chapter iv nizam shahi coinage -...

CHAPTER IV

NIZAM SHAHI COINAGE

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Ahmadnagar fort��

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CHAPTER-IV

COPPPER COINAGE OF

THE NIZAM SHAHI DYNASTY

• Brief History

• Commerce Conditions

• Copper Coinage

Brief History:

The Nizam Shahi kingdom of Ahmadnagar was one of the five

successor states of the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan. The Nizam

Shahi lineage stemmed from certain Khalaf Hasan, who rose to

prominence during the premiership of Mahmud Gawan. Later, he

successfully conspired in the murder of Mahmud Gawan in collusion

with some other Deccani nobles of Bahmani court. Taking advantages of

declining state of the Bahmani dynasty, he established himself in present

western Maharashtra and exercised considerable authority. In 1590 due

to rivalries generated among the nobles, he was murdered just seven

years after the murder of Mahmud Gawan.totally 11 Kings ruled

ahmednager dynasty. The fisrst king was Ahmad Nizam Shah (1490-

1510)

And the last king was Husain Nizam Shah-III (1630-1633).

Ahmad Nizam Shah (1490-1510)

On the death of Khalaf Hasan, his son Malik Ahmad, latter called

Nizam Shah assumed the appellation of his father and refused to act at

the behest of Qasim Barid, the prime-minister of the titular Bahmani

king, Sultan Mahmud Shah. His allegiance to the Bahmani government

was nominal. By basing himself in Junnar, he declared his

independence. Sometime around 1490, he founded a new city in his

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name, near the village of Bhinger, which he called Ahmadnagar, that he

made the capital of his newly carved kingdom. At the time of his death

in 1510, the nascent kingdom included not only his capital Ahmadnagar

but Daulatabad and the Konkan belt from Thane to Rajapur.

Burhan Nizam Shah-I (1510-53)

Ahmad Nizam Shah was succeeded by his seven year son,

Burhan. Till the king achieved the age of majority, he had the protector

in Mukammil Khan Dakhani. In 1523 he got married Mariam Sultana, a

sister of Ismaeel Adil Shah of Bijapur. Throughout his reign he was

engaged in fighting against the states of Khandesh, Berar and Gujrat. He

was in constant alliance with Ramraja, the king of Vijayanagar. In

league with him he oftentimes attacked Bijapur. Another cause that led

to his struggle with other states was his embracement of Shia faith and

his efforts to spread the same in the kingdom forcible. He favoured the

Marathas in the local administration that made to increase their

influence in the kingdom. At the age of 54 he left this world.

Husain Nizam Shah-I (1553-65)

After a little turmoil in the state that occurred due to challenge of

his brother, Husain Nizam Shah-I was able to succeed on the Nizam

Shahi throne. From the beginning of his reign he had to face the

onslaughts of Ramraja and Adil Shah, who for many a times attacked

his territories. The former always nurtured the lessons of ill-feeling

among the Muslim states of the Deccan. To get rid of him, Husain

Nizam Shah entered into matrimonial alliances and diplomatic

understanding with the Sultanates of Bijapur, Golconda and Bidar. In

1565, the united front defeated and killed Ramraja in the battle of

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Talikota. The decisive battle brought an end to the rule of the

Vijayanagar dynasty.

After this concerted victory, Husain Nizam Shah-I did not long

survive, and in the same year he died, leaving behind four sons and four

daughters.

Murtuza Nizam Shah-I (1565-88)

Husain Nizam Shah-I was succeeded by his son Murtuza Nizam

Shah-I. The first six years of his reign, he left the business of the state to

his mother with unfortunate results. But once he had imprisoned her, he

began to rule as he should do in remainder of his rule.

During his reign the Ahmadnagar kingdom made remarkable

territorial gains. Once such was the recovery of north Konkan from

Vijayanagar after the battle of Talikota. The administrative headquarters

of this area was Cheul, which was renamed Murtuzaabad after the name

of the king. It was in due course the port-town was lost to the

Portuguese. Further, his general Changis Khan extended the boundaries

of the kingdom eastward. He captured Dharur from Bijapur, and in joint

venture with same state occupied the Imad Shahi capital Gawilgarh. In

ensuing battle Tufail Khan, the Imad Shahi king was defeated and

killed, leaving the whole kingdom at the prey of the Nizam Shahis. In

consequence of victory the Nizam Shahi boundaries were extended up to

Khandesh and Murtuza became the overlord of 1/3rd

of present day

Maharashtra.

Later, the king had come under the influence of the opponents of

Changis Khan; as a result he ordered to kill him. Shortly, after this

event, in a coup staged by the court nobles, Murtuza too was executed,

and his son, Miran Husain ascended the throne.

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Miran Husain Nizam Shah-II (1588-89)

Miran Husain Nizam Shah-II was incompetent and he allowed

the innate factionalism of the country to deteriorate so that a massacre of

foreign Muslims took place. Being himself a Deccani, he supported the

locals. However, the whole business got out of his hands and he himself

was killed by a group of rebels. The rebel leader Jamal Khan placed the

king’s cousin Ismaeel, a son of Burhan Nizam Shah-II on the throne of

Ahmadnagar.

Ismaeel Nizam Shah (1589-91)

The short reign of Ismaeel Nizam Shah was devoid of any

remarkable achievements. On his accession his father. Burhan-II, who

had earlier defected to the Mughals owing to a family feuds, but now he

saw an excellent opportunity in the factional fights at Ahmadnagar court

to gain the throne for himself. He asked for Akbar’s assistance, and the

Mughal army escorted him to the Deccan. He captured Ahmadnagar and

proclaimed himself Sultan.

