26

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITRATURE

______________________________________________________________

2.1 Introduction

Review of literature is the primary base of any research work. It

clarifies the basic concepts and is helpful to plan future research work. An

attempt is made in this chapter to bring together the findings, views, opinions

of some of the authors, researchers, experts on this subject and related

subjects. The available published and unpublished literature having relevance

to the present study has been reviewed in this chapter so as to have guideline

and base for the present study. We reviewed the research work done by

various researchers in co-operative dairy industry and related subjects, books

on these subjects, Journals as well as the reports of various committees.

2.2 Review of Books

For the present research work the researcher has gone through

various books related to dairy industry in general and co-operative dairy

industry in particular such as Dairy Development in India, Dairy Development,

Marketing and Economic Growth, Dairy Farming , Dairy Management in India,

Dairy Co-operative and Rural Development in India etc. The reviews of some

of the books are given below.

“Dairy Development in India, Challenges Before Co-operatives.” ,Dr. P.A.

Koli 1

The author has undertaken the study of the development of dairy co-

operatives from its inception. In his book he focused the impact of dairy co-

operatives on the socio-economic life of member’s, the problem of milk

pricing, the role of milk unions etc. The challenges before the dairy co-

operatives are the main aspect of this study.

Author found that there are 3100 MPCS in Kolhapur District as on 31st

March 2002. He purposively selects the 50 MPCS from 12 Talukas of the

District. In his study author collect the primary data from 350 milk producers

comprising 300 members of MPCS (6 Members from each MPCS) and 50

27

non members .In addition to that he also studied the working of two big and

old milk unions in the Kolhapur District i.e. The Kolhapur District Milk

Producers Co-operative Milk Union Ltd. Gokulshirgaon which is known as

Gokul and another is The Warna Milk Producers and Processing Union Ltd.

Amrutnagar.

He observed that the MPCS in Kolhapur district have achieved better

results in terms of milk collection, number of milk societies, paid up capital,

working capital etc. But there were imbalances in the growth of milk co-

operatives. The Karveer, Hatkangale and Shirol Talukas have always

remained at the top as against other nine Talukas. He also observed that the

involvement of women and SC, ST membership in the MPCS is satisfactory.

While analyzing the data author concluded that the MPCS have made

a very good impact on the utilization of loans, subsidy and recovery. They

have helped the members in raising their milk output, cattle feed, breed,

veterinary services etc. Due to MPCS the members have improved their

economic condition.

He also found that the milk societies are facing the problem of second

grade milk. Members have benefited the assured market for milk, but not by

fair prices and the consumers are benefited by way of regular supply of quality

milk, but not cheaper.

Author suggested that there is a need of Self Supporting Credit model

for Milch Animals. For this purpose milk societies should create separate

account known as Cattle Purchase Fund. They establish Infant Cattle

Orphanage Home. To avoid the multiplication of societies, there is need of

amalgamation of milk societies in to a single unit. There is need of strict

quality control, need for research on the buffalo, need for the government

protection of dairy co-operatives.

“Dairy Farming”, Deepak Shah 2

He has studied the problems and prospectus of dairy co-operatives in

Maharashtra. He observed that there is considerable progress of Operation

Flood Programme overall the state of Maharashtra. There is commendable

increase in number of village co-operatives, as a result production of milk and

per capita milk consumption is also increased. But the performance of many

28

dairy co-operatives in the state is very poor. He found that 80% of the milk

production and procurement is only from two regions of the state. It is

because of inefficiency of dairy co-operatives in other regions of the state.

Mismanagement of co-operatives and differential price structure is adversely

affected on procurement of milk. Therefore, he suggested that there is a need

of professional management in dairy co-operatives, regularity in veterinary

services, remunerative price for milk, and technical services to the milk

producers.

“Dairy Management in India”, Harmeet Singh 3

The author conducted study to investigate the cost of milk production in

respect of local and crossbred cows in different physiographical regions in

different seasons in Kashmir Valley. He observed that in Kashmir Valley, the

spatial variations in geo-ecological conditions, socio-economic set up and

cultural milieu has a direct as well as indirect influence over the domestication

of animals. He also observed that, crop cultivation in Kashmir Valley is subject

to high degree of risk and uncertainty and provide only seasonal, irregular and

uncertain income to the farmers.

He concluded that production of milk is being considered as the most

remunerative enterprise in most areas of the Kashmir Valley. He suggested

that in Kashmir Valley dairy farming is one enterprise which provides more

certain and regular flow of income to the farmers. He also suggested that,

there is urgent need to indigenous cows with high yielding exotics to improve

output.

“Growth Pattern of Dairy Sub-sector in Rajasthan”, C Madan Mohan 4

The author analyses in his study the management and functioning of

the dairy units in Warangal District of the Andhra Pradesh. He observed that

the middle and lower middle class people are generally depending on the

dairy milk supply. But the cattle and buffalo breeds in the Warangal District

are non descript type with low milk yield.

A review of the financial transactions of Warangal Dairy reveals that it

has no comprehensive accounting system and is not independent in

29

maintaining the accounting records. The performance of the dairy is not quite

appreciable.

The author suggested that the developmental programmes in the

district should concentrate on the up breeding of local female buffaloes on

large scale to subsidies their maintenance cost through the supply of

nutrition’s feed and fodder. The Government should also come forward by

encouraging the funding agencies to extend necessary financial assistance to

the rural producers in setting up cattle farm on a large scale and for their

maintenance.

“Growth Pattern Of Dairy Sub-sector In Rajasthan.”, M. M. Jain 5

He has undertaken study of the growth of milk producer’s co-operatives

in the state of Rajasthan and their impact on the milk producers and weaker

sections of rural areas. He collects the information from five selected milk

sheds representing three different agro-climatic regions of the state.

He observed that co-operative movement in Rajasthan has succeeded

in establishing on institutional structure of three tire milk co-operatives, milch

animals contribute significantly to the total farm income and employment.

He studied the achievement and shortcomings of the dairy co-

operatives in the state of Rajasthan. Finally he concluded that replications of

Anand pattern for dairy development in Rajasthan have made a limited

success. Even though some positive effects are visible on milk production,

productivity of milch animals and cash income to dairy farmers from the sale

of milk , the success story seems to be short lived on account of many

weaknesses and lacunae in the planning and implementation of the

programme.

He suggested that, if dairying is to develop as an instrument of

economic upliftment of the weaker section and backward areas the planners

and executors should being a change in their approach and attitude towards

co-operatives.

30

“Dairy Co-operative and Rural Development In India”, Dr. Manob K.

Bandyopadhyay 6

The author conducted the comparative study of AMUL and HIMUL

(The Himalayan Co-operative Milk Producers Union Limited) Dairy Unions of

Kaira District in Gujrat and Darjeeling District of West Bengal respectively.

The study emphasizes to assess the comparative growth and financial

performance of the Amul and Himul and to find out the economic impact of the

projects on rural development. Amul was born out of the concerted move and

great eagerness of the local people; on the other hand Himul was established

with the help of Government.

He observed that in Himul the local people are less interested in dairy

co-operatives. The services rendered by Amul to milk producers are greater

than Himul. He found that Amul has reached the peck of success; it has

become the perfect model of India’s dairy co-operative movement. But Himul

is far lagging behind it in every aspect.

The author computed important ratios of both the unions which

establish poor management of current assets and depict the dismal

performance of Himul. Finally he opined that Amul has played a major role in

the rural development of its area. Although Himul has not been successful in

this matter as much as Amual has, it has also made an economic impact in

the field of rural development, particularly in the hilly areas. The impact may

be little, but it has immense possibilities.

“From a Drop to a Flood”, Kurian V.7

Kurian has attempted to study the importance of the dairy farming and

operation flood programme with respect to pricing of milk, income and

employment to dairy farmers. He realizes that payment of remunerative prices

to milk producers by co-operative has been the middle point of the operation

flood programme. He also realize that it is more profitable to supply milk to the

co-operative dairy societies at season long uniform prices rather than face the

uncertainty in dealing with private traders when milk supply exceeds their

requirements. In fact, most of the milk producers supply milk to private

vendors when they paid higher price and have switched back to the co-

operative societies when prices in the open market fall. He opined that private

31

vendors would not have paid such a high price in the absence of operation

flood. He further argued that the operation flood has not only improved milk

availability in rural areas and increasing family income but also made it more

attractive to consumer.

“Dairy Development, Marketing and Economic Growth”, Bedi M.S.8

He has studied the impact of the total dairy development programme in

the Punjab state. The study was conducted during the year 1971. The primary

data was collected from 200 selected sample households of the Hoshiarpur

and Sangrur districts. The impact was studied on both beneficiaries level and

at programme level. Finally he concluded that dairy practices in sample areas

tended to be standardized or had become saturated. He pointed out that the

applied infrastructure for dairy development did not provide the necessary

learning environment for changing the working attitude of the milk producers

in the sample area. It is also observed that there is no change in the

employment pattern of the borrowers in dairy farming during pre and post lean

periods. The dairy loans and applied infrastructure can not made any dent in

registering a change in the existing employment pattern in dairy farming in the

sample area.

