chapter iv obseryations - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/6494/10/10_chapter...

CHAPTER IV

OBSERYATIONS

The plants of Podostemaceae possess a very peculiar morphology.. The thalli are of

different types. From the thalli, leafy secondary shoots are developed which later terminate

in a flower. At the base of the flowers. cupules or bracts occur. Each flower is enclosed by

a 3-lobed perianth or spathella. Flowers are tri~nerous or bimerous. Stamens 3, alternating

with the perianth lobes or 2, ~nonadelphous or rarely 1 . 2 tepals on either side of the

androecium or tepals absent. Ovary tricarpellary or bicarpellary, isolobous or aniso lobous

when bicarpellory. Ovules generally numerous on axile placenta; 8-1 1 ovules in Maferriu

and 2 pendulous ovules in Furmeria. Stigma hairy or non-hairy. Fruit is always a dehiscent

capsule except inFanneriu which possesses an indehiscent capsule. The capsules may be

ribbed or smooth.

The family Posostemaceae is divided into two subfamilies viz., Tristichoideae and

Podostemoideae. Tristichoideae is characterized by trirnerous flowers. 2 genera of

Tristichoideae collected from Kerala are described. The subfamily Podostemoideae is

characterised by bimerous flowers. 8 genera collected from Kerala are described.

Key to the Genera

1A Flowers actinomorphic, trimerous, stigma hairy

2A Thallus large with root nature, secondary shoots indefenite in growth, free-

floating, photosynthetic organs are ramuli ............................ 1.Zndotristicha

2B Thallus small withshoot nature, secondary shoots definte in growth, not free-

floating, leaves and thalli are photosynthetic ................................ 2. Dalzellia

1B Flowers zygomorphic, birnerous, stigma non-hairy.

3A Thallus free-floating to creeping, ribbon-shaped to disc-shaped, ovary

and fruit isolobous.

.................. 4A Ovary and fruit elliptical and ribbed 3.Polypleurum

......................... 4B Ovary and fruit globose and smooth 4. Cladopus

3B Thallus completely creeping, filanlentous to crustaceous, ovary and fruit anisolobous.

5A Thallus filamentous, ovules and seeds 2-1 1

6A One carpel aborted, fertile one consists of only 2 ovules, fruit indehiscent, globose and smooth ...... 5.Farrneria

6B Both carpels fertile, 8-11 ovules, fruit dehiscent, elliptical, and ribbed ................................ 6. Maferria

5B Thallus flattened, ribbon-l~ke or crustaceous, ovules numerous

7A Ovary sessile, globose, stigma eccentric, fruit sess i le o r nearly sess i l e and smooth .................. ... .................. .7.Hydrobryopsis

7B Ovary stalked, elliptical to obovoid, stigma not eccentric, fruit stalked and ribbed.

8A Secondary shoots erect upto 7cm long, and reduced with 4-6 rows of short conical

. . . leaves ...................................... .8. Wllltsla

8B Secondary shoots prostrate and reduced with 2 rows of linear leaves ... 9A Both monothecous and bithecous

leaves present, deviation in the divergence angle of distichy, clustering of 1-4 secondary shoots at a point on the flank of the thallus, spathella funnel- shaped ..................... 9.Podostemum

9B. Only monothecous leaves present, no deviation in the divergence angle of distichy, single shoot present at a single point on the thallus, spathella boat- shaped .................... 10. Zeylanidilr~n

1. INDOTRISTICHA (Wight) van Royen

Submerged rheophytic herbs, abundantly growing in rivers. They have creeping

roots attached to rocks by means of haptera and rhizoides. Vegetative shoots arise from the

roots and possess scales and ramuli. Fertile shoots are densly clothed in ramuli and scales:

these are united below forming a cup-like structure at the base of the pedicel. Flowers

terminal, solitary, trimerous. Fruit is a dehiscent capsule with 3 equal or 2 unequal valves.