Burhan Nizam Shah-II (1591-95)

Burhan Nizam Shah-II restored the Shia faith in his kingdom and

recalled the foreign Muslims who had been ruthlessly expelled from the

kingdom by Miran Husain Nizam Shah-II. He became involved in a

conflict with the Portuguese and attempted unsuccessful to regain Cheul

from them. He died soon after 1595.

Ibrahim Nizam Shah (1595)

Burhan Nizam Shah-II was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Nizam

Shah. He was not an able ruler and within four months of his accession

was killed in a battle with Bijapur.

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Ahmad Nizam Shah-II (1595)

Due to factional fights in the Nizam Shahi court, Ahmad Nizam

Shah a candidate of one faction, headed by a noble Mian Manju, got

enthroned him. The other faction led by Chand Bibi, a widow of Ali

Adil Shah-I of Bijapur, who quit Bijapur for Ahmadnagar, after the

death of her husband, was active against the candidature of Ahmad

Nizam Shah. The faction over-powered and removed the king.

Bahadur Nizam Shah (1595-1600)

On account of Chand Bibi’s strength Bahadur Nizam Shah

became the Sultan. He was considered to be her puppet. Chand Bibi’s

opponent Mian Manju asked Prince Murad of the Mughal, then the

governor of Gujrat to intervene. In compliance the Mughal army

attacked Ahmadnagar and secured a breach in its ramparts, but was

repulsed. However, Chand Bibi knew that she could not afford to

prolong the offensive, so she agreed to cede the province of Berar to the

Mughals, and began to rule as regent of the king. She also kept her links

with Bijapur strongly secured.

The Mughals once again attacked the eastern portion of the Nizam

Shahi kingdom. They defeated the allied forces of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur

and Golconda in the battle of Sonpat, in 1597, in the Marathawada

region. In 1599 Prince Daniyal, Akbar’s second son took Ahmadnagar

fort, and the city following the death of Chand Bibi. The king was

imprisoned and Daniyal was made governor of Ahmadnagar.

Murtuza Nizam Shah-II (1600-10)

Although the Mughals occupied capital city of Ahmadnagar, but

the Nizam Shahi nobles continued to enjoy greater control of the other

parts of the kingdom. Malik Ambar was prominent among them.

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He resurrected the kingdom and thus gave it a fresh lease of life. A new

king Murtuza Nizam Shah-II was placed on the Nizam Shahi at Parenda.

Thereafter, Malik Ambar defeated the Mughals, but he himself was

defeated at their hands the following year. He then moved the Nizam

Shahi capital to Junnar, a place of strategic importance. In 1607 he

captured Daulatabad and invaded the territories which were under the

Mughals’ occupation. This time he transferred his capital to Daulatabad.

In 1610 he recaptured Ahmadnagar and replaced Murtuza Nizam Shah-

II, who was conspiring against him by secretly negotiating with the

Mughals.

Burhan Nizam Shah-III (1610-31)

On the charge of treason Malik Ambar removed Murtuza-II and

brought latter’s five year old son Burhan Nizam Shah-III on the Nizam

Shahi throne. In 1612 he then shifted the Capital to Kharki, about 10

miles south of Daulatabad, situated in hilly region. It had natural barriers

against invasion from outside. He named this place as Fatehnagar, which

was later renamed as Aurangabad by Prince Aurangzeb.

Between 1614 and 1620 Malik Ambar fought relentlessly against

the Mughals, and managed to defeat them at several places. He was

aided by his Maratha Sardar, Shahji Bhonsale. The last important event

of Malik Ambar’s life was a crushing defeat that he inflicted upon the

joint armies of the Mughals and Bijapur at Bhatodi near Ahmadnagar.

He also invaded Nauraspur, a new capital city of Ibrahim Adil Shah-II.

He ransacked the same. He died in 1627 at the age of 80.

Husain Nizam Shah III (1631-33)

After Malik Ambar’s death, his son Fateh Khan became Diwan

of the state. He entered into conflict with Burhan-III and killed him

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in1633. In his place he brought a boy named Husain Nizam Shah-III.

Fateh Khan killed Lakhuji Jadhav, an eminent Maratha noble, who was

father-in -law of Shahji. This displeased Shahji; therefore in league with

Bijapur he faced Fateh Khan. In a battle near Daulatabad by the support

of the Mughals he emerged victorious. Strangely enough, Fateh Khan

suddenly changed sides and joined Shahji against Bijapur. This annoyed

Mahabat Khan, a Mughal general. Hence, the Mughal army sacked

Daulatabad, and Fateh Khan was imprisoned along with the boy king.

Murtuza Nizam Shah III (1633-36)

From the battlefield Shahji fled away and made strenuous

attempts to resurrect the Nizam Shahi kingdom. He installed Murtuza-III

at a make shift capital on fort Pemgiri. With the help of his own

clansmen and Bijapur he became de facto-ruler. In the course, Shah

Jahan in league with Bijapur annexed the entire kingdom in 1636. Thus

the Nizam Shahi lineage of Ahmadnagar had come to an end.