“Livestock Planning in India”, S.N. Mishra 9

He has analyzed the problem of bovine keeping in view of draught

power function of animals and their significance as milk and meat production.

He pointed out that cows in India are surplus in relation to working bullock

stock as well as with respect to feed supply also. He has reported that animal

food production can be increased by slaughtering surplus stock. He firmly

stated that cattle slaughter is a continuous adjustment mechanism. He opines

that the need for slaughter has acquired added importance with the expansion

of exotic crossbreeding of cattle; however it requires planned culling of the

breedable stock at a certain age and lactation. He assumed in his research

that per hectare of land, animal produce sixty percent more calories and two

and half percent more protein than crops. The production of milk and meat

involves conversion of crops in to animal products.

32

“Economic Impact of Dairy Co-operative on Indian Farmers”, S.S.

Ambhore and V.B. Bhise 10

The author conducted the study of Economic Impact of Dairy Co-

operative on Indian Farmers. In his book they examine the policies and

programmes implemented through five year plans for the development of

dairy sector in the country. They collect the information from 210 member

dairy farmers and 80 non- member dairy farmers from 14 villages during

October to December 1999.They focus on the impact of dairy co-operatives

on production, supply and consumption of milk by the producers. They also

analyses the impact of dairy co-operatives on employment, income and

saving of the milk producers. They observed that the member dairy farmers

were more careful about repayment of loans, their milk production was

relatively higher but milk consumption was lower. The annual employment in

dairying and tendency to save were relatively higher in case of member

farmers.

They also found that most of the primary milk co-operative societies

merely act as milk vendors, purchase milk of their producers and sale either to

the dairy plant or to the milk unions. The present milk co-operative structure is

not in a position to provide any sort of facilities to dairyman and the work of

Intensive Cattle Development Programme (ICDP) was not significant in the

study area.

Finally they suggested that there should be an emphasis on the

integrated development of the co-operative dairies. It is essential to provide

various services like provision of credit for the purchase of milk cattle, door

collection of milk, supply of cattle feed and processing and marketing milk

products through the co-operative structure to dairyman and to make effective

implementation of ICD programme. Further, it is suggested that as far as

possible all milk supply schemes should be started on co-operative basis like

Anand pattern.

2.3 Review of Journals, Research Articles and Research papers

For the present research work the researcher has gone through

various journals such as Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing, Kurukshetra,

Yojana, Indian journal of Agricultural Economics, The Maharashtra Co-

33

operative Quarterly, Co-operative Perspective, Indian Dairyman, Indian

Journal of Dairy Science and Dairy Planner etc. and Research articles and

Research papers presented at national seminar. The review of some of the

selected research articles and research papers are given below.

R.K.P. Sing, K. K. Prasad and A. K. Choudhary , “Role of Co-operative in

milk production in Bihar”.11

The researchers examine the role of co-operatives in milk production

and creating supporting services such as health care centers, Artificial

Insemination services, Training facilities and supply of feed and fodder to

dairy farmers in Bihar state. They collect the information from 1440 sample

dairy farmers from selected 60 villages of the two largest milk union of Bihar.

They concluded that, dairy co-operatives made a sincere effort in creating and

providing AI services, feed and seeds of fodder, but they failed to encourage

the dairy farmers to use this facility and to increase milk production. They also

reveals that the dairy co-operatives take efforts to increase breedable milch

animals for rich farmers instead of poor farmers. In his study they finally

concluded that, dairy co-operatives can play significant role in increasing

lactation period and milk production in the state of Bihar.

They suggested that the programme of supply of feed and fodder and creating

infrastructural facility need to be strengthened. Do not increase the number of

dairy co-operatives because it declines the milk consumption in poor farmers

which reduces the nutritional security of poor and rural people.

D. Bardhan, “Trends in Consumption of Livestock Food Products in the

Perspective of 2020 A.D.”12

He undertake the study of trends in consumption of Livestock Food

Products (LFP’s) in India as well as world scenario .He observed that per

capita consumption of LFP’s in India is to be much lower than in developed

countries. However , the growth rate of consumption of LFP’s in India over the

last three decades have been much higher than in developed countries.

34

Consumption of Milk (million MT) and annual compound growth rate:

Country 1970 2003 Growth Rate

India 18 72 4.44

Developed Countries 203 268 0.77

Developing Countries 74 239 3.57

Per Capita Consumption of milk and annual compound growth rate:

Country 1970 2003 Growth Rate

India 32.00 68.00 2.38

Developed Countries 188.3 201.7 0.13

Developing Countries 28.4 48.4 1.56

He observed that the consumption of milk and per capita milk

consumption grew over last three decades at a higher rate (4.44 % and 2.38

% p.a. respectively) than in developed and developing countries.

Animesh Banergee, “Rising challenges – Small Holders Dairying :

India”13

He concluded in his article that challenges for sustenance of

smallholders is to empower and involve them with suitable institutional frame

work, providing an appropriate policy environment. It is high time to face the

challenge and find the joy of achievement instead of crying over the spilt milk.

For sustenance of the small holders, narrow the knowledge gap. He

suggested that, to promote village based extension mechanism, support and

facilitate the process of informed policy making, Examination of value chain

from primary product to the final market in order to understand where value

can be added for small dairy holders, impact analysis of policies on export

and import of dairy products and processing equipments, Distributional

impacts of policies on credit services, breeding services etc.

Ujjwal Kumar De and S. Dey, “Clean Milk Production – Residue and

Contaminants Problem and Its Impact on Human Health and Global

Trade”.14

In his study he observed that India is largest milk producing country in

the world, however export potential of milk and milk product in international

35

market is not outstanding. It is because of chemical and microbiological

quality of milk. To compete in the world market clean milk production and

quality of milk is essential. He suggested some measures to reduce the level

of residues in milk were as follows.

Dairy industry should follow the global rules of clean milk production.

Mushrooming of dairy farms requires to be checked and emphasis

should be given on milk production of individual cow.

Practice of good agriculture and hygiene from production to final

process.

Organic animal husbandry and organic farming as per WTO regime

should be encouraged.

Quality control laboratory, uniform method of analysis, technical

personnel to manage quality assurance task are also important for quality

milk production and maximum participation in global dairy trade.

There is a need to impose a ban on indiscriminate use of chemicals,

pesticides, antibiotics and systematic fertilizers.

To achieve international standard, strict hygiene measures in milk

product manufacture should be targeted to address the risks identified

through HACCP analysis of the product and process.

Tanweer Alam G.K. Goyal, “Modified Atmosphere Packaging – A Novel

Method of Food Packaging for Longevity of dairy Products – A

Review.”15

In his article he focused on the importance of Modified Atmosphere

Packaging System. He observed that due to the consumer demand for fresh

dairy products without preservatives and with healthy appearance market for

MAP based product is increased day by day. More than 15 US dairies are

using MAP technology on industrial scale. It is useful for improving product

shelf –life and image. The properties of the materials used and the parallel

developments in gas mixtures, optimized packaging and packaging machinery

are important in determining product quality and shelf-life.

36

D. Anand , M. M. Trivedi, A. J. Dhami, B. C. Parmar and A. M. Patel,

“Study on Milkability Traits of Triple Crossbred (1/4 HF x ¼ Jersey x ½

Kankrej) Cows”.16

They undertook the study on 12 triple crossbred weaned cows to find

out the effect of shift of milking, season and milkers on milkability traits. i.e. let

down time, total milking time, milk yield and milk flow rate. They found that the

difference between morning and evening milking were non -significant for all

four traits. Let down time (20.58 seconds) and total milking time (299.52

seconds) were recorded significantly higher in hot humid season as compared

to cold dry season(18.06 and 244.30 seconds). However, milk yield was

recorded higher in hot humid season (4.11 kg.) than cold dry season (3.29

kg.). Milk flow rate was almost similar in both seasons.

Dipanjali Konwar, Keshab Barman, “Slow music: An Imposing Recent

Implement to Boost Milk Yield in Cow”.17

Researchers found that cows respond to a pleasant auditory

environment by producing more milk .It seems that slow music had the effect

of alleviating stress and relaxing the animals which resulted in greater milk

yields. They found that slow music improved milk yields, perhaps because it

relaxes the cows in much the same way as it relaxes humans.

Music technology company “TTL Music of Nottingham” fitted out the

dairy herd enclosures with the latest acoustics and provided the selection of

music in two categories- fast and slow.

The result shows that cow produced 24.10, 23.89 and 23.37 liters of

milk per herd per day when they were listening to slow music, no music and

fast music respectively.

It is inferred that slow or classical music can be used in the dairy herd

as a powerful tool to increase milk yield.

