chapter: carbon chemistry table of contents section 3: biological compoundsbiological compounds...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter: Carbon Chemistry
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Section 3: Biological Compounds
Section 1: Simple Organic Compounds
Section 2: Other Organic Compounds
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• Carbon’s ability to bond easily and form compounds is the basis of life on Earth.
• A carbon atom has four electrons in its outer energy level, so it can form four covalent bonds with as many as four other atoms.
• One of carbon’s most frequent partners in forming covalent bonds is hydrogen.
Organic Compounds
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Substances can be classified into two groups those derived from living things and those derived from nonliving things.
• Most of the substances associated with living things contain carbon and hydrogen.
• Scientists use the term organic compound for most compounds that contain carbon.
Organic Compounds
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms is called a hydrocarbon.
• The simplest hydrocarbon is methane.
• Methane consists of a single carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms.
Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• This figure shows a model of the methane molecule and its structural formula.
• In a structural formula, the line between one atom and another atom represents a pair of electrons shared between the two atoms.
Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Here’s a way to visualize how larger hydrocarbons are built up.
Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• When all the bonds in a hydrocarbon are single bonds, the molecule is called a saturated hydrocarbon.
• No additional hydrogen atoms can be added to the molecule.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Propane, with three carbon atoms, is the third member of the series of saturated hydrocarbons.
• Butane has four carbon atoms.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Saturated hydrocarbons are named with an –ane ending. Another name for these hydrocarbons is alkanes.
• Page 411
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Carbon can form long chains that contain hundreds or even thousands of carbon atoms.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• These extremely long chains make up many of the plastics that you use.
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• Hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Ethene, the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, has two carbon atoms joined by a double bond.
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• Unsaturated compounds with at least one double bond are named with an –ene ending.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• These compounds are called alkenes.
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• Unsaturated hydrocarbons also can have triple bonds, as in the structure of ethyne (EH thine).
Triple Bonds
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Ethyne, is a gas used for welding because it produces high heat as it burns.
• These unsaturated compounds are called alkynes.
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Hydrocarbon Isomers
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements, or structures, are called isomers(I suh murz).
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Hydrocarbon Isomers
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Two isomers, butane and isobutane, have different chemical and physical properties because of their different structures.
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• Some molecules contain rings.
Hydrocarbons in Rings
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• The carbon atoms of hexane bond together to form a closed ring containing six carbons.
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Hydrocarbons in Rings
Simple Organic CompoundsSimple Organic Compounds
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• Many natural substances such as sucrose, glucose, and fructose are ring structures.
• Ring structures can contain one or more double bonds.
• The prefix cylco- in their names tells you that the molecules are cyclic or ring shaped.
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11Section CheckSection Check
Question 1
A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon is known as what?
A. amino acidB. hydrocarbonB. isomerC. organic compound
NC: 4.02
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11Section CheckSection Check
AnswerThe answer is B. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, a primary component of natural gas.
NC: 4.02
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11Section CheckSection Check
Question 2What is a methyl group?
A methyl group is a fragment of a methane molecule. In particular, it’s one that can bond with another methyl group to build up a larger hydrocarbon.
Answer
NC: 4.02
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11Section CheckSection Check
Question 3
When all the bonds in a hydrocarbon are single bonds, the molecule is called a(n) _______.
A. isomerB. organic compoundC. saturated hydrocarbonD. unsaturated hydrocarbon
NC: 4.02
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11Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is C. You can remember this by thinking that the term saturated means “completely full”; no more hydrogen atoms can be added on to the molecule.
NC: 4.02
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Substituted Hydrocarbons
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• To make a substituted hydrocarbon, one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by atoms such as halogens or by groups of atoms.
• Chemists change hydrocarbons to make compounds called substituted hydrocarbons.
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Substituted Hydrocarbons
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• For example, when one or more chlorine atoms are added to methane in place of hydrogens, new compounds are formed.
• Such changes result in compounds with chemical properties different from the original hydrocarbon.
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Alcohols
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• The hydroxyl (hi DROK sul) group is made up of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom joined by a covalent bond. -OH
• Groups of atoms also can be added to hydrocarbons to make different compounds.
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Alcohols
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• This figure shows the formation of the alcohol methanol.
• An alcohol is formed when a hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon.
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Alcohols
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• The table lists three alcohols with their structures and uses.
• Larger alcohol molecules are formed by adding more carbon atoms to the chain.
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Carboxylic Acids
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• A carboxylic (car BOK sul) group consists of a carbon atom that has a double bond with one oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydroxyl group.
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Carboxylic Acids
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• Its formula is –COOH.
• When a carboxyl group is substituted in a hydrocarbon, the substance formed is called a carboxylic acid.
• The simplest carboxylic acid is formic acid. It is found in bee venom.
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Carboxylic Acids
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• Many carboxylic acids occur in foods. • Citric acid is found in citrus fruits such as
oranges and grapefruit. • Lactic acid is present in
sour milk. • Acetic acid dissolved in
watervinegaroften is used in salad dressings.
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Amines
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• Amines are a group of substituted hydrocarbons formed when an amino group replaces a hydrogen atom.
• An amino (uh ME noh) group is a nitrogen atom joined by a covalent bond to two hydrogen atoms.
• It has the formula –NH2.
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Amino Acids
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• When both an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl acid group (-COOH) replace hydrogens on the same carbon atom in a molecule, a type of compound known as an amino acid is formed.
• Amino acids are essential for human life.
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The Building Blocks of Protein
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are an important class of biological molecules needed by living cells.
• Twenty different amino acids bond in different combinations to form the variety of proteins that are needed in the human body.
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The Building Blocks of Protein
Other Organic CompoundsOther Organic Compounds
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• Glycine is the simplest amino acid.