Economic Conditions:

The Nizam Shahi kingdom of Ahmadnagar included the larger

areas of Maharashtra and almost all Marathawada region, in which fell

the important fort towns of Udgir, Ausa, Dharur, Kharki (Aurangabad),

Paithan, Qandhar, etc. the Marathawada region under the Nizam Shahi

dynasty touched with the neighbouring kingdoms of Bijapur, Bidar,

Golconda and Berar. As a result the constant trade and commercial

activities of the region with the neighbouring states could be safely

presumed. The northern coastal line of the Konkan that included the port

towns of Cheul, etc. were well known for foreign trade. In the beginning

the port of Cheul was in the Ahmadnagar kingdom.Then it was lost to

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the Portuguese. The Nizam Shahi kings made efforts to catch hold of the

town, but failed in their objectives.

The Marathawada region was well connected with the land routes

to the port towns of Surat, Cheul, etc. Hence two-way traffic was always

on in the region. As a result in the markets of the region the business of

all sorts was carried on. This led to inflow or import of various coins in

the region.

Agriculture was the mainstay of the state to maintain human life.

It is mentioned that during days of authority, Malik Ambar set himself

about the improvement and expansion of agriculture and, as a result, the

life of the people was placed on a sound and solid foundation. He

colonized the un-inhabitated tracks by bringing unused lands under

plough. The reclamation of the coastal land in the vicinity of Cheul for

farming was affected by construction of embankments.

The farming was supplemented by industries. It is known from

the scattered contemporary sources that the industries such as silk and

cotton textiles, wood-works, ships and boats at Cheul and textiles at

Kalyan and Bhiwandi flourished. In addition to textile, other traditional

industries persisted and were encouraged such as iron-smelting, black-

smithy, metal-working (particularly for domestic utensils and wares),e.i

earthenware, glass-manufacture, jewelry, widespread manufacture of

foot-wares, and the like, which in no mean degree, must have served to

contribute to the general economic well-being and welfare of the people.

Copper Coinages:

So far two types of gold coins of the Nizam Shahi dynasty are

found that had been respectively issued during the reigns of Murtuza

Nizam Shah-I and Burhan Nizam Shah-II.1 There are no silver coins

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known struck by the kings of the dynasty. However, apart from two rare

gold coins, vast bulk of the Nizam Shahi coinage is in copper.

According to Stan Goron and Goenka and Dilip Rajgor the Nizam Shahi

copper coins are based on a unit weighing 14-15 g and its fractions,

usually 2 /3rd

, 1/2, 1/3rd

and 1/6th

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Due to varying of weights it is not

possible to ascertain what the fraction was intended by the issuers.

The Nizam Shahi copper coins bear the simple legends

mentioning the ruler’s name, date and mint town. Another important

thing to be stated here is that only names appeared on the coins are

Murtuza and Burhan, and none of the other ruler’s names like Ahmad,

Husain, Ismaeel, Ibrahim and Bahadur did occur. Since there was more

than one ruler of the same name their coins are distinguished only by the

dates and names of mint towns that they have. Further no coins are

known prior to the reign of Murtuza Nizam Shah-I.

The following names of the mint towns are found mentioned on

the coins;

1. Ahmadnagar or Murtuzanagar or just Nagar

2. Burhanabad

3. Daulatabad

4. Murtuzaabad

5. Parenda

6. Poonanagar (Pune)

The name Nagar refers to Ahmadnagar, while Burhanabad often

with its epithet Darul-Sultanat, is the name given by Burhan Nizam

Shah-II to Bhongir a nearby town to Ahmadnagar. It was all probable

that due to the influence of his contemporary Muslim rulers,who Shifted

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Their royal establishments to the nearby town of the capitals, the

Nizam Shahi kings imitated the same style. For example, Emperor

Akbar shifted his capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri, likewise Ibrahim

Adil Shah-II of Bijapur did the same and made Nauraspur the new

capital and Qutub Shah shifted from Golconda to Hyderabad. There was

neither outside stress nor strategic compulsion on Burhan Nizam Shah-II

to shift his capital to Bhongir. It was his voluntary act that led to opt the

town for his new capital. Daulatabad has the famous old fortress, which

had been renamed from Devgiri by Muhammad Bin Tughluq. As a

result of capture of Ahmadnagar by Prince Daniyal (son of Emperor

Akbar) Murtuza Nizam Shah-II shifted his seat of government first to

Junnar and then to Daulatabad. Yet during his reign Ahmadnagar was

retained as the mint town on his coins. It is evident that though he lost

Ahmadnagar but still claimed it as his own capital. It was Burhan Nizam

Shah-III, a succeeding king, who issued coins from Daulatabad. The

Nizam Shahi rulers gave a new name to Cheul of Konkan (in the

western coast) as Murtuzaabad, after his name. It was situated on the

coastal belt. The place was considered to be a commercial town and a

famous port, from where foreign trade was carried on with the Middle

East and European countries. It was on account of the commercial

importance of the port town the Nizam Shahis preferred it as a mint

town for facilitating the trade and commerce.3 Further, Murtuzaabad was

new name given probably by Ali Adil Shah-I of Bijapur to the town of

Miraj (presently in the district of Sangli of Maharashtra), where his first

coronation was conducted. Among the Adil Shahi rulers the name

Murtuza did not appear, however, it was title of Hazrat Ali (cousin and

son-in-law of the Prophet s.a.w). And the king also was his namesake.

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The town was situated in the Adil Shahi kingdom since the inception of

the dynasty; hence the town of Miraj (Murtuzaabad) could be attributed

to the Nizam Shahis.