P. Kathiravan, ct al, “Breeding Strategies for Sustainable Dairy

Production in India: Constrants and Prospects.”18

Regarding future improvement of milk production researcher has

pointed out that Buffalo, Cross Bread and Indigenous Cow have definite role

to play. It is not cow verses buffalo or selective breeding verses cross

37

breading, but a judicious combination of all these depending on the agro

climatic conditions and production system. He observed that the small herd

sizes, poor animal identification and record keeping, inadequate reproductive

level etc. are the limitations for the sustained genetic improvement of our dairy

animals. He strongly appealed that there is an urgent need to increase per

animal productivity. The Artificial Insemination coverage has also to be

increased with simultaneous increase in production of superior genetic merit

bulls.

R. K. P. Sing, R. N. Yadav and A. K. Choudhary, “Farmers Participation

in Management of Dairy Co-operatives in Bihar”.19

They have conducted the study of the farmers’ participation in

management of dairy co-operatives in Bihar. They observed that majority of

the membership i.e. 58.54% from intermediate class obtained 63.63% position

in executive committees and 65% of secretaries of DCs in projected area,

followed by forward class i.e.24.33% of total DCs obtaining 29.33% share in

position of executive council and 29.33% secretaries. However, 17.33%

membership from lower class got only 7.38% positions of executive

committee. From the observations they concluded that the members of the

DCs not interested to participate in the management of co-operative societies.

They are interested only to provide milk to respective societies.

They have suggested reservation policy as a remedy for bringing the

lower casts members in the stream of the development. It is necessary to

create awareness among these types of members about the importance of

participation in the management of co-operative societies.

R. B. Sing, S. D. S. Senegar, B. K. Gupta and S. S. Bhartiya : 20

They have studied the level of investment and resource use pattern in

milk production and marketing of selected milk producers of different

categories. They conducted the survey of milk producers coming under

Operation Flood Programme area and outside of the area. They found that

the average number of milch animals, milk production, per capita consumption

of milk ,average investment per household in the dairy business were

38

considerably higher among the households in Operation Flood Programme

area than outside of the area.

Deepak Shah, “Effective of Dairy Co-operatives In fluid Milk Marketing in

Maharashtra”.21

He has conducted the study of the effect of different price structure of

milk. He found that the price offered by various marketing agencies for cow

and buffalo milk were higher in extension area than that of control area in all

the seasons. The middlemen provide financial support to milk producers as an

advance against the milk bill and milk is collected at doorstep of milk

producers. As a result the milk producers supply milk to them continuously,

even though the price offered by middlemen in control area was low.

It is also observed by the researcher that the price fluctuation is related with

seasons. Generally in the organized sector price fluctuation of milk was very

low. Dairy co-operatives had a positive impact on production as well as on

market surplus.

K. Sree Devi , V.T. Raju and S. M. Sharif ,“Impact of Milk Producers Co-

operative Societies Production of Milk in Guntur District of AP.”22

They have undertaken the research study of the impact of dairy co-

operatives on production of milk. They had collected information from 60

members of the four village dairy co-operatives and 60 non members sample

households. They found that the members of the dairy co-operatives were

better in all respects than those of non members.

They concluded that the dairy co-operative plays an important role in

dairying. The dairy co-operative societies had great impact on growth of the

milk production and income of the rural milk producers. They also create

awareness among the members about the importance of dairy co-operatives.

Dinesh Kumar Bharati, Chandra Sen, “Marketing of Milk- Role of Primary

Milk Supply Societies in India”23

They have studied state wise details of primary milk supplying societies

in India. They observed that there is perceptible progress in those societies.

They concluded that for the achievement of the sustainable growth in the milk

production, continuous efforts must be needed. Dairy co-operatives has taken

39

efforts, hence the farmers started milk production on commercial basis. They

opined that there is tremendous scope to develop dairy industry as a second

important enterprise in India.

Chouhan B. and Senegar M.S. 24

They emphasized the importance of dairy business in employment

generation. They opined that there is necessity of establishment of mini dairy

enterprise as a solution to educated unemployment problem. They give

significant stress on availability of financial support to milk producers, need of

purchases of cow and cattle insurance. They suggested quality fodder to

milch animals such as cow-pea, lucre, various quality grasses and veterinary

services .They also suggested that special care should be taken of milch cow.

Hire Venkanagouder L.V., Hanumanthappa H.J. and Jalihal K.A. ,“Impact

of Dairy Development on the Weaker Sections”.25

They have studied the impact of dairy development on weaker

sections. They conducted survey of Bangalore North and Doddaballapur

Talukas .They observed that the role of the KDCC was vital and made

appreciable impact on the weaker sections. They found that more than 56% of

the farmers in the study area were getting 50% to 75% of their family income

from dairy enterprise and more than 64% of farmers had repaid 75% to 100%

of dairy loan .The milk producer farmers in the study area is supplying their

milk to co-operative societies only.

V.M. Rao, “Women Dairy Co-operatives in Rajasthan Success Story of

Women Dairy Project.”26

He conducted study on women dairy project in Rajasthan State. He

found that the Women Dairy Co-operative Societies provide better services

such as health care centre for animals, vaccination for animals, regularity in

milk procurement, training camps, subsidies for cattle feed and fodder, adult

education programmes and income generating activities. As a result earning

as well as living standard of women is considerably increased. He found that

the awareness of dairying among women is increased in the study area. They

are now realized their place in the society as well as in the home, some of

40

them have started self-help-groups. As a result success rate of Women Dairy

Co-operative Societies increased.

He has suggested that to give full support to such projects by

sanctioning and realizing funds in time. The Government should organize all

India conference for 1) All officials of dairy federation and unions involved in

WDCSs and 2) Chairpersons of WDCSs . The ministry should promptly

acknowledge letters receive from the federation. The federation should keep

watch on the performance of WDCSs in the milk unions. The union has to

appoint the women staff members wherever possible and monitor the

progress of WDCSs through trained women workers. The union should also

organized training camps for members and employees.

R. K. P. Singh, Arjun Prasad and M. L. Waris ,“performance of Dairy Co-

operatives in Bihar.”27

They have undertaken the research study on the performance of dairy

co-operative in Bihar State. They have collected the information from 720

members and 720 non member’s dairy farmers. They found that the landless

and lower cast households failed to get share in organizational position and in

the decision making process. Dairy co-operatives in the study area have failed

to create awareness of managerial participation among the member. They

opine that the long term of secretaries is likely to create vested interest in the

dairy co-operatives. It is harmful to the organization.

The dairy co-operatives in the study area mainly engaged in milk

procurement and sale of milk. They are unable to create supporting services

such as animal health services, artificial insemination and feed supply to the

members. They concluded that the benefits of the dairy co-operatives are

mostly taken by economically and politically strong peoples and upper class of

the society. The landless and lower class households are away from the

benefits of the dairy co-operatives.

D. Narayana , “Dairying in Malbar :A Venture of the Landholding Based

on Women Work.”28

He conducted the study of two dairy co-operatives in the state of

Gujarat. On the basis of detailed analysis, he pointed out that majority of the

41

lower castes households, being less educated and small holdings are unable

to participate in dairying. He opines that cast, illiteracy, undemocratic

functioning of the dairy co-operatives and inequality in the land holding are the

main hurdles to enter in to activities of the dairying.

He argued that the women have played vital role in animal husbandry.

They have spent considerable time for dairying. He welcomes the working of

the Malbar Rural Development Foundation for improving the dairy farm, but

they also unable to solve the problem of low participation of landless and poor

people in the dairying.

Dipak B. Bhamare : “Reginal Imbalances of Co-operative Dairy

Development in Maharashtra.”29

In his study he observed that there is increasing trend in the dairy

development activities throughout Maharashtra. However, it shows imbalance

in the regions like Amaravati, Nagpur, and Mumbai etc. On the basis of

detailed analysis he suggested that there is a need to implementation of

special package for the dairy development of these regions.

V. B. KaKade and D. S. Bagade ,“ Profit and Loss of Dairy Industry-A

Case Study of Malshiras Taluka.”30

They concluded in his study that because of personal involvement in

feeding and management of livestock, cost of milk production in case of small

farmers is low as compared to big farmers. They found that per cow per day

profit is very high In case of medium sized farmers i.e.Rs.27.13 and very low

profit in case of small farmers i.e. Rs.8. However, due to high cost of milk

production big farmers going in loss. Today overall dairy business is suffering

from loss because of increased cost of feed, fodder, labour, medicines and

health services etc.

J. S. Sidhu and R. S. Sidhu ,“Case Studies of Successful and

Unsuccessful Primary Co-operative Service Society and Milk Producers

Co-operative Society in Punjab.”31

They have undertaken the study of two primary co-operative service

societies and two primary milk producers’ co-operative societies in the

42

Sangrul district. They purposively select the society’s one from successful and

another from unsuccessful from each group for study.

They observed that management of both the successful societies was

honest and devotedly work for society. They create loyalties among their

members. On the other hand in case of unsuccessful society, due to lack of

spontaneity and dominance of big members, two strong opposite groups were

formed. There was conflict between two groups on the point of location and

leadership. The milk producer members stopped to supply milk to the society,

resulting the society failed to generate sufficient income.

