chapter four and five

8/3/2019 Chapter Four and Five

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CHAPTER FOUR

CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF KYOTO PROTOCOL IN THE

ENERGY SECTOR

4.1 Introduction

The main objective of this study was to determine the role of Kyoto protocol on energy

policy. The study also sought to determine the measures taken by the Kenya energy sector in

the implementation of the Kyoto protocol. Further the study sought to determine the

relevance of Kyoto protocol to the Kenya energy sector and to understand the challenges

faced by the Kenyas energy sector in the implementation of Kyoto protocol. The study

further sought to suggest policy recommendations on the implementation of workable energy

policies in third world countries in reference to Kenya energy sector.

The Response Rate

The researcher targeted a sample of 48 staff from the Ministry of Energy, Energy Regulatory

Commission, The Kenya Power & Lighting Company, Rural Electrification and Independent

Power Producers out of which 41 responses were obtained.

4.2 General information

As part of the general information, the researcher requested the respondents to indicate their

gender. From the findings majority of the respondents indicated that they were male while the

rest were female. The researcher also requested the respondents to indicate the age bracket of

the respondents. From the findings, most of the respondents indicated that they were aged

between 41 and 50 years. In an effort to determine the credibility and reliability of the

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collected data, the researcher requested the respondents to indicate their highest level of

education.

The researcher requested the respondents to indicate the duration of time they had spent in

their organisation. From the findings most of the respondents had spent above 12 years in

their organisation.

4.3 Measures Taken By the Kenya Energy Sector in the Implementation of the

Kyoto Protocol

The study also sought to determine the measures taken by the Kenya energy sector in the

implementation of the Kyoto protocol. From the findings, all the respondents agreed that the

Kenya energy sector taken measures in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol.

In relation to the extent to which the Kyoto protocol affects the stated sectors in the Kenyan

energy sector the study found that the most affected sector was electricity. This was followed

by agriculture and forestry, petroleum, transport and communication, renewable energy and

mining. From these findings we can deduce that the Kyoto protocol in the Kenyan energy

sector affect the electricity sector mostly followed by agriculture and forestry, petroleum,

transport and communication, renewable energy and mining.

Organizations playing an active role in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol

On the organisations that were playing an active role in the implementation of the Kyoto

protocol; the respondents indicated that KPLC was changing from generating power from

diesel generators to hydroelectric and geothermal power. The respondents also indicated that

NEMA (National Environment Management Authority) was also playing a great role in

regulating carbon dioxide emissions from industries Kenya. The study also found that the

Kenya forest service was committed to planting trees. Other organisations that were

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committed to the implementation of the Kyoto protocol included; water regulation

management authority, non governmental organisations (Green belt movement), financial

institutions, ministry of environment and natural resources, UNEP and private organisations

such as Carbon Africa limited.

Strategies used by the Kenyan energy sector in the implementation of the Kyoto

protocol

On the extent to which the respondents agreed with strategies used by the Kenyan energy

sector in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol the Kenyan energy sector was turning to

hydro-electricity as a strategy to the implementation of the Kyoto protocol. The respondents

further agreed that the Kenyan energy sector was advocating for the use of renewable

electricity (e.g. wind, photovoltaic, and biomass) and other renewable energy (e.g. biogas).

Further the respondents agreed that the Kenyan energy sector was formulating policies to

regulate the energy sector. The study also revealed that the Kenyan energy sector was

introducing more geothermal power production industries; the Kenyan energy sector was

using energy efficient building design as a strategy to the implementation of the Kyoto

protocol. Finally the respondents agreed that the Kenyan energy sector was had adopted

vehicle fuel switching from road to rail transport. These findings show that the strategies that

the Kenyan energy sector was using in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol include; use

of hydro-electricity, advocating for the use of renewable electricity (e.g. wind, photovoltaic,

and biomass) and other renewable energy (e.g. biogas), formulating policies to regulate the

energy sector, introduction of more geothermal power production industries and use of

energy efficient building design.

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The respondents also indicated that the Kenyan energy sector had taken the following

measures in reducing green house gases production: promotion of rail transport, extension of

oil pipeline, taxation, and pollution control.

4.4 Relevance of Kyoto protocol to the Kenya energy sector

The study also sought to determine the extent to which the Kyoto protocol was relevant to the

Kenyan energy sector. From the findings, majority of the respondents reported that the Kyoto

protocol was relevant to the Kenyan energy sector to a moderate extent.

