CHAPTER-II

CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Studies on ecology of river, dams barrages and reservoirs with

relation to algae biodiversity have carried out, extensively in U.S.A. and

Europian countries to evaluate, physico-chemical nature of water. A brief

account of ecological studies in abroad and India is given below:

A) BIODIVERSITICAL STUDIES OF ALGAE AT ABROAD:

Kofoid 1903 studied planktons of Illionis River and its main basin

part. Fritsch (1903) observed phytoplankton of river Thames. Allen (1920)

made a quantitative and statistical study of the plankton of the Sanjoaquin

River and its tributaries in California. Smith (1920) studied the ecology of

plankton algae from inland Lake of Wiscosin. Atkins (1926-27) indicated

the possibility of seasonal changes in the phytoplankton with chemical

factors like silica, nitrate and phosphate. Classen (1927) studied biological

studies of polluted areas in Genesee river systems New York. Reinhard

(1931) observed ecology of plankton at the upper Mississippi river. Butcher

(1947) in his investigations recorded algae of organically enriched water

from different rivers. Davis (1948) observed the effects of industrial

pollution on plankton. Komarvosky (1953) made the comparative study of

phytoplankton of several fish ponds in relation to some of the essential

chemical constituents of the water. Klein (1957) discussed on the problems

of river pollution in industrial areas. Palmer (1959, 1969 and 1980) showed

relationship between the species of algae and water pollution aspects. He

studied the effects of water pollution on river and showed a composite rating

of algae tolerating organic pollution, Betton (1965) observed eutrophication

of (Great lakes of Sr. Lawrence) Cunningham (1969) made a preliminary

investigation of the low dissolved oxygen concentration that exist in long

lake located near Spokane, Washington. Patrick (1968-1971) showed the

effect of physico-chemical factors on distribution of diatoms and also

showed the effect of light and temperature on structure of diatom

communities.

Cibils Marting (2013) observed epilithic algal communities of a

mountain stream before and after dam construction. Sample of epilithic

algae and environmental data were collected at each site during high and low

water periods at Cordoba, Argenting. Lam (1971) observed dynamics of

phytoplankton growth in the Waiketo River Noath New-Zealand. Robert

et.al. (1974) showed that the phytoplankton were used as water quality

indicators in Colorado river. Flemming et.al. (1975) has predicted the impact

of phosphorous management policies on the eutrophication on Skkaha lake,

British Columbia and Canada.

Frederic Rimet (2012) studied on recent views on river pollution and

diatoms indicators of particular environmetal stressors at Thonotes. Bulent

and et. al. (2013) studied on relationship between Algae water pollution and

west water treatment. Armstrong and Rohlich (1976) studied effect of

agricultural pollution on eutrophication, agricultural practices and water

quality.

Kramer et.al. (1979) studied phosphorus, analysis of biomass and

sediment on “Nutrients in Natural waters” New York. Moore (1980)

observed seasonal succession of phytoplankton in yellow knife Bay Great

Slave lake. Nazneen (1980) observed the influence of hydrobiological

factors on seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in Kinjhar lake, Pakistan.

Oluwande et. al. (1983) studied pollution level in some Nigerian rivers and

streams viz. Ogun river, Lakuta stream, Iluguan, Itoko steams, Elebo-

Shakori stream and river Ona. Eloranta (1985) showed relation between

physical and chemical variables of water quality of phytoplankton in one

eutrophic pond. De Smet et. al. (1987) studied hydro-biological aspects of

surface waters with relation to algal communities of river antewerp of

Belgium. Ramberg (1988) showed relationship between planktonic blue-

green algal dynamics and environmental factors in 4 eutrophic Swedish

lakes. Barry et.al. (1990) checked the effects of salinity on rivers, strams and

wetland ecosystems in Victoria of Australia. Khan et.al. (1990) observed

seasonal variation in physico-chemical conditions of Dhanmodi lake water

(Bangladesh).

Khondker et.al. (1990, 1991) studied limnology of four polluted ponds

in around Dhaka city and have investigated water quality of Dhanmondi lake

of Bangladesh. Alsaadi et. al. (1996) studied on garmat Ali Rivers of algal

ecology and composition in Iraq. Anderson (1961) observes recent changes

in the trophic nature of lake Washington on a review in algal and

metropolliton water. Hussain and Saadt (1996) studied the algal ecology and

composition in the Garmat Ali river of Iraq. They observed seasonal

variations in the population of algal communities viz. Plankton and

epiphyton and also studied their ecology and productivity in the Garmat

Aliriver.