Key to the s ~ e c i e s (Ref: Cook, 1996)

Ran~uli feather-like; scale-like appendages scattered or spirally arranged, without midrib;

perianth segments united in the lower half ................................................... I.ramosissirizci

Ramuli not feather-like; scale-like appendages in 4 rows, each with mid-rib; perianth seglnents

free ......................................................................................................... I . t iru~ze/i~el~onu

INDOTRISTICHA RAMOSISSIMA (Wight) van Royen

Indotristicha ralnosissirna (wight) van Royen in Acta Bot. Neerl., 8 : 474, 1959;

Subramanyan, Aquatic Angiosperms, 45, 1962; Chopra & Mukkada,

Phytomorphology, 16 : 182-186,1966; Nagendran & Arekal, Bull. Bot. Sum. India,

23 (3-4) : 229, 1981; Cooket. al., Water Plants of the World, 461, 1974; Cook,

Aquatic Plant Book, 179 & 181, 1990; Rutishauser & ttuber, Plant Syst. Evol..

178 (3-4) : 195-223, 1991.

Dalzellia ramosissima Wight in Ic. PI. Ind., 5 : 35, 1852, Engler in Engler &

Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam, l8a : 33ff, 16A, 24,1930.

Terniola ramosissirna (wight) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 17 : 47, 1873; Hooker, F.B.I.,

5 : 63.1886.

Tristicha ramosissima (wight) Willis in Ann. R. Bot. Gard., Peradeniya, l(3) :

208, 1902 and l(4) : 293-306, ff. 5-9, 1902; Gamble, F1. Pres. Madras, 2

: 1194, 1925.

The creeping roots are cylindrical, attached to the substratum by disc-like and lobed

hold fasts or rhizoides. The vegetative shoots are attached to the rocks by disc-like or

finger-like hold fast at the base only; the remaining portions are free-floating (Fig. IA).

These are much branched deep green or brown-coloured, 10-56cm long. The branches

are of two types : branches of indefinite growth (Fig. IA) and branches of definite growth.

The branches with definite growth are photosynthetic, feather-like and usually pink-coloured

(Fig.lB). There are many ramuli and scales at the hase of the pedieel. A leafy cupule is

formed by the fusion of ramuli and scales (Fig. lC). The pedicel is 5-15mm long. Perianth

3-lobed (Fig.2B) united below, rarely 4-lobed (Fig.2C). Stamens 3; rarely 4, equal to the

length of the gynoecium at the time of opening of the flower; elongate upto lcm after anthesis

(Fig.2A). Anthers sagittate, 2-lobed, upto 2.5mm long. Ovary elliptical, 1-2mm long,

tricarpellary syncarpous with numerous ovules on axile placenta (Fig.2E). Stigma 3-lobed.

rarely 4-lobed (Fig. 2D); hairy, 1.2-2.25mm long. Fruit is a dehiscent capsulewhich is

elliptical, 2.5-3mm long, trivalved, each valve 3-ribbed. Fruit-stalk 1-1.8cm long.

FIGURE I

Zndotristicha ramosissima (Wt.) van Royen

A. Plant showing h:lb~t

B. Branchof l i~n~ ted growth

C. Flower with cupille at the base of the pedicel

hug, branch of unlim~ted growth; cu, cupule; p. pedicel; pe, perlantll: r, i.amuiu\: sl

scale leaf.

FIGURE 2

Zndotristiclla ralnosissirna (Wt.) van Koyen

A. Flower with cupule at the base of thc petiicel. Note the presellce oT.4

stamens.

B. I'o~11gtlowe1:

C. Pel-imth spread out.

D. Gynoecium.

E. Cross-section of the ova1.y showin: axile placentation.

f , filament; s, stigma: sl. scale leaf.

2. DALZELLIA Wight

Dalzellia Wight, I . C . , p.34; Thwaits inEnum. PI. Zeyl., p.223.

Terrtiola Tul., in Monogr. Pod., p. 189; Hooker, F1. Br. Ind.; Wedd. in DC. Prodr.

Luwia (Gritt. MS.), Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat., 3 me.sCr., t.XI. p.112: Warming in Engl.

Pr. Nat. Pflanzenfam; Trimen, F1. Ceylon.