They opined that due to different socio-economic situation the Anand Dairy

Pattern did not prove to be very successful in Punjab as compared to Gujarat

state.

D. S. Thakur, “Impact of Dairy Development Through Milk Co-operatives

– A Case Study of Gujarat.”32

He reveals in his study that dairy co-operatives provides various

facilities to milk producers, as a result their economic condition is increased.

These co-operative societies also provide funds for the development of other

infrastructural facilities such as roads, water, schools, telephone connections

etc. Milk producers of the villages can easily sold their marketable surplus

milk to these co-operative societies and earns sufficient income from dairying.

He found that the income from dairy activities in study area is double than that

in control villages.

He observed that the income derived from dairy activities was much

more than crop income in experiment villages. Small farmers and landless

labour produces more milk per animal and also higher marketable milk as

compared to medium and large farmers. They earn about 65% to 70% of their

total income from dairy activities.

P. A. Koli, “A Critical Study of Co-operative Dairy Development in

Kolhapur District.”33

He found that there are more than two milk co-operative societies in

the village. They compete each other and cannot earn sufficient profit to run

the society successfully. He suggested that there should be one dairy co-

43

operative society in one village in order to improve the profitability and

technical support to the milk producers. He also argued the importance of

regularity in supply of cattle feed.

R. D. Biradar, “A Profile of Dairy Beneficiaries and Non Beneficiaries in

Rural Maharashtra.”34

He has conducted the study of the profile of dairy beneficiaries and

non-beneficiaries in Rural Maharashtra. He observed that dairy beneficiaries

are more economically stable than that of non-beneficiaries (other sub-

occupations). Therefore, he suggested that in order to overcome from

financial problems, other non-beneficiaries should start dairy business.

R. L. Shiyani and R.V. Sing, “Performance of Dairy Co-operatives in

Sourashtra: An Economic Analysis.”35

They have undertaken the research study of “Performance of Dairy Co-

operatives in Saurashtra - An Econometric Analysis.”They collect the data

from 12 primary dairy co-operative societies according to their audit class i.e.

A, B, C and D. For study purpose they select three societies from each class.

By using 22 financial and physical parameters they assessed the performance

of these selected societies. They found that all these parameters have close

association with the PDCSs and there is no any relation of the performance of

the PDCSs with the audit class allotted to them by special auditor. They

suggested that the existing system of grading the PDCSs should be replaced

by scientific one.

Dr. B. S. Binni, “Resource Use Efficiency to Members of MPCSs in

Karanataka.”36

He conducted the study of “Resource use Efficiency of Members of

MPCSs in Karnataka.” For the study purpose he purposively selects 160

members of the selected 20 MPCSs in Dharwad and Uttar Kanada District.

He taken into account some resources in relation with MPCSs like land

resources, milch animal resources, labour resources, human resources

utilization etc. He found that milch animal holding by members in Dharwad

District is higher. The level of education of big farmers in Dharwad District is

high. He also observed that the involvement of women in dairying is

44

comparatively higher than men. On the basis of detailed analysis he

concluded that, the members of MPCSs of Dharwad District are ahead in all

the resources and its utilization than the members of Uttar Kanada District.

B. V. Raghavendra and B. S. Rao, “Dairy Development and Policy

Initiatives in India.”37

They expressed his views in his paper that, dairy enterprise provides

constant and assured income to rural people. It provides employment to

millions of poor and rural people which declines the migration of youth to the

cities and reduces the burden on cities.

Dr. Mahesh Joshi ,“Progress, Problems and Prospects of Dairy Co-

operatives- A case study in the context of Gujrat and Sourashhtra.”38

He remarked in his paper that, animal husbandry and dairy business

can able to reduce the trends of farmer’s suicides in the country. He observed

that the milk production in the Saurashtra is much less as compared to other

big five dairy units in the Gujarat .The main reason is that there is no co-

operative leader, co-operative officer and dedicated co-operators like Vergise

Kurien, Tribhuvandas Patel etc. He also suggested that for the development

of dairy industry in India it is necessary to give priority to this sector in

eleventh plan and we should develop AMUL dairy model throughout the

country.

Dr. R. A. Patil, “An Improvement of Milch Animals: Challenges before

Dairy Co-operatives.”39

He observed that the cost of milk production in India is high due to low

milk production and long calving intervals .It is because of low genetic

potential, inadequate quantity and quality of fodder, substandard animal

health. He concluded in his paper that to compete with the world market we

have to increase the productivity of milch animals. For this purpose financial

support, technical knowhow and infrastructural support is necessary .He also

suggested that for reducing the unnecessary expenses to adopt the policy of

common purchase, common facilities and infrastructure. The co-operatives

are owned by farmers and so they can do the best for their owners.

45

V. M. Rao, “Transforming Tribal Women Through Dairy Co-operatives in

Chhattisgarh.”40

He studied the impact of Women Dairy Co-operatives on tribal women

in Durg, Mahasamund and Raipur Districts of the Chhattisgarh. He collected

the primary data from 120 respondents representing 15 Women Dairy Co-

operatives from selected area. He concluded that majority of women (37.5%)

had single animal and majority (57.5%) of the decisions in the households are

taken by husbands as against wives. The majority of WDCSs are faced the

problem of finance and breeding. He also observed that due to topography

and historical reasons, animal husbandry practices are at low levels. He

suggested that there must be more than two milch animals owned by women.

In addition to that he suggested provisions for remunerative price for milk,

adequate financial support, training programs and improved dairy practices.

Finally he concluded that, the dairy co-operatives are playing vital role

in providing economic independence and empowerment of tribal women of

Chhattisgarh.

M. G. Basav Raja and K. S. Rajshekhar, “Indian Dairy Industry-An

Avenue of Vast Opportunities.”41

Evaluated the dairy industry in Indian and concluded that there are

great opportunities in the field of dairy industry is available in India. But we

have not properly utilized the production capacity of the milk production. We

have lot of human resources, water, suitable land for growing green fodder,

atmosphere and most important is that we have lot of demand for milk and

milk products in India and neighboring countries. For the tapping of full

potential of dairy sector we have to impart necessary training to our youth.

P. B. Landage ,“Viability of Primary Dairy co-operatives: A Case Study of

Ratnagiri District.”42

He worked study on viability of primary dairy co-operatives in Ratnagiri

District. He studied the geographical and demographical aspects of the

selected area. He observed that only 27.56% area is under cultivation.

Ratnagiri District is not homogenous in respect of topography, rainfall,

temperature, soils and agricultural conditions. He concluded that majority of

46

the PMCs in the district are unviable because of lack of awareness of the milk

producers regarding the milch animals, its varieties and their carelessness.

The number of buffaloes is greater than cross breed cows. But the quantity

and quality of the buffalo milk is lower than its minimum standard. Non

availability of green grass is also affecting factor of low milk production. There

is federation of milk co-operatives but it is not working efficiently from the

beginning .Besides these, lack of timely and sufficient credit facilities, non

availability of veterinary services are major causes of the non viability of the

village milk co-operatives.

For the viability of the dairy co-operatives in Ratnagiri district he

suggested that renovation of dairy co-operative federation is necessary,

cross-breed variety of animals need to be supplied, provide proper veterinary

services and training programmes to milk producers. Credit facility should be

made available and SHG groups should be linked with PMCs.

Dr. S. V. Geersagar ,“Challenges before Dairy Co-operatives: Dairy Co-

operative and Rural Development.”43

After visiting various dairy co-operatives and farmers in the Sindhudurg

district he concluded that Dairy Co-operative definitely removes the rural

poverty and will bring rural development. But for this purpose it is necessary

to create keen interest in the minds of poor farmers to work hard and have

positive thinking about the benefits of the dairy co-operatives. Traditional

views regarding dairy business should be changed and new outlook must be

adopted for this dairy growth.

Dr. G. Thanikacchalam And Dr. N. Baluswami ,“Milk Production

Constraints in Western Ghat of Tamilnadu State”44

The researchers conducted study on Milk Production Constraints in

Western Ghat of Tamilnadu state .They select the one dairy co-operative

village and one non dairy co-operative village and collect the data from 100

respondents of each village of six Talukas of Coimbture, Erode and Nilgiris

districts .The analysis of the data reveals that lack of financial assistance for

the purchases of animals ,non availability of high breed milch animals, not

remunerative price ,lack of knowledge of selection of milch animals were the

47

important problems faced by respondents. Further they concluded that the

milk producers among the non dairy co-operative villages were faced

problems more than that of dairy co-operative villages. It is only because of

services and facilities provided by co-operative dairy societies.

For increasing milk production in western ghat of Tamilnadu state

researcher suggested that the Government create an institutional frame for

entering the services for guiding ,consulting and financial assistance .The

waste land may be utilized for production of fodder, milk producer may be

properly educated and trained .The use of quality breeds and production of

byproducts of milk is necessary.