Habib et.al. (1997) have observed seasonal change in phytoplankton

community structure in relation to physico-chemical factors in loch Lomond.

Scotland. They reported that the community remains dominated by a diatom

desmid assemblage. Zahid (1998) observed the micro-algae and some

chemical contents of water reservoirs and Karachi of Pakistan. He reported

that, algal population increases during spring and summer season.

Allen (1920) critical observed of a quantitative and statistical study of

the plankton of the son joa quin river and tributaries in and near stockhon in

california. Gervais et.al. (1999) studied basic limnological characteristics of

the shallow eutrophic lake, Grimnitzsee of Germany. Luscinska and Marzen

(1999) observed algal community in Ostrouite lake of Poland. They reported

109 taxa of planktonic and 167 taxa of epiphytic algae.

B) BIODIVERSITICAL STUDIES OF ALGAE IN INDIA:

The number of publication of limnology and ecological aspects of

fresh water bodies have been appeared in India. Though many rivers, Dams,

Barrage, ponds, lakes, reservoirs of India were studied hydrobiologically but

very few were studied with relation to algae.

The earlier contributions were those of Ghose (1963) studied on blue-

green algae of Lahore and Simla. Iyengar (1951) on fresh Water and Marine

algae of South India, apart from describing a number of new species and

genera, his important contribution was the discovery of Fritschiella tuberose.

Fritsch’s (1938) and Iyengar’s (1938) effort for intensive limnological

studies by Indian workers. Since then, series of papers have appeared as

continuous stream dealing with various aspects of limnology in India.

Philipose (1960) detal with the fresh water phytoplankton of inland fresh

waters. Jyothi et.al. (1990) evaluated ecologically the Chlorococcales,

blooms, making their comparative account.

ANDHRA PRADESH:

Ghousuddin (1934) studied the algal flora of river Mossi Hydereabad.

Zafar (1959, 1964 a, b, 1966, 1968) has made valuable observations on

physico-chemical complexes and periodicity of the unicellular and colonial

forms in two fish breeding ponds and Husain Sagar lake and studied cetain

aspects of distribution pattern of phytoplankton in the lake of Hyderabad.

Venkateswarlu (1969 a, b, c) has made ecological study of algae of the river

Moosi. With Special reference to water pollution and factors influencing the

distribution of algae and the algal periodicity. Munawar (1970 a, b)

limnological studies on fresh water ponds of Hdereabad with reference to

biotope and biocenoses. Rao, (1971, 1972) Seenayya (1971, 1972) carried

out detailed ecological studies of fresh water pond of Hussain (1976) made

preliminary observations of pollution of lake Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad

caused by industrial effluents. Venkateswarlu and kumar (1982) have made

chemical and biological assessment of pollution in the river Moosi of

Hyderabad. Seenayya (1971 and 1972) studied ecology of planktonic blue

green algae in the profiles of industrially polluted Husain Sagar lake of

Hyderabad. They showed that, percentage of blue-green algae in total

phytoplankton declined gradually from surface to bottom.

Sudhakar and Venkateswarlu (1989) observed effects of paper mill

effluents on the river Tungbhadra and Godavari. Kodarkar et.al. (1991)

observed toxic algal blooms in the lake Hussain Sagar. Swarnalatha and co-

workers (1994-1997) observed seasonal rhythms of various physico-

chemical characteristics of Saroor Nagar lake and limnological aspects of a

semi permanent pond of Andhra Pradesh. They reported that the

phytoplankton density and diversity of the pond was less.

AASAM AND SIKKIM:

Yadav et.al. (1987), studied limnology and productivity of Dighari

Beelof, Assam. Venu et.al. (1990) made limnological survey of water bodies

of the Sikkim, Himalayas, Hazarika and Datta (1994) studied limnology of

two fresh water ponds-Dighali Pukhuri and Ulubari Fish ponds of

Gauwahati. They reported some variations of physico-chemical

characteristics of fish ponds showing ecological diversities.