Rheophytic, submerged herb which is the only member of Podostemaceae having a

shoot thallus (crust). Plant body crustose attached very firmly to the substratum. Crusts are

green, violet or pink-coloured. On the young crust, leaves are arranged in rows and

frequently coenosomatic fusion is observed. Leaves of vegetative shoots are arranged in

rosette or spiral manner. Most of the vegetative (secondary) shoots transform in to floral

shoots. Each floral shoot terminates in a single flower which is trimerous with or without a

cupule. Fruit is a dehiscent capsule with three equal valves.

Kev to the Species

Roots present, leaves long, cupule generally absent, anthers big in relation to the ovary .......

........................ .. ........................................................ D grrrcilis.

Roots absent, leaves short, cupule present, anthers small in relation to the ovary ............... ............................. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D ceylnltica,

(a) DALZELLIA GRACILIS Mathew, Jiger-Ziirn, Nileena sp. nov.

The plant body (crust) is flattened, thick, green-coloured and irregularly branched

(Fig.3A & pl. 1 A, B). Among the crust, roots are present (Fig.3A, B). These roots (shoot-

borne roots) bear vegetative and floral shoots (root-borne shoots) (Fig.3B). The roots are

also attached to rocks by haptera. Sometimes hairs occur on the leaves and floral parts

(Fig.3E). The vegetative and floral shoots are marginal or submarginal. Each shoot consists

of a rosette of leaves which are spirally arranged. The leaves are upto 1.6cm long with

prominent midribs. Each floral shoot consists of a solitary, terminal flower on a long pedicel,

which is surrounded at its base by free, spirally arranged leaves (Figs.3C. D;4A). Some of

these leaves are broad, thin, lnembraneous and without midribs, possibly developed by the

fusion of two leaves (Fig.3C). Sometimes, the spirally arranged leaves show some degree

of fusion to form an inconspicuous cupule (Fig.4F). The flower bud opens only after the

pedicel attains a length of 7-15mm.

Perianth is 3-lobed, united at the base. Each lobe has a central nerve (Fig.4C).

Stamens 3, alternating with the perianth lobes (Fig. 4B), 1.75-2mm long, equal to the

gynoecium in length at anthesis, but elongates after anthesis (Figs. 4D, E, G). Before anthesis,

filaments are short, less than 0.25-0.75mm long, anthers are sagittate and larger in relation

to the ovary (Fig. 4B).

Ovary elliptical (Fig. 4G), 0.75 - 1.2Smm long, tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular

with numerous ovules on axile placenta (Fig. 41). Stigma 3, hairy (Fig. 4B, G), 0.5- 1 mm

long. Fruit is elliptical, dehiscent, 1.25-3mm long, 3 - valved capsule. Each valve is 3 - ribbed (Fig. 4H). The fruit-stalk is 7.5-43mm long (Fig. 4J).

FIGURE 3

Dalzellia gracilis Mathew, Jager-Ziirn, Nileena

A. Crustaceous plant body with vegetative shoots, floral shoots and shoot-borne

roots.

B. Portion of crusts bearing floral shoots and root with root-borne shoots.

C. Floral shoot showing the broad, membraneous structure seen among the spirally

arranged long leaves.

D. Young floral shoot with spirally arranged long leaves at the base.

E. Flower with an indistinct cupule at the base. Note the hairy leaves at the base of

the pedicel.

bl, broad leaf; c, crust; eh, epidermal hairs; fb, flower bud; fs, floral shoot; 11, long

leaf; rs, root-borne shoot; rt, root; sr, shoot-borne root; vs, vegetative shoot.

FIGURE 4

Dalzellia gracilis Mathew, Jager-Zurn, Nileena

Floral shoot with young flower having a long pedicel surrounded by partly rusetl

leaves.

Flower

Perianth spread out.

Stamen, showing the side of the anther facing the ovary.

Stamen showing the side of the anther away from the ovary.

Flower with partly fused leaves at the base. Note hairs on the leaves

Gynoeeiuin artd stamens

Capsule enlarged

Cross-section of ovary showing asile placentation

Fmit

eh, eptdermal hair&; p , pedicel; s, stigma

PLATE 1

Dalzellia gracilis Mathew, Jager-Ziirn, Nileena

A&B Habit

(b) DALZELLIA CEYLANICA (Gardn.) Wight

Dalzellia ceylarrica (Gardn.) Wight, