chapter five east asia. east asian miracle reemergence as a world political, economic, and cultural...
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Chapter Five
East Asia
East Asian Miracle
Reemergence as a world political, economic, and cultural force
Technological development since ancient times
Ancient cultures
East Asian Miracle (cont’d)
From Poverty and Defeat to Renewed Eminence
Japan defeated in World War II
Korea divided north and south
China governed by Communists after defeating nationalists
East Asian Miracle (cont’d)
Will Miracle Growth Continue?Uneven development
1997-1998 economic crisis revealed weakness in the economic practices of the “Asian Way”
Cultural and Political Influences
Chinese EmpiresFoundations of Chinese Cultures• Confucius (Kong Fuzi)• Daoism (Laozi)
Mongol Invasions
Later Empires
Cultural and Political Influences (cont’d)
Japanese IsolationismShinto
Korean Origins
Responses to European IntrusionsChina Resists Colonization
Disrupted Chinese Republic
Japan Asserts Its Independence
Natural Environments
Subtropical and Midlatitude ClimatesMonsoon climatic environmentMidlatitude east coast climatic environments
Mountains and Major RiversHimalayan Mountains (Mt. Everest)Tibetan PlateauHuang He (Yellow River)Chang Jiang (Yangtze or Long River)Xi Jiang (West River)Zhu Jiang (Pearl River)
Natural Environments (cont’d)
Forests, Grasslands, and Desert
Natural ResourcesSurface water flows
Fertile soils
Minerals• Coal• Oil• Natural gas
Natural Environments (cont’d)
Country Boundaries
Environmental ProblemsNatural Hazards
Human Impacts and Responses
Diseases
Pollution
Environmental Policies
Globalization and East Asia
Most countries cluster toward the top of the world range of gross national income.
China and Japan lead in the next phases of globalization.
Trade with the United States and Europe is important.
Increasing trade with Southeast Asia.
Globalization and East Asia (cont’d)
Global City-Regions
In the Forefront: Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Japan
Multinationals
International Tourism
Recent Entry: ChinaChina and Global Culture
Subregions
Japan
The Koreas, North and South
China—including Hong Kong (Xianggang) since 1997 and Macau since 1999, Taiwan, and Mongolia
Subregions (cont’d)
Population DistributionHighest population densities along the eastern and southern parts of Japan, the western parts of the Koreas and Taiwan, the north-central part of China, and the coasts and major river valleys of southern China.
Lowest population densities in the western half of China and Mongolia.
Japan
PeopleEthnicity
Rural to Urban Populations• Megalopolis
• Suburbanization
• Counterurbanization
Population Change• Low fertility and population growth rates
• Aging population
Japan (cont’d)
Economic DevelopmentPostwar Changes
Agriculture
Manufactures: Beginnings of Modernization
Manufactures: Reconstruction• Ministry of International Trade and Industry
(MITI)
Manufactures: Challenges and Changes
Service Industries
Japan (cont’d)
Japan’s Regions and CitiesHokkaido
Honshu
Shikoku
Kyushu
Ryuku Islands
Japanese City Landscapes
The Koreas
CountriesNorth Korea: Communist
South Korea: Paternalistic dictatorships to democracies supported by the United States
PeopleUrban Focus
The Koreas (cont’d)
South Korean Economic DevelopmentFast economic growth
Iron and steel, shipbuilding, chemicals, automaking, textiles, and now high-tech
Chaebol
Economic Stagnation in North KoreaIsolationist
Economic decline and famine
China, Mongolia, and Taiwan
ChinaChina’s Ups and Downs Under Communism
Collectivization and Communes
The Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution
China Joins the Wider World• Household responsibility system
Tensions in the 2000s
China and the World Trade Organizaton
China, Mongolia, and Taiwan (cont’d)
People in ChinaEthnicity
• Han Chinese
Urban Versus Rural Population in China
Chinese Population Dynamics
Attacking Poverty in China
Overseas Chinese• Transnational Chinese economy
The one-child policy results in fewer births that place claims on national resources.
It brings slower population increase and a more balanced population structure in the early stages.
Family planning is most successful when parents act on their own initiative, perhaps guided by information.It upsets the population balance between sexes (abortion and murder of baby girls) and age groups (in the later stages when there are small numbers of young people and increasing numbers of older people).
Point-Counterpoint: (cont’d) POINT COUNTERPOINT
It allows better planning for urban expansion, housing, education, job availability, and transport and utility infrastructure.
It ignores other factors in population growth, including migration, the effect of natural disasters (as during the Great Leap Forward) and diseases, and the impact of political chaos (as in the Cultural Revolution).
Point-Counterpoint: (cont’d)POINT COUNTERPOINT
It provides control by the government and local officials in the interests of the whole population.
It brings a rapid realization of the importance of family planning in the face of imminent overpopulation disaster. Other policies had failed.
It often requires draconian methods of control that go against human rights.
It ignores cultural and economic factors that favor large families.
Point-Counterpoint: (cont’d)POINT COUNTERPOINT
China, Mongolia, and Taiwan (cont’d)
Economic DevelopmentThe Chinese Economy, 1949-1976
New Policies and New Growth After 1976
Farming in the 2000s
Water Resources
Chinese Energy Policy
Growth in Chinese Manufacturing
Increasing Steel Output
China, Mongolia, and Taiwan (cont’d)
Regions and Cities in ChinaCoastal RegionsInterior Behind the Coastal RegionsDeep Interior RegionsChinese Regional Development Policies
• Special economic zones
Hong Kong• Entrepôt
Macau’s New Approach to GamingChinese City Landscape
China, Mongolia, and Taiwan (cont’d)
Mongolian IsolationMongolian People
Mongolia’s Limited Resources
TaiwanTaiwanese People
Taiwanese Economy