BIHAR:

Patralekh (1951), observed periodicity of phytoplankton in the river

Ganga at Bhagalpur Bihar. Motawani et.al. (1956) observed pollution of

river Sone in the factory effluents of the Rohtas industries of Dalminanagar

(Bihar). Nasar and Munshi (1976) carried out work on algal flora of some

ponds of Bhagalpur. Siddiqui et.al. (1987, 1990) carried out work on

limnology and observed phytoplanktonic production and physico-chemical

characteristics of two ponds at Darhbanga. Shastree et.al. (1991) observed

the physico-chemical dimensions of the lentic Hydrosphere of Ravindra

Sarovar (Gaya) of Bihar. Pandey and Misra (1991) observed variation in the

physico-chemical parameters of pond ecosystem at purnea in Bihar. Singh

and Singh (1990) have made the assessment of water quality and pollution

studies on river Subernerekha around industrial belt of Ranchi Bihar. Kumar

et.al. (1993-1995-1996-1998) observed seasonal variations in limnological

properties, periodicity of trophical wetland and studied some aspects of

classification, ecology and conservations of fresh water wetland referring

their physico-chemical importance and have observed boi-diversity and

pollution status of Masanjore reservoir in relation to certain abiotic factors in

Santhal paragana of South Bihar. Bilgrami et.al. (1993) observed diurnal

variations in abiotic and biotic factors of the river Ganga and Bhagalpur

Bihar. Trivedy et.al. (1994) used algal bioassay as envirnonmental indicators

of local ponds at Patna. They reported that the variation in pond water

indicates the impact of phosphate in the eutrophic water body. Singh Meena

(1995) oserved impact of human activities on the physico-chemical

conditions of two fish ponds at Patna. As per his observations, some

parameters, values exhibited a marked difference between the two ponds

depending upon the quantity, quality and nature of organic pollutants and

human activity. Jha and Verma (2000) studied the physico-chemical

properties of drinking water in town area of godda district under Santhal

pargana, Bihar. Roy (2000) studied the hydrological status of a stream in

Santhal parganas. Bihar with special reference to pollution.

GOA:

Kulkarni et.al. (2002) observed the diurnal variations of physico-

chemical aspects of pollution in Khusuavati River at Quepem Goa. Their

investigation detail with water quality and pollution load of river on short

term study. Total alkalinity ranged from 189 to 450. The villagers were hard

hit during the monsoon when the run off from the mining ore dumps,

washing of Manganeses were along the banks and trucks in the river resulted

in the contamination of river water making it unsafe for drinking and

irrigation.

GUJARAT:

Gandhi (1960) studied the diatom flora of temporary ponds of India,

particularly of Ahmedabad of Gujarat and gave an illustrated taxonomical

account of the new taxa and new records for India. Radhakrishnan et.al.

(1986) made a comparative ecological study of four fresh water bodies at

Rajkot. Soni (1980) showed influence of effluents on aquatic life plankton of

water quality monitoring in the Sabarmati river basin. Nandan and Patel

(1984a, b, c, 1985a, b, c, d. 1986, 1990), studied ecological aspects of algae

of Vishwamitri River and sites of G.S.F.C. factory Baroda and they also

studied the different aspects of ecology viz. pollution, eutrophication and

saprotrophication with relation to algae population. Trivedi and Dodia

(1993) studied pollution status of River Mahi Gujarat.

HARYANA:

Singhal et.al (1985) have shown the relationships among physico-

chemical and plankton characteristics of unregulated ponds in Haryana. Jeet

et. al. (1986) carried out work on the physico-chemical environment and the

plankton of managed rural ponds in Haryana.

JAMMU AND KASHMIR:

Kant and kachroo (1971) have made observation of limnological

studies in Kashmir lakes IV seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the Dal

and Nagin. Vass et. al. (1977) have made hydro-biological studies on river

Jhelum Qudri et.al. (1981) studied limnology of two streams of Kashmir.

Prakash Nautiyal et.al. (1981) studied limnology of two streams of Kashmir

Prakash Nautiyal et.al. (1988) studied Maneri Dam on the river Bhagirath-

Alacustrine environment in the making. Shah (1988), studied physico-

chemcial aspects of pollution in river Jhelum (Kashmir) during 1981-1983.

Tiwari (1989) studied pollution of river jhelum in Kashmir and cluister

analysis of its water quality parameters. Dutta and Sharma (1993) studied

limnology of Farooqnagar pond at Jammu. Wani (1998) observed seasonal

dynamics of phytoplankton in a shallow Himalayan lake, Trigamsar and

Kashmir valley lake. He reported that, diatoms were the best represented

phytoplankton class in number of species as well as numerical density.

Anand and Thakur (2008) studies on Eco-monorology genus Nitzehia

Hassal from Jammu water.

JHARKHAND:

Kumar et.al. (2001) observed impact of organic pollution on primary

productivity in wetlands of Jharkhand, India. Gupta (2001) observed some

aspects of limnobiotic studies on two ecologically different water bodies in

santal pargana with special reference to sewage pollution.