Benefits of the Kyoto protocol in Kenya

The respondents indicated that the Kyoto protocol attracts new financing for sustainable

development. They further agreed the Kyoto protocol attracts funding for the energy

production projects with low green house gases production. The Kyoto protocol leads to

attraction of serious foreign investors.

The respondents further indicated that the Kyoto protocol had led to the building of Olkaria II

Geothermal Power Plant which is one of Kenya's largest geothermal power plants and has

installed electric capacity of 70 MW. The long-running Olkaria geothermal power project has

a dual purpose: to safeguard sustainable, clean power supplies in Kenya and to decrease

dependency on less-environment-friendly fossil fuels from abroad. Conventional energy

sources, like fossil fuel and weather-dependent hydropower, are struggling to keep up with

Kenyas power requirements and can be environmentally costly. The Olkaria geothermal

field in the Rift Valley provides a rich source of energy from heat stored in the earth. It is

helping to make up Kenyas power deficit, with a potential eventual output of 2 000 MWe of

geothermal energy. The project was funded by World Bank, European investment bank and

the Kenyan government. The plant was constructed with an advantage of newer technology

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and with efficiency in steam utilization. Poor communities in developing countries benefit

from the groundbreaking Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF) which became

operational in 2008. The World Bank which developed the CDCF in collaboration with the

United Nations Climate Change Secretariat and the International Emissions Trading

Association, announced commitments of $35 million from both public and private sector

participants, as part of a $100 million package.

The CDCF provides financial support to small-scale greenhouse gas reduction projects in the

least developed countries and poor communities in developing countries. Poorer communities

get the advantage of development dollars coming their way, and participants in the fund

receive carbon emission reduction credits for reductions in carbon emissions.

The CDCF supports initiatives with significant and measurable community development

benefits in fields such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and solid waste to energy

conversion. So far, contributors include the governments of Canada, Italy, and the

Netherlands, Japanese companies such as Daiwa Securities SMBC, Idemitsu Kosan, Nippon

Oil, Okinawa Electric, BASF of Germany, and ENDESA of Spain. A number of other

companies and governments are expected to announce their participation.

The threat that climate change poses to people's efforts to move out of poverty is of particular

concern to the World Bank. Payments for environmental services through innovative funds

like the Community Fund, open new possibilities for environmentally responsible

development. We are demonstrating that dealing with global issues like climate change can

have profound positive impact at the community level.

There is a lot riding on the effort. The Community Development Carbon Fund may be the

best or only opportunity for some of the poorest countries to get any benefits from the Kyoto

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Protocol. Recent carbon market research done by the World Bank shows that although the

market for carbon emissions more than doubled in the last year, only 13 percent of direct

private sector carbon emission reduction investment went to developing countries, and none

to the least developed countries. By working through local intermediaries such as financial

institutions, micro-credit institutions, cooperatives, and NGOs, and by applying streamlined

project procedures compatible with small-scale Kyoto projects, the CDCF will seek to lower

transaction costs and the risks involved in developing such projects.

4.5 Challenges Faced by the Kenyas Energy Sector in the Implementation of

Kyoto Protocol

In an effort to determine challenges faced by the Kenyas energy sector in the implementation

of the Kyoto protocol, the study first sought to determine the factors leading to production of

green house gases in Kenya.

From the findings, the respondents reported that vehicles were leading to production of green

house gases in Kenya. This was followed by industries in Kenya, common Kenyan wood and

charcoal cookstoves and cement production. These findings show that factors leading to

production of green house gases include: vehicles, industries, common Kenyan wood and

charcoal cookstoves and cement production.

Other activities that lead to production of green house gases in Kenya include: manufacturing

of goods, mining and quarrying; building and construction, electricity generation, food

processing and hospitality services, improper use of agro-chemicals has polluted water

sources, poisoned and compacted soils. Agricultural intensification is likely to accelerate land

degradation and put additional pressure on water, soil, forestry and wildlife resources and has

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potential to increase emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) into the

atmosphere.

Challenges facing kenya energy sector in the emplementation of the kyoto protocol.

The researcher furthe requested the respondents to indicate the extent to which they agreed

with challenges facing kenya energy sector in the emplementation of the kyoto protocol.

From the findings the respodents agreed to a great extent that poverty leads to persistent use

of Common Kenyan wood and charcoal cookstoves. Further, the respondents agreed that as

the economy grows faster more GHG than expected per unit of GDP are produced. Finally,

the respondents agreed that it leads to reduction in the economic development.