Anand Lodade, “Dairy Farming in Draught Region.”45

He conducted the study of dairy farming in drought region. In his study

he collect the information from “Dharpudi” village which belongs to Khatav

Tehasil of Satara District. He observed that milk producers in drought region

have realized the importance of hybrid cow and buffaloes to increase milk

production .Due to higher rates of interest milk producers does not attract

towards dairy farming. There is lack of awareness among the milk producers

about proportional composition of green and dry fodder. The milk producers

are not getting fair price for milk.

He suggested that dairy societies can establish a “Permanent Dairy

Crises Prohibitive Fund” by contributing milk producers, there is urgent need

to supply of credit at low interest rates and proper veterinary services.

D. Joel Edwinraj and A. Navinkumar, “A study of Karkal District Co-

operative Milk Producer and Supply Society Pondicherry State.”46

In his research article regarding challenges before marketing of milk

and milk products in Pondicherry State they observed that there are number

of challenges faced by milk societies in marketing such as lack of timely

marketing, poor transportation, more wastage of milk, labour cost, lack of

storage facility, shortage of raw material, non availability of modern methods

of marketing and technology, non involvement of women and rural youth in

dairy farming etc. They suggested that management should create awareness

among the women and youth for participation in the dairy business. To make

48

available the modern methods of marketing and technology, supply of proper

raw material, to construct the advanced milk processing and storage centres.

They concluded that dairy co-operative in India, played vital role in production

and marketing of milk and milk product.

Dr. V. B. Kakade, “Milking the Global Challenge.”47

In his article he gives stress on the challenges faced by Indian dairy

industry. As per his opinion i) production by small and large number of

farmers ii) International competition iii) High cost of milk production iv) low

market efficiency are the major challenges faced by dairy industry.

Sujata Patil and A. A. Dange, “Operation Flood Programme India’s

Model of White Revolution.”48

They analyze the operation flood programme critically and concluded

that Operation Flood has led to the modernization of India’s co-operative dairy

sector and created a strong network for procurement, processing and

distribution of milk by the co-operative sector in India. But still milk yield per

animal in India is to low as compared to other countries. Generally it is

because of lack of use of scientific practices in mulching, inadequate

availability of fodder and veterinary services. NDDB and co-operative milk

unions in India will have to evolve a new strategy to overcome these defects

so that the White Revolution ushered in India through Operation Flood

programme.

Netaji Powar, “Pricing of Milk In Dairy Co-operatives in Maharashtra:

The Challenge.”49

He pointed out that the pricing of milk is the major challenge before

dairy co-operatives. In Maharashtra pricing model is fixed by NDDB, but there

are many shortcomings .The producers’ expenses and the cost of milk

procurement, processing and distribution of milk were not considered. On 13th

June, 2006 Government of Maharashtra declared the price of milk for

producer (Rs.12.20) and consumers (Rs.21.00) which contains the 6% Fat

and 9% SNF. The difference is Rs.8.80 which is very high and this challenge

before co-operative dairy societies.

49

Hence it is necessary to reduce the cost of milk procurement,

processing and distribution. Some thinkers have suggested orientation of

producers and transparency in transactions. There is also need for

participation of producer’s representative in the committee which fixes the

price of milk.

Gajanan Madiwal,“Challenges before the Goa State Co-operative Milk

Producers Union Ltd. With Special Reference to the Supplier.”50

He studied the challenges before the Goa State Co-operative Milk

Producer’s Union .He observed that the youth of the Goan are prefer to job

instead of dairy farming as well as the Goan people also interested to sell

their land to the builders rather than cultivation. The survey of researcher is

revealed that the ratio of men and women milk suppliers is about 3:1, which

indicates that the women’s are not interested in dairy farming in Goa. The milk

production per animal is also very low in Goa. There is lack of patriotism

among the members. The union could not fulfill the milk demand of the Goan

people.

He suggested that the union must create awareness among the youths

for production of milk. There is a need of professionalization in dairy industry.

The Government should initiate to establish animal husbandry institute to give

training to Goans. Finally he concluded that due to lack of knowledge and

support at grass root level, Goa State has been lagging behind in milk

production.

Dr. A. M. Gurav ,“Private Dairies ; Challenges before Co-operatives : A

case Study.”51

He has studied challenges before private as well as co-operative dairy

business. He observed the cost of generator which is used for milk process

and packing activities. He observed in the sample private unit that

considerable quantity of diesel saving is made possible. It is only because of

quick and strategic decision in private dairies. They designed the process and

work flow time table as per the availability of MSEB electric supply, So that

they minimize the heavy use of generator and save the diesel cost.

50

In addition to that he observed the basic problems faced by co-

operative dairy units. The major challenges are lack of co-operation among

co-operative dairy units, milk collection, process and preservation cost is

increased, lack of professional management, delay in decision making. He

also observed that labour cost and maintenance cost is more in co-operative

dairy units.

On the other hand private dairies are faced the major challenges such

as marketing, they are not able to establish brand name in the market, they

are not strong in procurement of milk due o lack of large group efforts.

Finally, the researcher has suggested that professional management

should be adopted by the co-operative dairies, effective and proper fund

management is needed and co-operative dairies should develop loyalties of

milk producer farmers.

Dr. (Mrs.) P. P. Koli and V. A. Pawar , “Privatization and Development of

Co-operative Milk Unions in Satara District.”52

They have undertaken a research study of co-operative dairy unions

working in the Satara District. They attempted to measure the privatization

and development of co-operative milk unions in the Satara district .After

analyzing the milk procurement, production of milk products and sale of liquid

milk by co-operative milk union and private dairy units, researcher has

concluded that the performance of co-operative milk unions in Satara District

is not satisfactory. Due to enrichment of private dairy organizations the

production of milk and profit of co-operative dairy unions has reduced. These

unions are not making optimum use available installed capacity.

Thus private sector has become the challenge before the co-

operatives. The co-operators and members in the co-operative unions need to

introspect their working.

Gulab Sing Azad, “Dairy Co-operative in Socio-economic

Transformation of Rural Economy.”53

He has studied the role of Dairy Co-operatives in Socio-Economic

Transformation of Rural Economy. He studied the income generation

difference between the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of dairy co-

51

operative and compared for assessing the role. He observed that the

beneficiaries of dairy co-operatives have been receiving more net income

than those of non-beneficiaries in terms of per year per animal and per liter.

The cause of this difference is better maintenance and care of milch animals

by the beneficiary class. They receive the technical guidance, cattle feed and

medical treatment from co-operatives. The cost benefit ratio of the members

of the dairy co-operatives was 1:1.39 and of the non-beneficiaries 1:1.31.It

shows the merit of co-operative membership.

He also calculate the socio-economic status of respondents on the

basis of total annual income ,level of education, material possession, housing

possession, social participation etc. and he concluded that the socio-

economic status of beneficiaries has been higher than those of non-

beneficiaries. He also suggested that the co-operative sector should launch

comprehensive extension educational programme in rural areas for bringing

more people under the co-operative fold. The benefits of the dairy co-

operatives must be highlighted through different advertising media.

Dr. P.S. Kamble, “Problem and Prospects of Dairy Co-operative in

India.”54

He has undertaken the study of problems and prospectus of dairy co-

operatives in India. His study is mainly relies on secondary data, which is

collected from the publications, reports, CSO statistics, report of NDDB,

Dairyman etc. He observed that dairy co-operative development is

concentrated in the northern states of India like Utter Pradesh, Punjab,

Haryana, Rajasthan etc. On the basis of collected information he tested the

hypothesis which is framed as “Co-operative sector is an productive sector in

India as far as its role in socio-economic development of India is concerned. It

has no alternative even in the era of economic reforms also. But due care and

attempts should be made in that direction in the case of agro allied co-

operative activities such as dairy co-operatives.”

This hypothesis is accepted and researcher has concluded that Dairy

Co-operative is playing an important role in socio-economic development of

India in general and rural Indian economy in particular. But still there is a

necessity of strengthen the level and scope of their working in the fields like

52

animal health services, education, welfare scheme, water supply etc. He

suggested that the concerned state Government have to take responsibility

and initiatives to develop the co-operative dairy industry where it is

underdeveloped.

M. S. Ramananda and Dr. S. Mahendra Kumar, “Dairy Co-operatives: A

Stimulant for Rural Women” 55

They undertake the study of Vyshampalyam Milk Producers Women Co-

operative Society in Karnataka. In his study they concluded that the women

dairy co-operatives play a significant role in rural economy. It is essential for

the development of rural women and their participation in socio-economic

development of the state. VMPWCS has a social responsibility also.

Appropriate changes are needed to make an adaptable in the changing socio-

economic scenario. From the overall observation of the study made during the

period VMPWCS is running at not much higher profit.

