CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Career preference is the process of decision-making. A great number of studies,

Researches, and write-ups has been conducted for a period of time and still emerged as

one of the top-priority researches due to rapid changing and need of time. This chapter is

the presentation of literature and studies from foreign to local which may directly or

indirectly bearing to study at hand. Relevance to present studies will give a big picture

why these literature and studies from foreign to local are used.

According to Howard and Ill7 stressed out that whenever students are in their high school

experience, they are the center of learning. In a traditional high school, the center of the

system is the content or subject, not student learning. Howard and Ill present a system to

promote the shift from traditional content or subject –centered high schools to student-

centered high schools which is called as Collaborative Career Pathways – a system of

organizing the student learning interests and aptitudes around career paths. It provides a

structure for students to reference their learning and comment each year of their high

school experience. It allows students to plan and practice their skills while creating a

smooth and successful transition to a post-secondary option.

Goffredson’s Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations8 describes how people

become attracted to certain occupations. Self-concept in vocational development is the

key factor to career selection and people want jobs that are compatible with their

self-image. The key determinants of self-concept are one’s social class, level of

intelligence, and experiences with sex-typing. Roe’s need approach9 emphasized that

early childhood experiences play an important role in finding satisfaction in one’s chosen

field. The need structure of the individual, according to Roe, would be greatly influenced

by early childhood frustrations and satisfactions.

According to John Holland (2010), individuals are attracted to a given career by

their particular personalities and numerous variables that constitute their

backgrounds. First of all, career choice is an expression of, or an extension of personality

into the world of work followed by subsequent identification with specific occupational

stereotypes. Accordingly, one chooses a career to satisfy preferred modal personal

orientation. Modal personal orientation is a developmental process established through

heredity and the individual’s life history of reacting to environmental demands. If the

individual has developed a strong dominant orientation, satisfaction is probable in a

corresponding occupational environment. If, however the orientation is one of indecision,

the livelihood of satisfaction diminishes.

According to the study conducted by Garcez (2007) 13, it was found out that by

Increasing career development activities, which includes setting career goals, students

had a higher self-esteem. Maybe even more important, however, is that students were

more satisfied 11 Career Preferences of College Freshmen in the University of Cebu –

Lapu-Lapu and Mindoro: A Career Development Program by Jana Gloria F. Almerino,

Master’s Thesis. University of San Carlos, Cebu City. 12 Factors influencing High

School Senior Career Choices: Implications to Career Counseling by Carmelita P.

Pabiton. In Guidance Journal p .1-17, Oct. 2007. 13 about the education they were

receiving. This will, in turn, hopefully lead to students having a deeper desire and

commitment to succeed in their education. Another outcome of a higher self-esteem is

that those students chose more difficult goals than students with low self-esteems. She

noted that excellent detailed plan for teaching parents and teachers how to teach young

students to set career goals. The plan requires a total community effort through educators,

parents, and businesses. Students must be given an opportunity to identify and explore

their desired careers. They can accomplish this through the “School to Work Transition”

or “Job Shadowing Program.” Through the cooperative efforts of the entire community,

students can identify career choices, set career goals, and have higher self-esteems at an

early age. Ultimately, they will further their education and have a better chance of

succeeding in the “do or die” world in which we live.

According to Elmer (1989)14, career planning is life goal-setting. Without such a plan,

it is like making a journey to an unfamiliar destination without a map. He proposed a

Career Planning Guide that will help the students in choosing their appropriate course

from planning a career, steps in planning career, goal-setting and self-understanding.

Also, it reveals that guidance and counseling is intervention of underemployment

individuals and career preparedness must be initiated.

14 Soriano, A. S. and Roces. A Career Guide. Baguio Allied Printers: 420 Magsaysay

Ave. Baguio City, p.1

The studies reviewed provide ample evidence that career development program is in

need and must have a collaborative efforts made by school administrator, teachers,

and mostly guidance counselor in crystallizing student’s career decision. The

teaching methodologies or strategies must be improved and concentrate on student’s

learning and not by subjects.