4.6 Recommendations of green house gases mitigation options

From the findings the respondents indicated that implementation requires the participation of

all Parties in reducing GHG emissions enhancing sinks. from the findings the respondents

indicated that the main sources of energy used in Kenya are, biomass, petroleum, and the

electricity. In terms of quantity, wood fuel is the most used and petroleum is the most

important conventional energy source. The government and relevant stakeholders in the

sector are actively involved in developing and implementing measures for abatement of

adverse climate change effects and supporting the use of fuel-efficient equipment.

In the transports sector the respondents recommended that the energy sector should

encourage of mass transport; tuning of vehicles, improvement of telecommunications of

reduce commuting by vehicles; improve traffic management; promote non-motorized

transport; include fuel efficiency in driving schools curricula; improve parking arrangements

in major towns; improve environmental standard for transit vehicles; and compulsory

inspection of all vehicles.

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The respondents further indicated that the government is currently implementing a number of

measures. These measures include: promotion of rail transport, Extension of oil pipeline,

taxation, and Pollution control. However the respondents indicated that there still remain a lot

of works to be done, especially studies on: demand forecasting, vehicle stock analysis,

transport planning and managements, development of databanks and models, and

improvements in technology.

In relation to industries the respondents indicated that industrial activities which emit GHGs,

include manufacture of goods, mining and quarrying; building and construction, electricity

generation, food processing and hospitality services. However, emission measures have been

implemented by some industries in Kenya for considerations other than Kyoto protocol

implementation. The respondents further indicated that minimizing consumption of fossil fuel

and promoting afforestation and reforestation programmes will significantly mitigate

emission of GHG into the atmosphere.

The respondents also recommended that energy saving measures that also help in the

implementation of the Kyoto protocol in Kenya has benefited from some local industrial

initiatives. These include fuel switch, modification of combustion processes, energy

efficiency, and the growing of commercial forests.

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CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presented the summary of the data findings, conclusion drawn from the findings

highlighted and recommendation made there-to. The conclusions and recommendations

drawn were focused on addressing the objectives of this study which were to determine the

role of Kyoto protocol on energy policy. The specific objectives of this study were; to

determine the measures taken by the Kenya energy sector in the implementation of the Kyoto

protocol, to determine the relevance of Kyoto protocol to the Kenya energy sector, to

understand the challenges faced by the Kenyas energy sector in the implementation of Kyoto

protocol and suggest policy recommendations on the implementation of workable energy

policies in third world countries in reference to Kenya energy sector.

5.2 Summary of the findings

5.2.1 Measures Taken By the Kenya Energy Sector

From the findings, the study found that the Kenya energy sector had taken measures in the

implementation of the Kyoto protocol. The study also found that the sectors affected by the

Kyoto protocol include: electricity, agriculture and forestry, petroleum, transport and

communication and renewable energy.

On the measures taken by the Kenyan energy sector in the implementation of the Kyoto

protocol, the study revealed that the KPLC was changing from generating power from diesel

generators to hydroelectric and geothermal power. NEMA (National Environment

Management Authority) was also playing a great role in regulating carbon dioxide emissions

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from industries Kenya. The study also found that the Kenya forest service was committed to

planting trees. Other organisations that were committed to the implementation of the Kyoto

protocol included; water regulation management authority, non governmental organisations

(Green belt movement), financial institutions, ministry of environment and natural resources,

UNEP and private organisations such as Carbon Africa limited.

The study found that the strategies that the Kenyan energy sector was using in the

implementation of the Kyoto protocol include; use of hydro-electricity, advocating for the use

of renewable electricity (e.g. wind, photovoltaic, and biomass) and other renewable energy

(e.g. biogas), formulating policies to regulate the energy sector, introduction of more

geothermal power production industries and use of energy efficient building design.

5.2.2 Relevance of Kyoto protocol to the Kenya energy sector

On the relevance of the Kyoto protocol to the Kenyan energy sector the study found that

Kyoto protocol is relevant to the Kenyan energy sector to a moderate extent. The study

further revealed that the Kyoto protocol attracts new financing for sustainable development,

attracts funding for the energy production projects with low green house gases production

and leads to attraction of serious foreign investors.

5.2.3 Challenges facing Kenyas Energy Sector in Kyoto Protocol

Implementation

The study found that the factors leading to production of green house gases include: vehicles,

industries, common Kenyan wood and charcoal cookstoves and cement production. Other

activities that lead to production of green house gases in Kenya include: manufacturing of

goods, mining and quarrying; building and construction, electricity generation, food

processing and hospitality services, improper use of agro-chemicals has polluted water

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sources, poisoned and compacted soils. Agricultural intensification is likely to accelerate land

degradation and put additional pressure on water, soil, forestry and wildlife resources and has

potential to increase emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) into the

atmosphere.