• It is a methane molecule in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by an amine group and another has been replaced by a carboxyl group.
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22Section CheckSection Check
Question 1
You can take a hydrocarbon and create a compound with differing properties by replacing some of the hydrogen atoms with halogens. The result will be a _______.
AnswerThe result is a substituted hydrocarbon. You could also add on groups of new atoms.
NC: 4.02
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22Section CheckSection Check
Question 2
What does this symbol stand for?
–OH
NC: 4.02
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22Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The symbol refers to a hydroxyl group.
NC: 4.02
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22Section CheckSection Check
Question 3What do you call a carbon atom that has a double bond with one oxygen atom and, at the same time, a single bond with a hydroxyl group?
A. amino groupB. carboxyl groupC. hydroxyl groupD. polymer
NC: 4.02
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22Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is B. Its formula is -COOH.
NC: 4.02
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What’s a polymer?
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• A polymer is a molecule made up of many small organic molecules linked together with covalent bonds to form a long chain.
• The small, organic molecules that link together to form polymers are called monomers.
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What’s a polymer?
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• Polymers produced by living organisms are called natural polymers.
• Polymers made in a laboratory are called synthetic polymers.
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What’s a polymer?
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• The unsaturated hydrocarbon ethylene, C2H4, is the monomer of a common polymer used often in plastic bags.
• The monomers are bonded together in a chemical reaction called polymerization (puh lih muh ruh ZAY shun).
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What’s a polymer?
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• The carbon atoms that were joined by the double bond each have an electron to share with another carbon in another molecule of ethylene.
• The process goes on until a long molecule is formed.
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Proteins are Polymers
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
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• A protein is a polymer that consists of a chain of individual amino acids linked together.
• Your body cannot function properly without them.
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Proteins are Polymers
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• The various functions in your body are performed by different proteins.
• Your body makes many of these proteins by assembling 20 amino acids in different ways.
• Eight of the amino acids that are needed to make proteins cannot be produced by your body.
• These amino acids, which are called essential amino acids, must come from the food you eat.
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Proteins are Polymers
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
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• The process by which your body converts amino acids to proteins is shown.
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Carbohydrates
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• A carbohydrate is an organic compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.
• The different types of carbohydrates are divided into groupssugars, starches, and cellulose.
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Carbohydrates
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• Glucose and fructose are simple six-carbon carbohydrates found in many fresh and packaged foods.
• Glucose and fructose are isomers.
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Sugars
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
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• Simple sugars are carbohydrates containing five, six, or seven carbon atoms arranged in a ring.
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Starches
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• Starches are polymers of glucose monomers in which hundreds or even thousands of glucose molecules are joined together.
• Starches are sources of large amounts of energy.
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Other Glucose Polymers
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• Two other important polymers that are made up of glucose molecules are cellulose and glycogen.
• Cellulose makes up the long, stiff fibers found in the walls of plant cells.
• It is a polymer that consists of long chains of glucose units linked together.
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Other Glucose Polymers
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• Glycogen is a polymer that also contains chains of glucose units, but the chains are highly branched.
• Animals make glycogen and store it mainly in their muscles and liver as a ready source of glucose.
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Lipids
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
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• A lipid is an organic compound that contains the same elements as carbohydratescarbon, hydrogen, and oxygenbut in different proportions.
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Lipids Store Energy
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
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• Lipids store energy in their bonds, just as carbohydrates do, but they are a more concentrated source of energy than carbohydrates.
• If you eat more food than your body needs to supply you with the energy for usual activities, the excess energy from the food is stored by producing lipids.
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Lipids Store Energy
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• The chemical reaction that produces lipids is endothermic.
• An endothermic reaction is one in which energy is absorbed.
• This means that energy is stored in the chemical bonds of lipids.
• When your body needs energy, the bonds are broken and energy is released.
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Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• Lipid molecules can be saturated or unsaturated.
• When a lipid is saturated, the acid chains are straight because all the bonds are single bonds.
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Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• When a lipid is unsaturated the molecule bends wherever there is a double bond.
• This prevents the chains from packing close together.
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Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
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• Doctors have observed that people who eat a diet high in saturated fats have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular problems such as heart disease.
• The effect of saturated fat seems to be increased blood cholesterol, which may be involved in the formation of deposits on artery walls.
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Cholesterol
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• Cholesterol is a complex lipid that is present in foods that come from animals, such as meat, butter, eggs, and cheese.
• Even if you don’t eat foods containing cholesterol, your body makes its own supply.
• Your body needs cholesterol for building cell membranes.
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Cholesterol
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• Deposits of cholesterol, called plaque, can build up on the inside walls of arteries.
• This condition is known as atherosclerosis.
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Cholesterol
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
33
• When arteries become clogged, the flow of blood is restricted, which results in high blood pressure.
• This, in turn, can lead to heart disease.
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33Section CheckSection Check
Question 1A molecule composed of many smaller molecules linked into a chain with covalent bonds is called a ________.
It is called a polymer; the prefix “poly,” means “many.”
Answer
NC: 4.02
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33Question 2
Section CheckSection Check
A carbohydrate is an organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, and _______.
NC: 4.02
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33Answer
Section CheckSection Check
The answer is oxygen. In the body, carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars that the body can use for energy.
NC: 4.02
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33Question 3
Section CheckSection Check
Carbohydrates containing five, six or seven carbon atoms arranged in a ring shape are known as _______.
A. amino acidsB. proteinsC. sugarsD. unsaturated carbohydrates
NC: 4.02
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33Answer
Section CheckSection Check
The answer is C. Whenever you eat a grape, you are eating carbon rings.
NC: 4.02
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End of Chapter Summary File