The town of Poona was under the Nizam Shahis. It had mint from

where the kings struck coins in copper.4 The town of Parenda for some

time served as the Nizam Shahi capital during Murtuza Nizam Shah-II.

The place was selected by Malik Ambar, before he could shift the seat

of the government to Junnar. It was called Darul Mulk Parenda, from

where the new copper coins were issued. Among the mint towns of the

Nizam Shahi government, presently Daulatabad and Parenda are situated

in the Marathawada region.

Among the Nizam Shahi rulers, Murtuza Nizam Shah-I was

considered to be the first, who issued coins for his dynasty, though

Ahmad Nizam Shah, Burhan-I and Husain-I, preceded to him. It seemed

his predecessors retained currency of their Bahmani masters in their

state. Numismatist R. P. Jackson attributed some coins to the early rulers

like Ahmad Nizam Shah-I5

but their attribution is questioned in the later

researches.

Murtuza Nizam Shah-I issued coins in gold and copper. His

former coins carried on obverse his name, date in numerical and written

out, while the reverse has the Shia belief, which reveals his faith in Shia

sect of Islam. The other copper coins were issued from Ahmadnagar and

Murtuzaabad (Cheul). A number of the Ahmadnagar copper coins over

stuck on the coins of the Bahmanis and the kings of Gujrat. His coins

are struck between A.H. 989-996 (A.D. 1581-1587). In Marathawada

region, while in my survey 17 coins belonged to this king have been

found. (Plate No. 19 Table No. 19, Fig.No. 342 to 358). Among the

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reported coins Fig.No. 349 is of Murtuzaabad mint, and the rest were

issued from Nagar (Ahmadnagar). All the coins are in circular form and

no dates except Fig.No. 351 and 358 that have dates A.H. 992. (A.D.

1585). and A.H. 993. (A.D. 1586). Respectively all the coins vary in

weight, size and shape. The gross details are as under;

1. Type one

Obverse: Murtuza Zarb Nagar (Murza Mint Nagar)

Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah (In the months of year) ��

Fi Shuhur Sanah 992 (A.H) Fi Shuhur Sanh 993 (A.H)

2. Type two

Obverse: Flus Zarb Murtazabad

Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah�Zarb

Fig.No. 349.

In the preset study of the copper coins the result showed that they

are having different denominations as explain down;

1. Type one 1 Flus 14 – 15 g

Having weight varied from 13.6 and 15.6 and size varied from 1.9-2.0

cm. Fig.No. 349 and 358 respectively,

2. Type tow 2/3 Flus

9.4 – 10.0 g

Having weight varied from 8.9 to 10.3 g and size varied from 1.2-1.7

cm.

Fig.Nos. 342, 343,352 – 357.

3. Type three 1/3 Flus 4.7 – 5 g

Having weight 5.5 and 5.5 g (Fig No, 345 and 350),

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4. Type fuor ½ Flus 7-7.5 g. Fig.Nos, 346,347,348, and 351.

The Fig.No. 344 weighed 11.6 g.

The coins of Husain Nizam Shah-II and Ismaeel Nizam Shah

are not yet unfolded. The other successor Burhan Nizam Shah-II issued

coins in gold and copper. His reign was short, but that saw quite a

copious issue of coins. It appears that during his rule the main royal mint

to have been moved from Ahmadnagar to the adjacent town

Burhanabad. His gold and copper coins bear the name of the town

mentioned above. His gold coins as of his predecessor Murtuza bore the

Shia Shahada (words of belief) in the reverse and marginal legend on

the obverse was not decipherable. The other, some rare coins were

struck from the mint of Murtuzaabad. 6

During my survey I found

Burhan Nizam Shah-II’s copper coins (Plate No. 20, Table No. 20,

Fig.Nos. 359-386).

In my survey all the coins of Burhan Nizam Shah-II bear the

legend as folow:

Obverse: Zurb Dar Al-Sultanate Burhanabad

Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah Alf Wahed

(In the months of year) �� )

Fig.No. 359 to 386). Mint city Burhanabad.

In the study of the copper coins the result showed that they

are having different denominations as explained down;

1. Type one 1 Flus 14 – 15 g

Weighed varied from 14 - 14.5 g and size varied from 1.8-1.0 cm.

Fig.Nos. 361-363 and 373.

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2. Type tow 2/3 Flus 9.0 – 10 g

Weighed from 9.3 to 10.2 g and size varied from 1.7 – 2.0 cm

Fig.Nos. 359, 360, 364, 365, 374, 375.

3. Type three ½ Flus 7 – 7.5 g

Weighed 7.0g. and size 1.6 cm. Fig.No. 380.

4. Type fuor 1/3 Flus 4.7 – 5 g

Weighed 4.6 - 4.8 g and size varied from 1.3-1.7 cm. Fig.No.370-372,

381 and 382.

5. Type five ¼ Flus 3.5 – 3.8 g

Weighed 3.5 and 3.6 g and size was 1.4 cm. Fig. no, 377 and 378.

All the coins in the present study were not bearing date.

The coins of his successors, Ibrahim Nizam shah, Ahmad Nizam

Shah-II and Bahadur Nizam Shah are not found in the course of this

survey. However copper coins belonged to Murtuza Nizam Shah-II are

found in plenty. Among them 122 coins are found in the present study

(Plate No.21, Table No.21, and Fig. Nos. 387 to 514).