KARNATAKA:

Gandhi (1959) studied the fresh water diatom flora from Mugad,

Dharwar district with some ecological notes. Bharati and Kora (1975)

studies limnological studies in ponds and lakes, Karnataka. Ramaswamy et.

al. (1982) have made ecological studies of Algae in waste waters from

Rubber Tyre factory, near Mysore (Karnataka). Bharti and Kora (1975)

collected fresh water algae from 52 permanent ponds and lakes of Karnataka

state and Union territory of Goa and described 47 desmind taxa belonging to

Mesotaeniaceae, Gonatozygaceae and Desmindiaceae. Hosmani and Bharati

(1980) gave an account of 42 species of Eugleninease collected from various

locations in Dharwar and Shivamoga districts and from Madgaon, a place in

the former Portuguese territory. Hegde and Bharati (1986) have made

ecological studies of ponds and lakes of Dharwad. Hegde and Bharati (1986)

described 5 new taxa of Desmids. He also described 32 desmid taxa

belonging to the genus Staurastrum Meyan. For the first time from

Karnataka State. Hegde (1988, 1990) has made extensive ecological studies

on three temple pond and two fish tanks of Dharwad, Karnataka.

Hosmani et. al. (1999) studied the ecology of certain in land waters of

Mysore district. They reported that, under diverse physico-chemical

conditions in water bodies Cyanophycean members were found to occur in

abundance and carried out work on ecological significance of biochemical

parameters in certain fish water lake of Mysore. Sivakumar et.al. (2000)

carried out the work on physico-chemical analysis of water source of Ooty.

Hosmani (2002) observed phytoplankton-zooplankton relationship in

four fresh water bodies of Dharwar. Nagarathna and Hosmani (2002)

observed the factors influencing the Bloom of Nitzschia obtuse in a polluted

lake. The present work showed twenty three physico-chemical parameters,

were determined in a lake at K.R. Pet of Mandya district to study their

effects on the growth of phytoplankton in Karanataka State.

KERALA:

Thomas and abdul (2000) studied physico-chemical limnology of a

tropical reservoir in Kerala. South. India. Their studies detail with Peppara

reservoir was monitored for its water quality collecting for the surface and

bottom waters in respect to some physico-chemical parameters showed that

the reservoir was in good health and result indicated that the reservoir was

an ideal site for aquaculture and fishery development. Gayatri and Ravindran

(2008) studied diversity of Algal flora from arid paddy field of North

Malabar regions of Kerela. Maya and Sarojini Menon (2001) observed the

occurrence of Nostochopsis radians Bharadwaja in fresh water tank in

Kerala.

MADHYA PRADESH:

Gandhi (1959) presented an illustrated systematic account of diatoms

collected from Sagar (M.P.) Bhatnagar and Sharma (1974, 1984) reported on

eutrophication and physico-chemical features of sewage polluted lower lake

of Bhopal. As per their report phosphate and nitrate contents more and

highly variable. This indicate that the lake is highly eutrophic and badly

polluted by domestic sewage. Nair et.al. (1988) have made limnological

studies on a village pond in relation to physico-chemical characteristics.

Kaushik et.al. (1991) observed water quality and periodicity of

phytoplanktonic algae in Chambal Tal. Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.

Palharya and Malvia (1988) studied pollution of the Narmada river at

Hoshangabad in M.P. and suggested measures for control. Mishra (1980,

1993) studied hydrobiological characteristics of Morar river Gwalior in

relation to plankton and productivity and phytoplankton composition of

sewage polluted Morar (Kalpi) river in Gwalior (M.P.) Nayak and Khara

(1993) carried out the work on Plankton as indicators of eutrophication in

shallow water lake of panna. Unni et.al. (1992) have made preliminary

hydrobiological study of river Narmada from Amarkantak to Jabalpur.

Prakash and et al (1988) maneri dam on the river Bhagirathi – A lacustrine

environment in the making Sharma (1993) studied limnology of Yaswant

Sagar reservoir of Madhya Pradesh with special reference to plankton

population dynamics. Prakash (1994-1996) observed seasonal variation in

the physico-chemical characteristics of a perennial pond of Jhabua (M.P.)

and made the correlation among the physico-chemical characteristics of

pond water (Mehta and Jhabua) in assessment of water pollution. Kataria

et.al. (1996) have made the assessment of water quality of Kolar reservoir in

Bhopal (M.P.) Kolar reservoir is a second source of water supply for

drinking purpose to Bhopal.

Saluja and Jain (1998) carried out work of physico-chemical analysis

of Machna Annicut Dam water at Betul with respect to its suitability for

drinking and irrigation purpose. They reported that the water quality was

found suitable for both. Jain (1999) made the assessment of water quality of

Khnop reservoir in Chhatarpur (M.P.)

Pillai et.al. (1999) have made the physico-chemical studies of

drinking water of Durg Municipality. Khare (2002) has made the assessment

of organic pollution and water quality of Satri tank, Chhatarpur. The tank is

no longer and vast now facing the problem of organic pollution due to major

discharge of raw sewage, detergents tank water was alkaline throughout the

study period is high pH7.3-8.9.

NEW DELHI:

Singh (1965) described morphology, development and reproduction of

a form of compsopogon hookeri. Mont. and Collected from a small fresh

water channel that leads into the Indian Agricultural Research Institute

grounds New Delhi India. Rai (1962) studied the Hydrobiology of river

Yamuna at Okhla Delhi. Sen and Naskar (2003) studied on algal flora of

sundarban Mangals at Dheli. George (1961) observed diurnal variations in 2

shallow ponds in Delhi. Rai (1974 a,b) has made limnological studies on the

river Yamuna at Delhi in relation between the chemistry and the state of

pollution in the river Yamuna and observed dynamics of plankton

population in river Yamuna. Anand and Jitendra (2006) occurrence of genus

Oedogonium Link in of Shivalik Himalayas. Rath and Adhikar (2005)

described morphological algal flora in chilika lake at Delhi. Shukla et. al.

(2007) studied on Chlorococcalean algae from foot hills of western

Himalaya.

ORISSA:

Mahapatra and Mohanty (1992) determined the water quality of two

water bodies, Bindusagar and Kedargauri tank at Bhuhaneshwar, using algal

bioassay method. Verma and Mohanty (1994, 1995) evalutated water quality

and studied phytoplankton of Danmukundpur and Malyanta pond of

Laxmisagar of Orissa. They showed its correlations with certain physico-

chemical parameters and their report of the Nygaard’s trophic state index

values showed that both ponds were eutrophic.

Patel and Sinha (1998) studied the pollution load in the ponds of Burla

area near Hirakund Dam of Orissa. It was concluded that a some of these

station except for 3-4 water quality parameters, rest were within the

permissible limit for domestic use as prescribed by national and international

agencies. Patel (1999) has made assessment of water quality of Pitamahal

Dam. Present study showed different physico-chemical parameters and

showed that the water of the pitamahal was severally affected by various

agricultural, domestic wast and industrial effluents. Flowing into the water

of dam a different places.Very low DO and high BOD and COD were not

good for the ater quality of the Dam. Mishra and Patel (2002) studied on the

water quality of Sundergarh town, a district Head Quarter of western Orissa.

A study of physico-chemical parameters of water of various sources like

ground surface and river showed unbalanced Nitrate concentration. Jena et.

al. (2006) studied on Diatoms from Orissa state.

PUNJAB:

Grover et. al. (1978) studied hydrobiology of two fish pond of

Ludhiana. Kaur et. al. (1996) studied aboitic and biotic components of fresh

water pond of Patiala. In their study the showed that physico-chemical

analysis of pond water revealed high value of alkalinity, hardness, chlorides

and nitrates, showing that the water of pond was polluted. Dhingra and

Ahluwalia (2007) genus phormidium kuetsing Ex Gomont

(Cyanoprokaryole) from diverse habitats of Punjab.

RAJASTHAN:

Vyas (1968) studied on the phytoplankton ecology of pinchhola lake

Udaipur. Rana and Palgia (1988) have made the assessment, evaluation and

abstatemetn studied of polluted river Bandi (Rajasthan). Sharma and Gupta

(1994) have made observation on some aspects of limnology of Amarchand

reservoir, Districts Rajasamand, Rajasthan. Gupta and Sharma (1994) have

made observations of seasonal variations in selected limon-chemical

parameters of Amarchand reservoir, southern Rajasthan.

Bahura (1998) has made a study of physico-chemical charachteristics

of a highly eutrophic temple tank Bikaner (Rajashtan). Pandey et.al. (2002)

studied physico-chemical characteristics of Hamor Pond of Kshangarh,

Ajmer. In their study the pond ecosystem undergoes maximum diurnal and

seasonal changes when compared to other lotic systems. The pH of water

samples of pond was more alkaline. Rawat and Jakher (2002) have made

limnomicrobiological studies of few water reservoirs of Jodhpur (Rajashtan),

they indicated that alkalinity was the buffering capacity of water, but at

sewage polluted water bodies the wide range of fluctuation of Free CO2 and

alkalinity was due to addition of detergents only. The bicarbonate observed

at Gulba Sagar was the hightest. The phosphate and nitrate contents of

Ranisagar were maximum. Thus the overall picture that emerged from the

analysis of limnomicrobial study of these water bodies was that, they

appeared to undergo the state of eutrophication.