In his study they found that women dairy co-operatives have forgotten

the concept of loyalty among the members in VMPWCS. The major weakness

of dairy co-operatives is that they function merely as milk vendor, purchasing

milk from their members and selling it to dairy plants in co-operative or other

public sector organizations.

Finally they suggested that members should be educated and trained

to achieve its goals. Politicians should be kept away from society’s activity.

Participation of women in all aspects of management of dairy co-operatives is

absolutely necessary.

Sonal Bhatt, “Household Milk Producers Economy in Gujarat: A Case

Study of Valasan Village of Anand District in Gujarat” 56

The researcher has studied the household milk producer’s economy in

Gujarat. Focus group discussions with prominent farmers, household milk

producers and officials of the village dairy co-operatives were undertaken. In

her study she concluded that the co-operative dairy structure has a policy to

make instant cash payment for milk deposited. This is a very important factor

which sustains the household dairy farming economy, because it provides

53

regular source of income to the households. It is helpful to milk producers to

make expenditure on dry fodder, cattle feed etc.

She observed that the co-operative dairy structure has a policy to give

annual bonus to the members. This results in accumulation of annual savings

for the households. Finally she concluded that preservation of the area under

common grazing and increase in the productivity of common grazing land in

village is very important from the view point of household milk producers who

are either landless or own very little land.

Prof. Raj Krishna, “Indian Dairyman” 57

In his note he explains the importance of dairy farming in terms of

employment generation. He clear that the dairying is the one of the most

sufficient instrument of supplementing farmer’s income and generating

employment in the rural sector. Dairying requires one million rupees to create

an employment potential of 290 persons-years as against 120-200 persons-

years for crop production.

Jodha , N.S. and Choudhary , K.M.: “Prospects and Problems of Dairy

Development in a Desert Region” 58

They observed that the incidence of poverty in the country is directly

associated with under employment and unemployment, particularly in rural

areas. In these areas, dairying is a labour intensive enterprise as it requires

hour -to -hour care and personal attention. Generally it involves much more

intensive use of labour than crop farming, and even other animal husbandry

enterprises, such as sheep and goat raring.

Kashturi Lal Bathla and Dr. Anilkumar Sharma, “Dairy Development in

Haryana”59

In his paper the attempt has been made to have an overview of various

aspects of dairy development in Haryana with focus on performance and the

bottlenecks which hamper the smooth growth and development of the dairying

in the Haryana state. The study reveals that the overall mission of all the

concerned agencies have found to identical as all have been meant for

improving the economic conditions of the weaker sections of the rural society

in general and milk producers in particular. All the agencies considered

54

dairying as an appropriate means of generating employment opportunities

and generating income for milk produces on one hand and supplying of

adequate quantity of milk to the urban consumers at reasonable prices, on the

other hand. He observed that all have been guided by their own logic and

wanted to promote dairying in their own forts through their own methods and

procedures, some mutually in consistent and some cutting across other

programmes.

He observed that animal husbandry and dairy development programme

have been lagging behind due to departmental overlapping and duplication of

efforts. He opined that sustained and sincere efforts have been wanted to be

made in as a uniform way to create facilitative, co-ordinated, effective and

stable infrastructure for dairy development in the state. He also found that the

state has great potential for development and growth of dairy industry.

Deepak Shah, “An Enquiry in to Producer Members Perception Towards

Working of Milk Co-operatives in Maharashtra”60

He studied the performance of village level dairy co-operative societies

in Jalgaon and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra. In his study he analyzes the

milk producer’s response and attitude towards becoming a member of a dairy

co-operative society and consequential benefits from such action. The study

analyzed the various facilities that are normally provided to milk producers

such as loans and subsidy for milch animals, veterinary and Artificial

Insemination and other health care services, extension services etc. It also

analyzed the various problems faced by the milk producers. The study was

conducted during 1994-95 in Jalgaon and Kolhapur districts. The study

covered 60 households. The study reveals that the co-operative societies are

more efficiently working in Kolhapur district than Jalgaon district. They are

favorites among the member milk producer in Kolhapur district, while the

sample milk producers in Jalgaon district quite dissatisfied.

The study found that out of 1174 registered primary milk producers co-

operative societies of Jalgaon district, 50 societies under liquidation, 494

societies are dormant and only 530 are in functioning. Over the last decade

near about 50 percent of the milk producers societies have been closed down.

55

He suggested that to adopt a forward looking egalitarian producer friendly

approach that is capable of winning back the confidence of milk producers of

this district.

Banerjee Animesh, “Presidents Desk”61

He has undertaken the study of performance of Indian dairy sector with

respect to trends in milk production, processing, consumption, trade and

prices. He observed that the picture in the recent period was not as dismal as

the overall economy at the global and national levels. World milk production is

expected to reach 612.10 million tonnes in 2004. The global milk trade in the

milk products is expected to be lower; however, its gross value is likely to

grow significantly. The milk production in India increased at a rate of 4.2

percent in 2001 over the previous year’s production. The study found that

there has been growing trend in milk and milk product consumption, with the

per capita income rise in the country. During the year 2001, in India the dairy

sector has shown an overall positive trend.

Sharad Pawar, “Inaugural Speech”62

Highlighted the significant role of Animal Husbandry and Dairy sector in

the national economy, significantly supplement family income, and generate

gainful employment. He said the value of output from the livestock sector at

current prices during 2007-08 was about 29 % of the total value of Agriculture

and allied sectors. Two third of this was contributed by the milk sector alone.

Bovine productivity can not be enhanced only by increasing the genetic

potential of bovines. It is equally necessary to improve animal nutrition so that

our livestock can produce milk commensurate to their genetic potential. We

lack adequate feed and fodder. The impact of climate change is likely to

aggravate the shortage of feed resources. It is therefore necessary to improve

the efficiency of utilization of existing feed resources through field-tested

technologies.

Press release63

Livestock is essential to the livelihood of around one billion poor

people. Livestock provides income, high quality food, fuel, draught power,

building material and fertilizers, thus contributing to food security and nutrition.

56

For many small scale farmers, livestock also provides an important safety net

in times of need.

The livestock sector is one of the fastest growing parts of the

agricultural economy, the FAO report underlines. Livestock contributes 40% of

the global value of agricultural production and supports the livelihood and food

security of almost one billion people. Globally, livestock contributes 15% of

total food energy and 25% of dietary protein. Products from livestock provide

essential micronutrients that are not easily obtained from other plant food

products.

Ph. D Thesis, M. Phil. Dissertation and Projects

S. V. Shinde ,“Dairy Farming in Solapur District – A Critical Study ”.64

He has undertaken the research study of Dairy Farming in Solapur

District. His study attempts to know the cost, revenue, profitability and socio-

economic condition of the dairy farmers in the case of small farmers, medium

farmers, large farmers and commercial units of dairy farming. He collect he

primary data from 130 respondents of five irrigated Talukas and same as

form six non irrigated Talukas of the Solapur District. He collect the five years

data from 2002-03 to 2006-07 and analyzed.

He concluded that the dairy has tremendous potential in Solapur

District. Solapur District has made a considerable progress in dairy farming.

The constraints perceived by farmers were technological, marketing, disease,

feed and fodder etc. All the four categories of dairy farmers are efficient in

their dairy farming activity as output-input ratio was higher than 1. But

commercial dairy farmers are by and large more efficient as compared to

other categories of milk producer farmer. The maintenance cost in case of

small farmers is highest in summer season and in case of commercial farmers

in winter season as compared to other category in irrigated Talukas .But in the

non irrigated Talukas the maintenance cost were highest in case of large

farmers in both the season.

He suggested that the attention should be given on feeding, breeding,

heeding and weeding. In decision making process the views of the women

must be considered. Establish fodder bank for providing fodder at reasonable

prices during the scarcity period. An incentive price for milk should be paid.

57

The operating cost should be reduced and improve the profitability of the dairy

farming activity with proper cost control.

V. M. Chavan, “Financial Management in dairy Enterprises-An Inter –

Sectoral Comparison.” 65

He studied the financial management in dairy enterprises. He made an

inter-sectoral comparison between Warana Milk Union, Warananagar (Co-

operative Unit) and Government Scheme Miraj. He observed that the Warana

Milk Union was taken intensive efforts for the procurement and marketing of

milk. But it is absent in the Government scheme, as a result the Warana Milk

Union is working successfully without any support from Government. He

found that the Warana Milk Union is utilized its capacity much better than

Government scheme Miraj.

He concluded that the financial management in the co-operative sector

is more efficient than that in the public sector. There is a good opportunity and

scope for the development to co-operative sector in the future.

B. K. Katkar , “A Study of Performance Evaluation of dairy Co-operative

Societies in Kolhapur District”.66

The researcher has conducted the study of the role of dairy co-

operatives especially primary dairy co-operative societies in Kolhapur District

with special emphasis on organizational and financial aspects of their working

and the problems faced by them. He analyzed the information collected from

170 selected sample Primary Dairy Co-operative Societies located in 12

Talukas of Kolhapur District. The statistical data collected for the period five

year i.e. 2000-01 to 2004-05 by considering the parameters such as Location,

Year of establishment, Daily milk collection, Audit class, Computerization etc.