According to Stan Goron and Goenka J.P. the legend of the

studied copper coins of Murtuza Nizam Shah-II read as follow:

1. Type one

Obverse Murtaza Ahmadnagar

Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah

Fig.Nos. 387 - 391, 395, 396, 403, 404, 408, 410,411, 413,414, 416 -

419, 424 - 426, 428, 429, 433 - 435, 438, 441,448 - 450, 457, 462, 465,

467 - 470, 475, 476,480,485, 486, 488, 491,494 - 497, 499, 502, 504 -

510, 512 - 514.

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2. Type two

Obverse Murtaza Zarb�Ahmadnagar (Murtuza, mint Ahmadnagar)

Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah (In the months of the year)

Fig.Nos. 392-394, 398, 400, 401,405, 409, 420 - 423, 436, 440, 442,

446,447,451, 454, 463, 473, 477, 479, 487, and 501.

3. Type three

Obverse Murtaza�Nagar


Fig.Nos. 397, 412, 430, 452, 471, 478 and 481.

4. Type four

Obverse Murtaza Punanagar


Fig.No. 399, and 402.

5. Type five

Obverse Murtaza Zarb�Nagar


Fig. No. 406.

6. Type six

Obverse Murtaza Zarb


Fig.Nos. 415, 431, 437, and 444.

7. Type seven

Obverse Ahmadnagar


Fig.Nos. 427, 443 and 458.

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8. Type eight

Obverse Murtaza


Fig.No. 432.

9. Type nine

Obverse Ahmadnagar ��

Reverse Fi Shuhur Sanah �� *100��

Fig.Nos. 453, 461, and 482.

10. Type tin

Obverse Murtaza Nizam ��Shah

Reverse Parenda Dar�Al-�Mulk

Fig.Nos. 489, 490, 492, 493, and 511.

11. Type eleven

Obverse Murtaza Nizam Shah Bin Shah Ali

Reverse Dar Al-sultanate Zarb�Parenda

Fig. No. 498, and 500.

According to Stan Goron and Goenka J.P. the value of the

studied copper coins of the king Murtuza Nizam Shah-II classified into

the following denominations:

1. Type one 1 Flus 14-15.6 g

Having weight varied from 13.9 to 15.6 g and size varied from 1.9 to

2.3 cm. Fig. Nos. 392, 436, 439, 440 , 442, 443, 452, 453,456, and 462.

2. Type tow 2/3 Flus 9.4-11 g

Having weight varied from 8.9 to 11.3 g and size varied from 1.5 to 1.9

cm. Fig. No.387, 388, 390, 393-397, 399-409,411, 413- 422,424,

427, 428,430,432-435, 437,438, 441, 444-446,449-451,454, 457,

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458, 460,461,465-468, 472,475, 476, 482,485, 486-488, 490-499, 501-

508,510 - 514.

3. Type three ½ Flus 6.5-7.5 g


cm. Fig. No.398, 410, 412, 423, 425, 426, 431, 448, 489, and 500.

4. Type fuor 1/3 Flus 4-5.5 g


cm. Fig.Nos. 391, 470, 478, and 479.

5. Type five 1/4 Flus 3.5-4 g


cm. Fig. Nos. 469, 471, 477 and 480.

6. Type xis 1/5 Flus 2.8-3.2 g

Only one coin found weight 3.2 g and size cm. Fig.No.481

The copper coins of Murtuza Nizam Shah-II were issued from the

mint towns of Ahmadnagar, Parenda and Poonanagar. The coins vary

from each other in weight, size, etc. All the coins were issued between

A.H. 1009-1019 (A.D. 1600-1610). The dates of issue are same for all.

The following is the details of Ahmadnagar coins as type two;

As type No. two

In the type coins of the Ahmadnagar series it is difficult to find

the position of Zarb, (mint) clear, and with a clear date. In the period

between 1600-161 (A.H.1009-1019), much of the time the Nizam Shahi

capital city was in the hands of the Mughals. Therefore it is not clear

whether these coins were actually struck in Ahmadnagar. Though the

Nizam Shahi ruler lost the capital but retained its name, and still claimed

it as of his own. The historical facts of the time show that Ahmadnagar

was beyond the control the Nizam Shahi king.

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Numismatist Abdul Hameed Siddiqui presume that these coins were not

directly minted under any royal authority, but were issued by local

Sarrafs (minters), who defied the Mughal occupation of Ahmadnagar

and remained loyal to their old maters. Further, it is not clear that the

name ‘Murtuza’ on the above coins. That whether refers to king

Murtuza or simply to Hazrat Ali, of whom Murtuza was being one of his

epithets Still more, if we take the above coins were not struck from

Ahmadnagar; it is possible that the same were issued from Daulatabad

or any other town, where the Nizam Shahi authority was exercised.

Types 10 and 11 are the coins of Parenda7

series bearing.Fig.Nos

489,490, 492, 493, 498, 500, �� also vary in weight, size, etc. These

coins give the under-mentioned details as above;

In the above coins, on the obverse, the name of the king was

written with that of his father, and some time barely of the king himself.

On the reverse the word Zarb is written or just Darul Mulk Parenda

with the words Fi Shuhur Sanah (in other cases). All the contents are

more or less same, which do not give any distinct information except the

name of ruler’s father Shah Ali (Prince Ali) is mentioned that is only

found on the Murtaza Nizam Shah-II coins. Mentioning the name of the

father with the name of the ruling king is common in the Bahmani coins.