TAMIL NADU:

Iyengar and Venkataraman (1951) studied the ecology and seasonal

succession of the river Cooum at Madras with special reference to

Diatomataceae. Ganapati and Alikunhi (1950) have observed factory

effluents from Mettur Chemical and Industrial Corporation Ltd. Mettur dam

Madras and their effect on the fisheries of the river Cauvery. Keshri (2008)

Contribution of the burdwan school of psychology to the taxonomy of algae.

Gandhi (1955) Contributed knowledge of fresh water diatoms of pratapgarh,

Rajsthan. Gandi (1956). Contributed Knowledge of fresh water diatomaceae

of sown- west India.

Chacko and Ganapati (1952) studies Hydrobiological survey for

Fosuruli River in the highways, Madhurai district to determining its

suitability for the introduction Raibow trout. Ganesan and Anand (2008)

critical observation of isolation and cloning analysis of plasmid from the

cyanbacterium cylindrospermum stagmale (Kutz).

Sreenivasan (1974) observed limnological features of a tropical

impoundment, Bhavani Sagar reservoir, Tamil Nadu. Bharathi and

Ramanibai (2002) have made the investigation on hydrobiological, profile of

Kolavoi lake- Chingleput District Chennai India. The study was conducted

to determine the impact of seasonal variation physico-chemical

characteristics of lake. Their investigation result showed that water

temperature varied from 260C to 34

0C, pH ranged from 7.5 to 8.5, Hardness

minimum 132 mg/l and maxmimum 316 mg/I and alkalinity varied from

120-396 mg/I. Thus it showed that the water of Kolavoi lake was highly

pollutied during 2000. Owing to heavy human population load, which

increased by regular visti of tourists especially during summer months and

finely disposal of waste from catchment area enhances the degradation of

water quality. Sankaran (2005) described Fresh water algal biodiversity of

the Anaimalai hill ranges, Tamilnadu. Yadav et al. (2008) studied on

biodiversity of algal from wetland of North Bihar. The paper was presented

at Nat. Conference of current trade in algal biodiversity and Biotechnology

in Madras University. Sivakumar et.al. (2000) have made study of physico-

chemical analysis of water sources of Ooty, South India. They examined the

seven water sources and the water quality requirement as per IS: 10500.

These were Marlimund Lake, open well at Pundumund and Kulisola,

streams at Davane and Lovadale. The water at Ooty Lake and Kamarajasara

did not meet the drinking standards.

Yalavarthi (2002) has made hydrobiological studies of Red hills

reservoir, North Chennia, Tamil Nadu. To monitor the water quality of this

reservoir abiotic factors like temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, calcium,

chloride, phosphate and sulphate were estimated. Phosphate was one of the

limiting factor for the development of the plankton and it ranged from 0 to

4.42 mg/I. On the basis of hydrobiological features the reservoir was

classified as mesotrophic.

Ameetha Ptiste et.al. (2002) studied water chemistry and heavy metal

in some freshwater culture ponds of Palavakkam, Chennai (T.N.). Their

study results indicated higher values of physico-chemical parameters in all

three ponds total solids exceeded to the maximum permissible limit. The

higher turbidity in Sample I and II might be due to the culture of benthic

algae. Certain physiological and chemical factors like pH, hardness and

alkalinity showed influenced metal uptake and toxicity to which acclimation

to one metal influence tolerance to other metals.

UTTAR PRADESH:

Sharma and Saxena (2012) studied Limnological studies of Neem

River with special reference to Phytoplankton diversity. In the present

investigation a total 625 species of algae were reported in hich 36 species

belongs to Chlorophyata 12 species to Cyanophyta, 12 species to

Bacillariophyata, 2 species to Euglenophyta. During summer and winter

season. The most pollution tolerant species were observed Ankistordesmus,

Scenedesmus, Closterium Microcystis, Crucigenia, Chroococus Synedra and

Fragillaria.

Bharadwaja (1928-63) observed notable contribution on the blue-

green algae of U.P. Singh (1980) algal hydrology in India and Prasad and

Saxena in 1980 ecological study of blue-green algae. Later they listed 67

species in 28 different genera from river Varuna in Varanasi district and

reported one new species and three new varieties while as five species were

new records for India. Das and Srivastava (1956) have made qualitative

studies on freshwater plankton of fish tank in Lucknow. Chakrabarty et.al.