He observed that there is regional imbalance in the establishment of

PDCSs in the District as well as the PDCSs are having various daily milk

collection capacities. He found that near about 65% of sample PDCSs have

been computerized and 68% PDCSs have secured audit class ‘A’. In brief he

concluded that the PDCSs in Kolhapur District face various managerial and

financial problems, the human resource of is to play an important role in the

progress of the PDCSs. Qualitative and quantitative development of the

58

PDCSs depend upon the efficient and effective management and employees

and the active participation of the members. Moreover the committed

employees are the most important aspects in the progress of the PDCSs. The

role of the Co-operative Dairy Department and the District Milk Union has to

play the role of controller and guide in the working of the PDCSs.

Finally he suggested that the balanced growth of PDCSs in all Talukas

and village should be established. The District Union should try to increase

the collection of milk of the PDCSs for which subsidized loans should be

disbursed to the milk producers to enable them to purchase milch animals. He

also suggested that special efforts should be taken to increase the

membership and participation of women in the PDCSs and attendance of

members to AGM need to be increased.

M. G. Patil, “A Critical Study of Pricing of Milk and Milk Products with

Special Reference to Govt. Milk Scheme, Miraj”67

He has studied the cost structure of Government Milk Scheme, Miraj

and conclusion has been drawn as an impact of price policy of Government of

Maharashtra on the profit or loss of the Miraj Milk Scheme. Study of

economics of milk business at taluka level milk unions with the study of cost

structure and per unit profit and loss of independent milk unions i.e.

Rajarambapu Patil Milk Union, Islampur and Shetakari Sahakari Dudh

Utpadak Sangh, Kavate Mahankal is done.

Cost of production of farmer’s level and the impact of price policy on

production of milk is done. Also the study of milk business at Primary Dairy

Co-operative Societies federated by milk producers regarding per unit profit

and loss as an impact of present milk prices is done. He observed that the

farmers are doing the milk business as a main subsidiary and allied

occupation to the farming. The animal management is done by traditional

method. Mostly the buffalo milk produced is used for home consumption and

only local type of buffalo breed is reared.

Finally he concluded that the dairy development in Maharashtra is

nothing but impact of pricing policy enunciated by Government and their effect

on milk producers at root level.

59

He suggested that the prices of milk should be revised per year. The

selling value of milk and milk products should be increased in proportion with

the increase in average commission on average milk procurement in the

state. The selling value should be equal to the basic cost plus production cost

plus marketing cost or the selling prices should also be increased equal to

percentage increase in the price index of other essential commodities.

Firojahamad I. Tamboli , “Study of Brand Awareness of Krishna Dudh in

Retail Outlet for Market Penetration in Pune”68

He conducted the study of brand awareness of Krishna dudh in retail

outlet for market penetration in Pune at Rajarambapu Patil Sahakari Dudh

Sangh Ltd. (Islampur). In this study researcher has reviewed the procurement,

processing and marketing of milk and milk products of Rajarambapu Patil

Sahakari Dudh Sangh Ltd. He collects the primary data from one dealer and

70 retailers of the Pune city by market survey for analysis. He observed that

there are more than 9 various brands milk is sold in Pune city such as Amul,

Chitale, Gokul, Krishna etc. The study shows that 31% share of market is

covered by Chitale (private owner) followed by Amul i.e.22%.The Krishna has

a very negligible share of 5% in the routes covered and is lest preferred by

retailers to be stocked in their shops.

He observed that the retailers attributed most of the product sale to

consumer demand 32% followed by company service 25% and incentives

offered by the company 24%. Only few retailers considered company goodwill

4% and advertisement 6% as important factor milk product brands being

purchased most. He concluded that the Krishna brand losing of consumer

base because of lack of advertisement and negligence of competition.

He suggested that the Krishna brand can sustain in the market by

increasing Brand awareness and Differentiation. This can be done by using

improved marketing mix i.e. Product, Price, Place and Promotion. He

suggested that the RBP Dudh Sangh has increase product line, improve

quality, Give higher margin and incentives for retailers, improve delivery

services and coverage, increase advertisement and maintain price structure.

60

2.5 Summary

In this chapter we have tried to put light on the review of literature

related with dairy industry in general and co-operative dairy industry in

particular with its different aspect study. This chapter covers the study relating

to importance of feed and fodder in dairy business, importance of animal

health care and artificial insemination, impact of women dairy co-operatives

on tribal women, dairy business is a source of rural employment and income

source for rural people, milk production constraints in various part of the

country, viability of the PDCS, challenges before the state co-operative milk

producer’s union as well as district and primary dairy co-operative societies.

The review also covers the study of problems and prospectus of dairy co-

operatives in India as well as Maharashtra, the study of the farmers’

participation in management of dairy co-operatives, pricing policy of milk,

impact of dairy development on weaker sections, the study of cost of milk

production in respect of local and crossbred cows in different physiographical

regions in different seasons, impact of operation flood programme etc. There

is one interesting research article reviewed in which researchers found that

cows respond to a pleasant auditory environment by producing more milk, it

seems that slow music had the effect of alleviating stress and relaxing the

animals which resulted in greater milk yields.

Though I have gone through the various books, journals, research

papers, M,Phil. Dissertation and Ph.D. Thesis I found there is a need of study

the co-operative dairy industry in Sangli district. I have decided to do research

work on selected units and their milk producing members particularly to study

of their problems and suggest some remedies which will be useful not only to

farmers of Sangli district but it will be useful for all Indian farmers and policy

makers for further decision making.

61

REFERENCES

1. Koli P. A.,(2007) “Dairy development in India, Challenges Before Co-

operatives.”, Shruti Publications , Jaipur

2. Shah Deepak, (1998)“India’s Rural Co-operatives.”Ed. by Gurusharan

Singh Kainth, Regency Publication, New Delhi,PP.285-299

3. Singh Harmeet, (2005)“Dairy Farming.” A P H Publishing Corporation,

New delhi,PP.17,278-279

4. C Madan Mohan,(1989) “Dairy Management in India.” Mittal

publications ,Delhi,PP.274-284

5. Jain M. M., (1986)“Growth Pattern of Dairy Sub-sector In Rajasthan.”

Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay,Nagpur,Delhi,PP.29-30,287-314

6. Bandyopadhyay Manob K.,(1994) “Dairy Co-operative and Rural

Development In India.” Uppal Publishing House, New Delhi, PP.12, 65,

72,228-241.

7. Kurian V.,(1987)“From a Drop to a Flood”, National Dairy Development

Board, Anand.

8. Bedi M.S., (1986)“Dairy Development , Marketing and Economic

Growth”, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi.

9. Mishra S.N., (1978)“Livestock Planning in India”, Vikas, New Delhi.

10. Ambhore S.S. and Bhise V.B.,(2009) “Economic Impact of Dairy Co-

operative on Indian Farmers”, The Associated Publishers, Ambala.

11. Sing R.K.P., Prasad K. K. and Choudhary A. K.,(2000) “Role of Co-

operative in milk production in Bihar”, Co-operative Perspective , Oct.-

Dec., Quarterly Issue,Vol.35 No.3,p.p.43-50.

12. Bardhan D.,(2007) “Trends in Consumption of Livestock Food Products

in the Perspective of 2020 A.D., Indian Dairyman, July issue,PP.51-59.

13. Banergee Animesh , (2008)“Rising challenges – Small Holders

Dairying : India”, Indian Dairyman ,Jan. issue , PP.31-34

14. De Ujjwal Kumar and Dey S.,(2008) “Clean Milk Production – Residue

and Contaminants Problem and Its Impact on Human Health and

Global Trade”, Indian Dairyman, Nov. issue, Vol. 60, No.11, PP.67-68

15. Tanweer Alam ,Goyal G.K.,(2008) “Modified Atmosphere Packaging –

A Novel Method of Food Packaging for Longevity of dairy Products – A

62

Review.” Indian Journal of Dairy Science ,Sept-Oct.,Vol.61,

No.5,pp.320-330

16. D. Anand , Trivedi M. M., Dhami A. J., Parmar B. C. and Patel A. M.,

“Study on Milkability Traits of Triple Crossbred (1/4 HF x ¼ Jersey x ½

Kankrej) Cows,.” Ibid. pp.369.

17. Konwar Dipanjali, Barman Keshab,(2008) “Slow music: An Imposing

Recent Implement to Boost Milk Yield in Cow”. Indian Dairyman, Feb.

issue, PP.46-48

18. Kathiravan P., ct al,(2009) “Breeding Strategies for Sustainable Dairy

Production in India: Constrants and Prospects.” Dairy

Planner,Vol.5,Issue 4,January ,PP.17-19

19. Sing R. K. P., Yadav R. N. and Choudhry A. K., (1998)“Farmers

Participation in Management of Dairy Co-operatives in Bihar”, Indian

Journal of Agricultural Marketing (Conference special) Vol,12, Sept-

Dec.,P.91.