After sack of Ahmadnagar by the Mughals, Parenda was made

temporary capital of the Nizam Shahi government. The Nizam Shahi

king Bahadur Nizam Shah was sent to Gwalior as prisoner. Then the

rival factions of the Nizam Shahi court put forward Murtuza Nizam

Shah-II, son of Prince Ali, one of the four contestants of throne, in the

� ��

turbulent events of 1595.The coins issued from the new capital Parenda

Reveal and recognize the political developments of the time.

In regard to the coins of Poona8

mint (Type four) two coins are

enlisted from the Marathawada region which bears Fig No. �� and ��.

During the time of the Nizam Shahis the town of Poona was a Jagir

(landed estate) of Shahji Bhosale (father of Shivaji), who was a

prominent general of Ahmadnagar’s army. It seems that the copper coins

of the Poona mint are rare, as no further details in numismatic studies

are found. Certain numismatist Abdul Hameed Siddiqui studied one

copper coin of the same mint. 9 The study of coins of Poona mint found

in the Marathawada region gives the details as the above type No. four;

As in the case of the copper coins of Ahmadnagar mint of the

same ruler here too it is not clear that the word ‘Murtuza’ is referred to

the Sultan or Hazrat Ali (the Imam of Shias).

From Marathawada region, the copper coins of Burhan Nizam

Shah-III are found (Plate No; 22, Table No; 22, Fig, Nos. 515-542),

which are round and semi-round in shape. The coins also bear different

weights, sizes, shape etc. The rare small copper coins of Murtuzaabad

were not discovered from the region under study. The details of the

surveyed coins are mentioned below;

1. Type one

Obverse: Burhan Nizam Shah Ghazi (victor)

Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah Daulatabad (in the months of the year.

Daulatabad)

Fig.No. 515

� ��

2. Type two

Obverse: Burhan Nizam shah

Reverse: As type one

Fig.No. 516.

2. Type three

Obverse: Burhan Nizam�shah�Zarb Ghazi

Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanah (In the months of the year)

Fig. No. 517.

4. Type four

Obverse Burhan Nizam shah

Reverse As type three

Fig No. 518 and 542

5. Type five

Obverse Zarb Murtaza Ahmadnagar

Reverse As type two and three

Fig. Nos. 519 – 541 and bearing dates; 1015, 1011, 1010, 1017, 1013,

The copper coins of Burhan Nizam Shah-III come in both course

and fine calligraphy and having differnt values;

1. One Flus

Having weight 14.7 and 14.3 g and sized varied from 2.0 – 2.3 cm.

Fig.No. 515 and 517 respectively

2. 2/3 Flus

Having weight varies from 8.9 to 9.9 g and size varied from 1.6 -1.8 cm

Fig no, 516, 519 - 535, 537, and 539-541).

� ��

3. ½ Flus

Weight varied from 6.9 to 7.4 g and size varied from 1.5-1.6 cm. Fig no,

518, 536 and 538).

4. ¼ Flus was found having weight 2.0 g size 2.3 cm. Fig no, 542.

The copper coins of the last ruler, Burhan Nizam Shah-III are

also found in the Marathawada region for his reign only copper coins are

known. They were struck from the mints of Ahmadnagar and

Daulatabad. The following is the legend arrangement of the coins;

Obverse: Burhan Nizam Shah

Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanh

(In the months of the year)

Shape: Semi-round (Fig.No. 518).

Daulatabad Mint.

Obverse: Burhan Nizam Shah Ghazi (victor)

Reverse: Fi Shuhur Sanh Daulatabad (In the months of the year)

The obverse legend of the above coin bears the title of Ghazi

(victorious). It is astonishing to note here that the ruler being puppet

under the powerful regent Malik Ambar claimed this title. It is most

probable that owing to the victories of Malik Ambar against the

Mughals and then Bijapur, some of the lost territories of Ahmadnagar

state were recovered. Hence the ruler styled himself as Ghazi.

It is not unlikely that the Nizam Shahi rulers issued their coins in

the continued traditions of the Bahmani coinage. They largely issued the

copper coins from different mints of Ahmadnagar, Burhanabad,

Daulatabad, Murtuzaabad, Parenda and Poonanagar. For all the times

the mints at Ahmadnagar and adjacent town of Burhanabad did not

� ��

Function. It was due to incessant political turmoil of the different

factions of the Nizam Shahi court and the ever lingering external danger

of the Mughals. This caused the Ahmadnagar rulers to change the

capital and the mint towns, from where they peacefully manage the

administration and economic activities of the state.

The study of the copper coins of the Nizam Shahi dynasty

evidently shows that the bulk of its currency is in copper, except few in

gold. The coins are either anonymous or bear the names of Murtuza or

Burhan. As such the dates of their issue provide the testimony for their

attribution to the respective rulers. These dates are specified in the

Shuhur era. 10

Numismatist Arvind S. Athavale opines about the Shuhur

era dates mentioned in the Nizam Shahi coinage in these words, “that

strangely enough the scholars and numismatists have totally overlooked

this aspect of Shuhur dating of the Nizam Shahi coins. The dates have

been assumed to be in Hijri in all the published literature so far, even

though the coins clearly bear the inscriptions of Fi Shuhur Sanah (in the

months year) preceding the date.” Further he believed that, however, so

far as the attribution of coins to individual rulers is concerned, not much

harm is done even on assuming the dates to be Hijri, as the difference

between Shuhur and Hijri eras is not much. 11

Further, on the Nizam

Shahi gold coins the Shia Shahada ‘Ali Waliullah’ (Ali, the divine saint

or friend of Allah) is incorporated, while on the copper coins no such

legend is noted.