(1957) studies qualitative study of the plankton and the physico chemical

conditions of the river Jamuna at Allahabad in 1954-55. Singh (1960)

investigated the phytoplankton ecology of the inland waters of (U.P.)

Laxminarayanan (1965) studied the phytoplankton of the river Gangas,

Varansi, India and also studied physico-chemical parameter of river Ganga.

Verma and Shukla (1970) studied physico chemical condition of a tank,

Muzaffarnagar, U.P. in relation to biological productivity. Singh and Sahai

(1979) studied of some limnological features of Jalwania pond of

Gorakhpur. Rai (1978) made ecological studies on algal communities of

river Ganga at Varanasi.

Prasad and Singh (1982) used diatoms as indicators of water pollution

of Gomati River Lucknow. Sengar et.al. (1985) studied on distribution of

algal flora in polluted and non-polluted regions in Tamuna River at Agra

(U.P.).

Shukla et. al. (1989) studied ecological investigation on physico-

chemical characteristics and phytoplankton productivity of river Ganga at

Varansi. Chahnan (2000) observed seasonal variation in ground water

quality of Agra city. Dwivedi et al. (2005). Fresh water blue-green from

three agro dynamics zones of U.P. and distribution patern with seasonal

variation in India. Sahu et.al. (1995) studied of some physico-chemical

characteristics of the Ganga river water (Rishkikesh, Kanpur) with in twenty

four hours during winter (1994). Tiwari and Chauhan (2000) studied three

new algal froms from agra. Tiwari. Et.al. (2001) observed algal dynamics of

the river Ganga at Kanpur.

WEST BENGAL:

Moitra and Bhattacharya (1965) studied hydrobiological factors

affecting plankton production in a fresh water pond (W.B.) Mukhopadhyay

(1996) reported 57 taxa of blue-green algae belonging to 21 genera from

paddy field soil 24 parganas and Howrah district of West Bengal. Das and

Santra (1982) observed diatoms of Senchal lake of Darjeeling, 15

planktonic, pinnate diatoms were identified from the samples.

Dutta et. al. (1982) observed diurnal rhythm of physico-chemical

properties and zooplankton in a fresh water pond in Calcutta. In 1983, they

also showed relationship between phytoplankton and primary production of

fresh water pond in Calcutta. Sengupta et.al. (1988) have observed inorganic

pollutants of Ganga River in the region of Berhampore to Katwa (W.B.).

C) BIODIVERSITICAL STUDIES OF ALGAE IN

MAHARASHTRA:

Gonzalves and Joshi (1943 a, 1946) studies fresh water algae in some

rain water pools near Borivali and rain water puddles near Jogeshwari at

Bombay respectively. They also observed seasonal succession of algae in the

tank of Bandra. Bapat and Madalpure (1971) carried out the work on

hydrology of the river Kham in Maharashtra. Barahate and Tarar (1981)

studied algal flora of Tapti River flowing through Bhusawal. Barahate and

Tarar (1981) reported 41 alagal taxa, out of which on belonged to

Cyanophyceae, 8 to Chlorophyceae, 32 to Bcillaqriphyceae, of tapti river

Bhusawal. Ashtekar et al (1980) recorded 58 taxa of order chlorococcales

belonging to two family Aurangabad Maharashtra.

Gunale and Balkrishnan (1981) has used algae as biomonitors of

eutrophication in the study of Pavana, Mula and Mutha rivers flowing

through Pune City. Pingale (1981) studied on ecology of algae of Pam River

in Poona (Maharashtra) and assessed the organic pollution of river by using

palmer’s Index of pollution. Balkrishnan and Deore (1983) reported

Planktosphaeria gelatinosa G.M. Smith, from Poona occurring along with

several other phytophlanktons like, species of Micractinium, Crucigenia,

Oocystis, Trachelomonas, Euglena and Lepocinclis in Kirtee pond out side

Poona University. Barhate and Tarar (1983 a, b) studied on additional algal

flora of Maharashtra, family desmidiaceae and Chlorococcales from

Khandesh. Jagdale et.al. (1984) studied the pollution of Godavari river water

at Nanded. Mahajan and Mahajan (1988) studied the algal communities in

Hartala lake near Bhusawal and used algae as indicators of organic

pollution. Pandey et.al. (1992) showed species diversity of plankton in fish

pond in Dhule. Hosetti et.al. (1994) observed water quality in Jayanthi Nalla

and Panchaganga at Kolhapur.