On the challenges facing Kenya energy sector in the emplementation of the kyoto protocol

the study found that poverty leads to persistent use of Common Kenyan wood and charcoal

cookstoves. The study also revealed that as the economy grows faster more GHG than

expected per unit of GDP are produced and it leads to reduction in the economic

development.

5.2.4 Recommendations green house gases mitigation options

From the findings the respondents indicated that implementation of the Kyoto protocol

requires the participation of all Parties in reducing GHG emissions enhancing sinks.

Energy sector

The respondents indicated that the main sources of energy used in Kenya are, biomass,

petroleum, and the electricity. In terms of quantity, wood fuel is the most used and petroleum

is the most important conventional energy source. The government and relevant stakeholders

in the sector are actively involved in developing and implementing measures for abatement of

adverse climate change effects and supporting the use of fuel-efficient equipment.

In the transports sector the respondents recommended that the energy sector should

encourage of mass transport; tuning of vehicles, improvement of telecommunications of

reduce commuting by vehicles; improve traffic management; promote non-motorized

transport; include fuel efficiency in driving schools curricula; improve parking arrangements

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in major towns; improve environmental standard for transit vehicles; and compulsory

inspection of all vehicles.

The respondents further indicated that the government is currently implementing a number of

measures. These measures include: promotion of rail transport, Extension of oil pipeline,

taxation, and Pollution control. However the respondents indicated that there still remain a lot

of works to be done, especially studies on: demand forecasting, vehicle stock analysis,



Industry

In relation to industries the respondents indicated that industrial activities which emit GHGs,

include manufacture of goods, mining and quarrying; building and construction, electricity

generation, food processing and hospitality services. However, emission measures have been

implemented by some industries in Kenya for considerations other than Kyoto protocol

implementation. The respondents further indicated that minimizing consumption of fossil fuel

and promoting afforestation and reforestation programmes will significantly mitigate

emission of GHG into the atmosphere.

The respondents also recommended that energy saving measures that also help in the

implementation of the Kyoto protocol in Kenya has benefited from some local industrial

initiatives. These include fuel switch, modification of combustion processes, energy

efficiency, and the growing of commercial forests.

5.3 Conclusion

This study concludes that the Kenya energy sector had taken measures in the implementation

of the Kyoto protocol. The sectors affected by the Kyoto protocol include: electricity,

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agriculture and forestry, petroleum, transport and communication and renewable energy.

KPLC was changing from generating power from diesel generators to hydroelectric and

geothermal power. NEMA (National Environment Management Authority) was also playing

a great role in regulating carbon dioxide emissions from industries Kenya. The strategies that

the Kenyan energy sector was using in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol include; use

of hydro-electricity, advocating for the use of renewable electricity (e.g. wind, photovoltaic,

and biomass) and other renewable energy (e.g. biogas), formulating policies to regulate the

energy sector, introduction of more geothermal power production industries and use of

energy efficient building design.

On the relevance of the Kyoto protocol to the Kenyan energy sector the study concludes that

Kyoto protocol is relevant to the Kenyan energy sector to a moderate extent. The Kyoto

protocol attracts new financing for sustainable development, attracts funding for the energy

production projects with low green house gases production and leads to attraction of serious

foreign investors.

On the challenges facing Kenya energy sector in the emplementation of the kyoto protocol

the study concludes that poverty leads to persistent use of Common Kenyan wood and

charcoal cookstoves. The study also concludes those as the economy grows faster more GHG

than expected per unit of GDP are produced and leads to reduction in the economic

development.

The main sources of energy used in Kenya are, biomass, petroleum, and the electricity. In

terms of quantity, wood fuel is the most used and petroleum is the most important

conventional energy source. The government and relevant stakeholders in the sector are

actively involved in developing and implementing measures for abatement of adverse climate

change effects and supporting the use of fuel-efficient equipment.

