Chapter 9:Chapter 9:

The High Middle AgesThe High Middle Ages

By: Christina Carousso By: Christina Carousso

Period “F6”Period “F6”

Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church:Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church:

Kings were at the head of society Monarchs ruled their own domains but relied on vassals for military

support Nobles and the church had as much power as the king if not more Rulers used many means to centralize power ; organized a

government bureaucracy, developed a system of taxes, and built a standing army

Monarchs strengthened ties with the middle class and these people in turn, supported local rulers

Growth of Royal Power in England:Growth of Royal Power in England: During Middle Ages- Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded in England Both a descendant of the Vikings as well as the brother-in-law (Harold) of

the king of England (Edward) claimed the throne after Edward died This resulted in the BATTLE OF HASTINGS- William and his Norman

knights won over Harold. This took place on Christmas Day in 1066- William the Conqueror

He kept large land for himself but granted fiefs to the church and his barons (Norman lords)

He required vassals to pledge loyalty to him and monitored who built castles and where

Took a census which resulted in a DOMESDAY BOOK- this listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England. This helped build a system of tax collecting

Blending of Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions occurred

Williams successors strengthened tow key areas of government: finances and law- they created the royal treasury to collect taxes

1154 Henry inherited throne- broadened system of royal justice-English common law- a law that was common or the same for all people

Early jury system- consisted of jury- group of men sworn to speak the truth Henrys effort to extend royal power led to disputes with the church He claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts- four of his nights murdered

the archbishop Thomas Becket

Traditions of Government in England:Traditions of Government in England:

Henry’s son John was a clever, greedy, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler He was excommunicated by the pope when he attacked the Church and

he placed England under the interdict (papal order that forbade Church services in the entire kingdom); he had to accept England as a fief of the papacy and pay a yearly fee to Rome to save himself and the crown

1215- Magna Carta-great charter set up by a group of rebellious barons Two basic ideas: # 1- it asserted that the nobles had certain rights; # 2-

made clear that the monarch must obey the law and all people had certain legal rights # 3- King agreed not to raise new taxes without first consulting the Great Council of lords and clergy- eventually this group evolved into the Parliament

Model Parliament- set up the framework for England’s legislature- then into the two house party- House of Lords (nobles and high clergy) House of Commons (knights and middle-call citizens)- it insisted that the monarch meet its demands before voting for taxes- in this way, the power of the monarch was limited

Growth of Royal Power in France:Growth of Royal Power in France:

Monarchs did not rule over a unified kingdom; they had little power of territories

The Capetians- elected Hugh Capet- and they made the throne hereditary and they built an effective bureaucracy

Philip Augustus-French king- Phillip II strengthened government He paid middle-class officials who would owe their loyalty to him; granted

charters to new towns, organized a standing army, and introduced a new national tax

Louis IX- grandson of Philip- generous, noble and devoted to justice and the rules of chivalry-declared a saint- deeply religious

Accomplishment include- expanding royal courts, outlawing private wars, ending serfdom

Louis’s grandson- Phillip IV- always pressed for cash-set up Estates General in 1302- it had representatives from all three estates: clergy, nobles, and townspeople- however it was not nearly as affective as the English Parliament was in serving as a balance of royal power

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title king of Germany- he worked closely with the

Church and he appointed bishops to top government jobs His successors took the title Holy Roman emperor because they were crowned by

the pope, “Roman” because they saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome

The real rulers of central and eastern Europe as well as France and Italy were the emperors vassals

Holy Roman emperors saw themselves as protectors of Italy and the pope- key conflict between the emperors and popes rose over who would control appointments to high Church offices-the holy roman emperor often decided who would become bishops and abbots- popes did not like this idea

Gregory VII was determined to make the church independent of secular rulers so he banned the practice of lay investiture ( emperor or another lay person presented bishop with ring)

Henry IV- emperor had an angry response and because of this he was excommunicated; to save his throne he made peace with the pope

Concordat of Worms- agreed that the church had sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority and then emperor could then invest them with fiefs

Struggles between Popes and Emperors:Struggles between Popes and Emperors: German emperors wanted to master Italy – Fredrick I called Barbarossa

or “red beard” dreamed of building a huge empire- arranged a marriage between his son (Henry) and the heiress to Sicily (Constance)

Their son was Fredrick II and he pursued his ambitions in Italy- he did not succeed and also the Holy Roman Empire was fragmented into many feudal states

Church under Innocent III:Church under Innocent III:• Innocent III claimed supremacy over all the other rulers• He excommunicated King John of England when he tried to appoint the

archbishop of Canterbury• He launched a crusade (holy war) against Albigensians in southern

France- these people wanted to purify the church and return to simple ways of Christianity

The World in 1050:The World in 1050:

Islam: brilliant new civilization that reached from Spain across North Africa and the Middle East on the borders of India; there were trading caravans and ships; contact with diverse cultures allowed them to pass on ideas

India and China: In India, Buddhist and Hindu traditions flourished; Indian mathematicians invented a numbering system which Arabs adapted; China- strong central government- in the Tang and Song dynasties, culture flourished; many advances in technology, printing, and gun powder

African and American civilizations: Ghana in West Africa- great trading empire (gold); Central America- Mayas cleared rain forests and built large cities; Native Americas- created works of art

Byzantine Civilization- generally prosperous and united when Western Europe was weak; scholars studied writings of Greeks and Romans; capital was Constantinople; Seljuk Turks overran Byzantine lands and extended their power over Palestine and attacked Christian pilgrims because they were Muslim.