Tarar and Bodkhe (1998) studied on Ecological fresh water and

polluted water. He reported Euglenoids was dominat during rainy season in

fresh water and polluted water at Nagpur state. Balkrishnan and Chaugule

(2002) studied on algae and biodiversity of the western ghat of Maharashtra.

Bhave and Borse (2001) Studied on Aner Dam of seasonal variation in

termperature and salinity and their influence on plankton. Patil (1996) made

limnological observation on Nakana lake of Dhule with relation to algae and

studied ecology of algae of polluted waters of 3 ponds of Khandesh. Aher

and Mahajan (2006) studied taxonomical study of Bacillariophyceae of

Shindkheda Taluka. More (1997) has made limnological observation of

panzara dam and river with relation to algae. Ansari Ziya (1997) studied on

ecological aspects of algae of Mausam River flowing through Malegaon

city.

Nandan and More (1999) have made critical observation on

limnological study of algae of Panzara river. Pendse et.al (2000) have made

Hydrobiological study of percolation tank of village Dasane and 45 taxa of

algae were identified from percolation tank of Dasane. Physico-chemical

characteristics and algal taxa indicated that the water was polluted.

More and Nandan (2000) have made hydrobilogical study of algae of

Panzara river (Maharashtra). In their study the most pollution tolerant genera

and species of four groups of algae were recorded from 3 stations of river.

Algae can be used as indicators of a organic pollution for assessing the water

quality of Panzara river. Thorat and Masarrat (2000) made observation of

pollution status of Salim Ali lake Aurangabad. They reported that the higher

values of total hardness, BOD and organic nitrogen indicating organic

pollution.

Sohani et.al. (2001) studied ground water quality at Tribal town

Nandurabar (Maharahstra) and showed that ground water of this town was

dominated by bicarbonate with Magnesium and Calcium. The attempt has

been made to identify the source of all pollutants with change in seasons

using coefficient of variation of the parametric +ve

and –ve

correlationship.

Bhoge and Raguthaman (2005 a, b) studied on some bacillariophyceae and

Blue-green algae from the soil of suki dam of Jalgaon. Khabade et.al. (2002)

studied the physico-chemical parameters of Lodhe reservoir form Tasgaon

Tahsil (Maharashtra). The result revealed that there was significant seasonal

variation in some physico-chemical parameters and most of the parameters

were in the normal range. Mahajan (2002) studied saprobity system for the

assessment of water quality of Hartala Lake of Jalgaon, Maharashtra and

saprobity indices for 3 stations of lake water were calculated. Bandela

(2002) studied the Biochemical oxygen demand to estimate.

Biodegradability and self purification capacity of Burul Dam water, Dist.

Nanded Maharashtra. Tarar and Bodkhe (1998 a, b) studied on

chlorococcahes and diatoms flora of polluted water bodies of Nagpur.

Chaudhari et. al (2001) observed trophic status of Chatri lake in the vicinity

of Amaravati city.

Narkhede et al (2007) studied on Bacillariophyceae members from

Hatnur dam. Nandan and Mahajan (2003 and 2007) studied on pollution and

cyanobacterial and green algal diversity from Hartala lake in Jalgaon.

Mahajan (2011) studied on the Diatoms flora on North Maharashtra Region

genus Surirella is represented by 11 species from only North Maharashtra

hither to unexplored area. The total sixteen diatom taxa were reported from

different localities i.e. rivers dams, nala lakes and barrage water bodies. Patil

and Nandan (2011) studied on Biodiversity of Cyanophyceae from

Amaravati dam of Dhule district. Mahajan and Nandan (2011) studies on

flora of Diatoms of North Maharashtra region. In present paper genus

Cymbella is represented by 30 species from North Maharashtra.

Aher and Nandan (2005) studied biodiversity of Chlorophyceae is

Haranbari Dam of Baglon. Deshmukh and pingle (2006) studied on

hydrobiological study of pravara River. Dhande and Jawale (2007 a, b)

studied on oedogoniun and Spirogyra from Hartala lake in Jalgaon.

Gonzalves and Gandhi (1953, 1954) studied on systematic account of

diatoms in Bomaby, Gore and Pingle, (2003, 2008) studied on ecology of

Ujni Dam back water in Siddhateka. Gore and Pingle (2008) studied on

physico-chemical of Ujni dam back water at Siddhateka. Jain and Dubey

(2008) studied on biodiversity of cyanobacterial flora. Jawale and Dhande

(2005) studied on some species of oedogonium from Hartala lake. Kumavat

and Jawale (2005 and 2007) studied on Telrashum and Characium species

from fish pond. Nandan et al. (2007) studied on diatoms flora of North

Maharashtra region Genus Pinnularia.