� ��

Notes and References

1. The Nizam Shahi gold coins weigh respectively 2.9 g and around

3.4-3.5g. The former coin weight little lower than the

usual weight for the southern Indian Pagoda, while the

latter bears the normal Pagoda weight. (Stan Goron &

Goenka, J. P., p: 323. Dr. Parmeshewari Lal Gupta notes

in her work, ‘Coins’ that the Nizam Shahi coins are

exclusively in copper, though two rare gold coins are

found; p: 138

2. Stan Goren & Goenka J.P. “The coins of the India Sultanates”

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

p: 325

3. After Partition Treaty of 1635 signed between the Mughals and

Bijapur, Cheul had come in the share of Adil Shahi

dynasty.

4. Siddiqui, Abdul Hameed (1966): ‘A Note on the Copper Coins of

Murtuza Nizam Shah-II’, J.N.S.I., XXVIII. pp: 84-86

5. Jackson, R. P., (1923): ‘the Dominions , Emblems and Coins of

the South Indian Dynasties’, Br. Num. Journal, Vol-9, pp:

373-76

6. Stan Goren & Goenka J.P. “The coins of the India Sultanates”

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd New Delhi. p:

326

7. Siddiqui, Abdul Hameed (1980): ‘Copper Coins of Nizam Shahi

Rulers of Parenda Mint’, J.N.S.I., XXLII. pp: 45-48

8. Presently the town of Poona is known as Pune, a district

headquarters in Maharashtra.

� ��

9. Siddiqui, Abdul Hameed (1974): ‘A Copper Coins of Murtuza

Nizam Shah-II of Poonanagar Mint’, J.N.S.I., XXXVI.

pp: 104-41

10. The Shuhur era was started during the reign of Muhammad Bin

Tughluq and that was popular in the Deccan even in the

days of Maratha Supremacy. The era runs parallel to

Hijri, but ante-dates it by 3 to 4 years.

11. Athavale, A. S., (1996): ‘Coins of Nizam Shahi Sultanate of

Ahmadnagar’, in Numismatic Panorama. (Essay in

honour of late Sh. S.M Shukla), New Delhi. pp: 295-96.

NIZAM SHAHI COINAGE

• Photos

• Tables

• Chronology

• Map

All the figures Numbers mentioned in the tables and plates are same

The measurement has been taken from the far point.

The unit is (cm) and the weight unit is (g).

��

�

Plate No; 19�� Murtaza Nizam Shah-I

��

Fig. �� Obv. Rev. Fig. 343 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 344 Obv. Rev. Fig. 345 Obv. Rev.



Fig. 350 Obv. Rev. Fig.351 Obv. Rev.


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Plate No; 20 Burhan Nizam Shah-II

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Fig. 373 Obv. Rev. Fig 374 Obv. Rev.




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Plate No; 21 Murtaza Nizam Shah II

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Fig. 397 Obv. Rev. Fig .398 Obv. Rev.

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Fig.405 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 406 Obv. Rev.


� � � �

Fig. 409 Obv. Rev. Fig. 410 Obv.

Rev.

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Fig. 460 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 461 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 462 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 463 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 465 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 466 Obv. Rev.

��

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.

Fig. 473 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 475 Obv. Rev.


Fig. 478 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 479 Obv. Rev.

��

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Fig. 487 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 488 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 489 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 490 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 491 Obv. Rev.

Fig. 492 Obv. Rev.

��

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Plate No; 22 Burhan Nizam Shah III

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Table 19. Murtaza Nizam Shah-I (973-997�A.H 1�565- 1588 A.D)

��

Co. Fig M D W S Obverse Reverse Sh

Dr.S

.B.D 342

Nag

ar

No 9.5 1.8

��

Murtaza

Zarb Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 343

Nag

ar

No 9.7 1.7

��

Murtaza

Zarb�Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 344

Nag

ar

No 11.6 1.9

��

Murtaza

Zarb Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 345

Nag

ar

No 4.7 1.5

��

Murtaza

�Zarb Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 346

Nag

ar

No 6.4 1.6/5

��

Murtaza

Zarb Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 347

Nag

ar

No 7.4 1.6/2

��

Murtaza

Zarb Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur� Sanah

R

Sf. 348

Nag

ar

No 6.7 1.6/2

��

Murtaza

�� Zarb Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 349

Mu

rtaz

a (b

ad)

No 13.6 1.9

��

Falus Zarb

Murtaza�bad

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah��Zarb

R

��

�

Dr.S

.B.D 350

Nag

ar

No 6.0 1.7

��

Murtaza� �Zarb Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 351

Nag

ar

992 7.7

1.6

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 352

Nag

ar

No 10.5 1.7

��

Murtaza Zarb

Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 353

Nag

ar

No 9.4 1.7

��

Murtaza Zarb

Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 354

Nag

ar

No 8.9 1.8

��

Murtaza Zarb

Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

U.M

3261

355 Nag

ar

No

10.2

1.2

��

Murtaza zarb

Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

U.M.

1206

356 Nag

ar

No

9.10

1.8

��

Murtaza Zarb

Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

U.M.

1042

357 Nag

ar

No

10.2

1.2

��

Murtaza

Zarb

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

U.M.