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In the transports sector the study that the energy sector should encourage of mass transport;

tuning of vehicles, improvement of telecommunications of reduce commuting by vehicles;

improve traffic management; promote non-motorized transport; include fuel efficiency in

driving schools curricula; improve parking arrangements in major towns; improve

environmental standard for transit vehicles; and compulsory inspection of all vehicles. The

study also recommends further studies on: demand forecasting, vehicle stock analysis,



In relation to industries the respondents the study concludes that industrial activities which

emit GHGs, include manufacture of goods, mining and quarrying; building and construction,

electricity generation, food processing and hospitality services. However, emission measures

have been implemented by some industries in Kenya for considerations other than Kyoto

protocol implementation. Minimizing consumption of fossil fuel and promoting afforestation

and reforestation programmes will significantly mitigate emission of GHG into the

atmosphere.

The study recommends policy formulation on energy saving measures so as to help in the

implementation of the Kyoto protocol in Kenya. The measures include: fuel switch,

modification of combustion processes, energy efficiency, and the growing of commercial

forests.

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APPENDIX I: Questionnaire

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am Semo Noel Jessica, a student pursuing a Masters Degree in international studies at the

University of Nairobi. As part of my course requirements, I am undertaking a survey

research on the role of Kyoto protocol on energy policy by focusing on the Kenyan energy

sector.

Please do assist me by filling this questionnaire.

SECTION A: GENERAL INFORMATION

Please fill in the blank spaces or tick as appropriate.

1. Please indicate your gender

Female [ ]

Male [ ]

2. Indicate your age bracket

20-30 yrs [ ]

31-40 yrs [ ]

41-50 yrs [ ]

51 and above [ ]

3. State your highest level of education

Primary level [ ]

Secondary level [ ]

College [ ]

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University [ ]

Postgraduate [ ]

4. Which of the following organizations do you work with?

Ministry of Energy [ ]

Energy Regulatory Commission [ ]

The Kenya Power & Lighting Company [ ]

Rural Electrification and Independent Power Producers [ ]

5. For how long have you been working in your organization?

Less than 3 years [ ]

3 to 9 years [ ]

9 to 12 years [ ]

Above 12 years [ ]

SECTION B:

Measures Taken By the Kenya Energy Sector in the Implementation of the Kyoto

Protocol

6. Has the Kenya energy sector taken any measures in the implementation of the Kyoto

protocol?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

7. To what extent does the Kyoto protocol affect the following sectors in the Kenyan

energy sector?

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Verygreatextent

Greatextent

M

oderateextent

Lowextent

Noextentatall

Electricity

Petroleum

Renewable energy

Mining

Transport and communication

Agriculture and forestry

8. Which organizations play an active role in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol in

Kenya?

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

9. To what extent do you agree with the following strategies used by the Kenyan energy

sector in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol?

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10. Apart from the ones named above which other measures has the Kenyan energy sector

taken in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol?

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

Relevance of Kyoto protocol to the Kenya energy sector

Very

greatextent

Greatextent

Mod

erateextent

Lowextent

No

extentatall

Formulation of policies to regulate the energy

sector

Introduction of more geothermal power

production industries

Use of hydro-electricity

Advocate the use renewable electricity (e.g.

wind, photovoltaic, biomass) and other

renewable energy (e.g. biogas)

Vehicle fuel switching from road to rail

transport

Energy efficient building design

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11. To what extent is the Kyoto protocol relevant to the Kenyan energy sector?

To a very great extent [ ]

To a great extent [ ]

To a moderate extent [ ]

To a low extent [ ]

To no extent at all [ ]

12. To what extent do you agree with the following benefits of the Kyoto protocol in

Kenya?

V

erygreatextent

Greatextent

Moderateextent

Lowextent

Noextentatall

Attract new financing for their own sustainable

development

Attracts funding of the energy production

projects with low green house gases

production

It leads to attraction of serious foreign

investors

Challenges Faced by the Kenyas Energy Sector in the Implementation of Kyoto

Protocol

13. To what extent do the following factors lead to production of green house gases in

Kenya?

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Verygreatextent

Greatextent

M

oderateextent

Lowextent

Noextentatall

vehicles

Industries

Common Kenyan wood and charcoal

cookstoves

Cement production

14. Apart form the ones stated above which are the main activities causing green house

gases in Kenya?

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

15. To what extent does the Kenyan energy sector face the following challenges in the

Implementation of Kyoto Protocol?

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Verygreatextent

Greatextent

M

oderateextent

Lowextent

Noextentatall

It leads to reduction in the economic

development

Poverty leads to persistent use of Common

Kenyan wood and charcoal cookstoves

As the economy grows faster more GHG than

expected per unit of GDP are produced

16. What recommendations can you give for sectors in mitigating green house gases in

Kenya?

a. Energy sector

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

b. Industry

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

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chapter four and five

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