The Crusades:The Crusades: Byzantine emperor Alexius I sent a plea to Urban II (the pope in Rome) after the

Seljuk threat grew; he asked for Christian knights to help fight Turks Thousands of men were on their way to the Holy Land and because they had sewed

large crosses on their tunics, they became known as crusaders Reason for these people taking up the cross included: Religious reasons, wealth

and land, escape troubles at home, adventure 200 years crusaders marched and fought- 1st crusade- 1096 Christians captured

Jerusalem, Asia Minor and Syria. It was the only one that was successful; 2nd crusade- 1144- The city of Edessa fell to the Muslims; 1187 Saladin (Muslim leader) took back Jerusalem; 1189 3rd Crusade- King Richard (Lion Heart) It was somewhat successful but they couldn’t recapture Jerusalem

Impact- bad- the Christians failed to take over the Holy Land and left a bitter legacy of religious hatred behind them- some massacred Jews; positive impact-increased trade; they returned with spices, fabrics, perfumes, and fleets; also papal power was high, feudal monarch power was increased, encouraged growth of money economy (peasants had to pay with money not with labor), wider world view

Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain- “Reconquista”- Muslim influence was still there even though Christians captured some places

Ferdinand and Isabella marriage between two rulers of two powerful kingdoms pushed against Muslim stronghold of Granada- It fell and Reconquista was complete

Learning, Literature, and ArtsLearning, Literature, and Arts Need for education developed, better trained clergy, rulers needed literate men Schools sprung up around great cathedrals to train clergy, organized like guilds with

charters to protect the rights of members and set standards for training Salerno and Bologna in Italy were the first universities- people rushed from one to

another- classes held in rented rooms or choir loft, hard benches, memorize Latin text, women couldn’t attend and they couldn’t become doctors, lawyers and were deprived of mental stimulation

Ideas from ancient Greece, texts were translated into Arabic-spread across the Muslim world

Aristotle taught that people should use reason to discover basic truths Christians believed that the Church was the final authority Thomas Aquinas brought together Christian faith and classical Greek philosophy Scholars studied math and science-Arabic numerals easy to use system Christine di Pizan- Italian born woman who came to live in the French court, was a

writer, men felt women should just raise children and fix the house New writing began to appear in everyday languages (vernacular) People began writing down oral traditions- poems and short stories; example: Dante-

imaginary journeys in his poems; Chaucer- Canterbury Tales- each character has own story to tell

Cathedrals served as symbols of their wealth and religious devotion Romanesque-roman influences- heavy roofs, thick walls, dimly lit Gotic- buttress allowed buildings to have higher walls, stained glass windows Sculptures and carvings told stories of the Bible

The Black Death:The Black Death: Disease- Black Death raging through Italy, Spain, and France- 1 in 3

people died Bubonic plague spread by fleas on rats, rats were everywhere and there

was nothing anyone could do about them Fleas jumped from the rats to infect the clothes and packs of traders

traveling west Very ill- most did not survive, swellings and bruises, spat blood, and

convulsive coughing Some people turned to magic and which craft for cures or wild

pleasures to get rid of the disease People saw this as God’s punishment and beat themselves with whips

to show repentance Others blamed Jews saying they poisoned the wells The European economy went down, laws were pushed to limit wages,

everyone was mad and there were many revolts

Upheaval in the Church:Upheaval in the Church:

Priests and monarchs died during the plague Church was unable to provide the strong leadership needed in this

desperate time Pope Clement V moved papal court and it remained under French

domination Reformers elected their own pope to rule from Rome John Wycliffe challenged the Church’s power by insisting the Bible,

not the church, was the source of all Christian truth; Bible was translated into English

The Church responded by persecuting and his followers

The Hundred Years’ War: England and France fought a series of conflict; the fighting devastated France and

drained England English first won a set of victories and seemed to bring France under all its control Joan of Arc- 17 year old- told King that God sent her to save France- convinced

French king to let her lead his army against England She led the French into several victories and planted seeds for future triumphs Then she was taken captive by allies of English; tried for witchcraft, convicted and

burned at the stake; then she was declared a saint and she was definitely a martyr French attacked English castles; winning the war allowed French kings to expand

power England kept looking for trading ventures overseas Weapons gave common soldiers a new importance- result of Hundred Years’ War Population expanded after the recovery of the Black Death Italian cities flourished and served as trading ports

#1 Which statement best describes the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe during the Middle Ages?

1. The Church encouraged individuals to question authority. 2. Church leaders were only involved in spiritual activities.

3. The Church gained influence as people became more interested in secular affairs. 4. The Church provided a sense of stability, unity, and order.

# 2 The Crusades have been called “history’s most successful failures.” Which statement best explains this expression?1. The Crusades did not achieve their original goals, but they brought about many desirable changes in Europe. 2.  2. Although the Crusaders captured the Holy Land, they were unable to bring about democratic reforms3. The crusades helped bring about the fall of the Roman Empire4. 4. The Crusaders prevented the Turks from capturing Constantinople for many centuries

REGENTS QUESTIONS:REGENTS QUESTIONS:

# 3 In Europe during the Middle Ages, increases in trade and commerce resulted in:1. lower living standards for industrial workers 2. decreased economic rivalry between kings  3. increased political power for the clergy  4. development of towns and cities

# 4“All things were under its domain...its power was such that no one could hope to escape its scrutiny.”Which European institution during the Middle Ages is best described by this statement? 1. the Guild 2. Knighthood  3. the Church  4. the nation-state

# 5 The art, music, and philosophy of the medieval period in Europe generally dealt with 1. human scientific achievements  2. religious themes  3. materialism  4. classic Greek and Roman subjects

# 1 The Church provided a sense of stability, unity, and order. (choice 4)

# 2 The Crusades did not achieve their original goals, but they brought about many desirable changes in Europe. (choice 1)

# 3  development of towns and cities (choice 4)

# 4 the Church (choice three)

# 5 religious themes (choice two)

Answers:Answers:

*Questions from www.regentsprep.org*