20. Sing R. B., Senegar S. D. S., Gupta B. K. and Bhartiya S. S., (1998)

Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing (Annual Special )

Vol,12(3),Sept-Dec.,P.105.

21. Shah Deepak, (1998)“Effective of Dairy Co-operatives In fluid Milk

Marketing in Maharashtra”. Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing

Vol.12 (No.1-2) Jan.-Aug., pp.54

22. K. Sree Devi, V. J. Raju and Shareef S.M.,(1993) “Impact of Milk

Producers Co-operative Societies Production of Milk in Guntur District

of AP.” Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing VII Annual Conference

Special , pp.2

23. Bharati Dinesh Kumar, Sen Chandra, “Marketing of Milk- Role of

Primary Milk Supply Societies in India” .Ibid pp.22

24. Chouhan B. and Senegar M.S.,(1988) Yojana Oct. 16-31, pp.25

25. Hire Venkanagouder L. V., Hanumanthappa H.J. and Jalihal K.A.,

(1988)“Impact of Dairy Development on the Weaker Sections”.

Kurukhsetra Vol. XXXVI No.5 Feb.

26. Rao V. M., (2003)“Women Dairy Co-operatives in Rajasthan Success

Story of Women Dairy Project.” Kurukhsetra Vol. 51,No.6,April ,P.19

63

27. Sing R. K. P., Prasad Arjun and Waris M.L., (1997)“performance of

Dairy Co-operatives in Bihar.” Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing

Vol. V, No.4,Oct-Dec.,pp.444

28. D. Narayana ,(2002)”Dairying in Malbar :A Venture of the Landholding

Based on Women Work.” Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics.

Vol.57, No.4,Oct-Dec., pp.698

29. Bhamare Dipak B. , (2003)“Reginal Imbalances of Co-operative Dairy

Development in Maharashtra.” The Maharashtra Co-operative

Quarterly ,PP.43-49

30. Kakade V. B. and Bagade D. S., ()2003“Profit and Loss of Dairy

Industry-A Case Study of Malshiras Taluka.” The Maharashtra Co-

operative Quarterly ,PP.42

31. Sidhu J. S. and Sidhu R. S., (1996)“Case Studies of Successful and

Unsuccessful Primary Co-operative Service Society and Milk

Producers Co-operative Society in Punjab.” Indian Journal of

Agricultural economics,Vol.45,No.3,July-Sept.,PP.367

32. Thakur D. S., (1975)“Impact of Dairy Development Through Milk Co-

operatives – A Case Study of Gujrat.” Indian Journal of Agricultural

economics,Vol.XXX,No.3,July-Sept.,PP.83

33. Koli P. A.,(1985) “A Critical Study of Co-operative Dairy Development

in Kolhapur District.” The Maharashtra Co-operative Quarterly

,Vol.LXIX,No.1,July ,PP.31

34. Biradar R. D.,(1978) “A Profile of Dairy Beneficiaries and Non

Beneficiaries in Rural Maharashtra.” The Maharashtra Co-operative

Quarterly ,Vol.LXX,No.3,Jan.,PP.131

35. Shiyani R. L. and Singh Rajivir,(1994) “Performance of Dairy Co-

operatives in Sourashtra: An Economic Analysis.” Indian Journal of

Agricultural economics,Vol.49,No.2,April-June,PP.238

36. Binni B. S., (2003)“Resource Use Efficiency to Members of MPCSs in

Karanataka.” The Maharashtra Co-operative Quarterly

,Vol.LXXXXII,No.7,Oct-Dec.,PP.17

37. Raghavendra B. V. and Rao B. S.,(2006) “Dairy Development and

Policy Initiatives in India.”, The Souvenir Published by Dept. of

64

Economics, Shivaji University Kolhapur on the National Seminar on

Challenges Before Dairy Co-operatives In India , 15th & 16th Dec.

,PP.19-23.

38. Joshi Mahesh, “Progress, Problems and Prospects of Dairy Co-

operatives- A case study in the context of Gujrat and Sourashhtra.”

Ibid. ,PP .24-35.

39. Patil R. A., “An Improvement of Milch Animals: Challenges before Dairy

Co-operatives.” Ibid. PP.57-61.

40. Rao V. M., “Transforming Tribal Women Through Dairy Co-operatives

in Chhattisgarh.”,Ibid.,PP.62-77.

41. Basav Raja M. G. and Rajshekhar K. S., “Indian Dairy Industry-An

Avenue of Vast Opportunities.” Ibid.,PP.12-18.

42. Landage P. B., “Viability of Primary Dairy co-operatives: A Case Study

of Ratnagiri District.”, Ibid. PP.78-92.

43. Geersagar S. V., “Challenges before Dairy Co-operatives: Dairy Co-

operative and Rural Development.” Ibid. PP.93-98.

44. Thanikacchalam G. and Baluswami N., “Milk Production Constraints in

Western Ghat of Tamilnadu State.”Ibid.PP.108-121.

45. Lodade Anand, “Dairy Farming in Draught Region.”Ibid. PP.138-149.

46. D. Joel Edwinraj and Navinkumar A., “A study of Karkal District co-

operative Milk Producer and Supply Society Pondicherry

State.”Ibid.PP.151-157.

47. Kakade V. B., “Milking the Global Challenge.”Ibid. PP.158-162.

48. Patil Sujata and Dange A.A., “Operation Flood Programme India’s

Model of White Revolution.” Ibid.PP.163-169.

49. Powar Netaji, “Pricing of Milk In Dairy Co-operatives in Maharashtra:

The Challenge.”Ibid. PP.170-182.

50. Madiwal Gajanan, “Challenges before the Goa State Co-operative Milk

Producers Union Ltd. With Special Reference to the

Supplier.”Ibid.PP.183-190

51. Gurav A. M., “Private Dairies; Challenges before Co-operatives : A

case Study.”Ibid.PP.191-197.

65

52. Koli P. P. and Pawar V. A. , “Privatization and Development of Co-

operative Milk Unions in Satara District.”Ibid. PP.198-205.

53. Azad Gulab Sing, “Dairy Co-operative in Socio-economic

Transformation of rural Economy.”Ibid. PP.206-208

54. Kamble P.S., “Problem and Prospects of Dairy Co-operative in

India.”Ibid. PP.223-237.

55. Ramananda M. S. and Dr. Mahendra Kumar S.,(2010) “Dairy Co-

operatives: A Stimulant for Rural Women”,Indian Co-operative Review,

National Co-operative Union of India ,New Delhi, April

,Vol.47,No.4,PP.293-298.

56. Bhatt Sonal, (2008) “Household milk Producers Economy in Gujarat: A

Case Study of Valasan Village of Anand District in Gujarat”, Indian

Dairyman,Dec.,Vol.60,No.12,pp59-65

57. Prof. Raj Krishna,(1980) ‘Indian Dairyman”, Vol. 32,Delhi, Published by

Indian Dairy Association.

58. Jodha N.S. and Choudhary K.M.(1970) “Prospects and Problems of

Dairy Development in a Desert Region” , Agro Economic research

Centre , Vallabh Vidyanagar, PP 59

59. Bathla Kashturi Lal and Dr. Sharma Anilkumar, (2011)“Dairy

Development in Haryana”, Research Link-83, Vol-IX (12), Feb., PP125-

127.

60. Shah Deepak, (2000)“An enquiry in to producer Members Perception

Towards Working of Milk Co-operatives in Maharashtra”, Indian

Dairyman, Vol.52, No.6 .

61. Banerjee Animesh,(2002) “Presidents Desk”, Indian Dairyman, Vol.54,

No.1.

62. Pawar Sharad , (2010)The Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food

and Public Distribution and Agriculture, “Inaugural Speech at The

National Conference of State Ministers of Animal Husbandry and Dairy

Development , dairy Planner,Vol6 issue5, March,PP.18

63. Press release, (2010)Dairy Planner,Vol6 issue5,March,PP.22

66

64. Shinde S.V.,(2008) “Dairy Farming in Solapur District – A Critical

Study”, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Shivaji University

Kolhapur, December .

65. Chavan V. M. , (1992)“Financial Management in dairy Enterprises-An

Inter –Sectoral Comparison.” Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Shivaji

University, Kolhapur.

66. Katkar B. K.,(2002) “A Study of Performance Evaluation of dairy Co-

operative Societies in Kolhapur District”. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to

Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

67. Patil M. G. ,(2007) “A Critical Study of Pricing of Milk and Milk Products

with special reference to Govt. Milk Scheme, Miraj”. Ph.D. Thesis

submitted to Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

68. Tamboli Firojahamad I.,(2008) “Study of Brand Awareness of Krishna

Dudh in Retail Outlet for Market Penetration in Pune” at Rajarambapu

Patil Sahakari Dudh Sangh Ltd. ,Unpublished Project Report submitted

for MBA Degree to Pune University .