permanently permanently

exempt landownersexempt landowners


Biodiversity hotspots Biodiversity hotspots in relation to the largest in relation to the largest concentrations of rare and potentially concentrations of rare and potentially endangered species in the U.S.endangered species in the U.S. NextNext

Fig. 11-18, p. 241

Top Six Hot Spots1 Hawaii2 San Francisco Bay

area3 Southern

Appalachians4 Death Valley5 Southern California6 Florida Panhandle

Concentration of rare species

High Low Moderate

PROTECTING WILD SPECIES: THE PROTECTING WILD SPECIES: THE SANCTUARY APPROACHSANCTUARY APPROACH

Blue Goose, symbol of all US NWR’s

NWR’s: Protect habitat for migratory waterfowl.


The U.S. has set aside 544 The U.S. has set aside 544 National Wildlife Refuges, National Wildlife Refuges, mostly for mostly for migratory migratory waterfowlwaterfowl, but many refuges , but many refuges are suffering from are suffering from environmental degradation.environmental degradation.

Okefenokee is an NWROkefenokee is an NWR

Pelican Island was the Pelican Island was the nation’s first wildlife refuge.nation’s first wildlife refuge.



Gene banks, seed banks, botanical gardensGene banks, seed banks, botanical gardens and using and using farmsfarms to raise threatened species to raise threatened species can help prevent extinction, but these options can help prevent extinction, but these options lack lack fundingfunding and and storage spacestorage space..

Seed BanksSeed Banks Svalbard Global Seed VaultSvalbard Global Seed Vault

Secure seedbank located on the Norwegian island Secure seedbank located on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen since January 2008.of Spitsbergen since January 2008.

The seed vault is an attempt to provide insurance The seed vault is an attempt to provide insurance against the loss of seeds in genebanks, as well as a against the loss of seeds in genebanks, as well as a refuge for seeds in the case of large-scale regional refuge for seeds in the case of large-scale regional or global crises. Currently about 360,000 differernt or global crises. Currently about 360,000 differernt varieties of seed are stored there.varieties of seed are stored there.

Svalbard Global Seed VaultSvalbard Global Seed Vault

Seed BanksSeed Banks Svalbard Global Seed VaultSvalbard Global Seed Vault Spitsbergen was considered ideal because it lacked Spitsbergen was considered ideal because it lacked

tectonic activity and had permafrost, which aids tectonic activity and had permafrost, which aids preservation. Its being 130 metres (430 ft) above sea preservation. Its being 130 metres (430 ft) above sea level will keep the site dry even if the ice caps melt.level will keep the site dry even if the ice caps melt.[9][9] Locally mined coal provides power for refrigeration units Locally mined coal provides power for refrigeration units that further cool the seeds to the internationally that further cool the seeds to the internationally recommended standard of −18 °C (−0.4 °F).recommended standard of −18 °C (−0.4 °F).[10][10] If the If the equipment fails, at least several weeks will elapse before equipment fails, at least several weeks will elapse before the facility rises to the surrounding sandstone bedrock's the facility rises to the surrounding sandstone bedrock's temperature of −3 °C (27 °F).temperature of −3 °C (27 °F). -Wikipedia-Wikipedia

Svalbard Global Seed VaultSvalbard Global Seed Vault Construction of the seed vault, which cost Construction of the seed vault, which cost

approximately NOK 45 million (US$9 million), approximately NOK 45 million (US$9 million), was funded entirely by the Government of was funded entirely by the Government of Norway.Norway.

Storage of seeds in the seed vault is free-of-Storage of seeds in the seed vault is free-of-charge.charge.

Primary funding for the Trust comes from Primary funding for the Trust comes from organisations, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates organisations, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and from various governments Foundation, and from various governments worldwide.worldwide.[7][7]


Zoos and aquariumsZoos and aquariums can also help protect can also help protect endangered animal species by preserving endangered animal species by preserving some individuals with the long-term goal of some individuals with the long-term goal of reintroduction, but suffer from reintroduction, but suffer from lack of space lack of space and moneyand money. .

Avoiding genetic bottlenecks: Need a Avoiding genetic bottlenecks: Need a minimum of minimum of 100 to 500 100 to 500 individuals to sustain individuals to sustain genetic diversity via genetic diversity via captive breedingcaptive breeding

RECONCILIATION ECOLOGYRECONCILIATION ECOLOGY

Reconciliation ecologyReconciliation ecology involves finding ways involves finding ways to to shareshare places we dominate with other places we dominate with other species.species. Replacing monoculture grassesReplacing monoculture grasses with native with native

species.species. Maintaining habitatsMaintaining habitats for insect eating bats can for insect eating bats can

keep down unwanted insects.keep down unwanted insects. Reduction and elimination of pesticidesReduction and elimination of pesticides to protect to protect

non-target organisms (such as vital insect non-target organisms (such as vital insect pollinators).pollinators).

Using Reconciliation Ecology to Using Reconciliation Ecology to Protect BluebirdsProtect Bluebirds

Putting up bluebird Putting up bluebird boxes with holes too boxes with holes too small for (nonnative) small for (nonnative) competitors in areas competitors in areas where trees have where trees have been cut down have been cut down have helped reestablish helped reestablish populations.populations.

Figure 11-BFigure 11-B

chapter 9 sustaining biodiversity: the species approach 2007 - de-listed 1999 - reduced to...

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