3489

358 Nag

ar

993

15.6

2.0

��

Murtaza

��

Fi Shahur Sanah R

��

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Table 20 Burhan Nizam Shah-II (1000 -1003 A.H�1591-1595 A.D).

��


Sf.

359

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 9.4 1.8

��

��

Dar Al-Sultanate��Zarb Burhanabad

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Sf. 360

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 9.4 1.7

��

��

Dar Al-Sultanate ��Zarb Burhanabad

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Sf. 361

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 14.5 2.0

��

��

Dar Al-Sultanate�� Zarb Burhanabad

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Sf. 362

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 14.2 2.0

��

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Sf. 363

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

-us-

SA

l-ta

nat

No 14.0 2.0

��

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

S-R

��

�

Dr.S

.B.D

364

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 9.4 1.8

��

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

Sq

Dr.S

.B.D

365

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 9.3 1.9

��

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Dr.S

.B.D

366

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 5.9 1.7

��

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Dr.S

.B.D

367

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 6.2 1.8

��

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Dr.S

.B.D

368

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 5.9 1.7

��

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Dr.S

.B.D

369

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 5.9 1.7

��

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

��

�

Sf.

370

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 4.6 1.7

��

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Sf. 371

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 4.7 1.4

��

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Sf. 372

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 4.6 1.4

��

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

Sf. 373

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 14.1 1.8

��

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

S.R

U.M.

3097

374

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No

10.2

1.9

��

�� Dar Al-Sultanate��Zarb Burhanabad

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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

U.M.

3100

375

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No

10..0

1.9

��

�� Dar Al-Sultanate�� Zarb Burhanabad

�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

��

�

U.M.

3111 376

��B

urh

anab

ad

�Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate�

No 5.9 1.5

��

�� Dar Al-Sultanate��Zarb Burhanabad

�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

U.M.

3112

377

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No

3.6

1.4

��


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Fi Shuhur Sanaht

Alf wahad

R

U.M.

3117 378

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 3.5 1.4

��#��


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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

U.M.

3161

379

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No

6.4

1.6

��


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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

U.M.

3166

380

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No

7.0

1.6

��


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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

U.M.

3178 381

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 4.8 1.5

��

Dar Al-Sultanate�Burhanabad

�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

R

��

�

U.M.

3179

382

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No

4.6

1.3

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

Sf.

383

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 4.8 1.7

��


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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

Dr.S

.B.D

384

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 5.9 1.8

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

Dr.S

.B.D

385

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 4.7 1.6

��


�� !�"�

Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

Sf. 386

Bu

rhan

abad

Dar

Al-

Su

ltan

ate

No 5.8 1.9

��


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Fi Shuhur Sanat

Alf wahad

��

�

Table ��. Murtaza Nizam Shah-II �� 1009 -1019 A.H 1600-1610 A.D. ��

��


Sf. 387

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.0 1.5

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 388

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 11.3 1.8

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 389

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 6.0 1.7

�� $!��

Murtaza�Ahmadnagar

��

Fi�Shuhur

�Sanah

S-R

Dr.S

.B.D 390

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.5 1.7

�� $!��


��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 391

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 5.7 1.7

�� $!��


��

Fi�Shuhur� Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 392

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 14,3 1.9

� $!��

Murtaza Zarb��Ahmadnagar

��

Fi�Shuhur

�Sanah

Sf. 393

Ah

mad

nag

ar

1011 8.9 1.8

� $!��


��

Fi�Shuhur

�Sanah

S.R

��

�

Dr.S

.B.D 394

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 8.9 1.8

� $!��


��

Fi �Shuhur� Sanah

S.R

Sf. 395

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 11.7 1.9

�� $!��


��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 396

Ah

mad

nag

ar

1017 9.5 1.7

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi Shuhur

�Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 397

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.2 1.7

��

Murtaza�Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur Sanah

R

Sf. 398

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 8.5 1.7

� $!��


��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 399

Pu

nan

agar

No 9.6 1.7

�%��

Murtaza

Punanagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 400

Ah

mad

nag

ar

1015 9.1 1.9

� $!��

Murtaza�Zarb

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

S.

R

Dr.S

.B.D 401

Ah

mad

nag

ar

101 9.2 1.7

� $!��

Murtaza �Zarb�Ahmadnagar

��

Fi�Shuhur

Sanah

R

��

�

Dr.S

.B.D 402

Pu

nan

agar

No 9.1 1.7

�%��

Murtaza

Pona nagar

��

Fi Shuhur� Sanah

R

Sf. 403

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.1 1.7

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi Shuhur� Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 404

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.7 1.7

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi Shuhur

�Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 405

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.6 1.8

�� $!��

Murtaza Zarb

Ahmadnagar�

��

Fi Shuhur

�Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 406

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.6 1.9

��

Murtaza Zarb�Nagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 407

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.4

1.9

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 408

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.4 1.7

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi Shuhur

Sanah

R

Dr.S

.B.D 409

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 9.0 1.6

�� $!��

Murtaza�Zarb

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi�Shuhur

Sanah

R

��

�

Dr.S

.B.D 410

Ah

mad

nag

ar

No 7.0 1.6

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi�Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 411

Ah

mad

nag

ar

1017 9.3 1.7

�� $!��

Murtaza

Ahmadnagar

��

Fi�Shuhur

Sanah

R

Sf. 412

Ah

mad

nag

ar

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CHAPTER V

ADIL SHAHI COINAGE

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chapter iv nizam shahi coinage -...

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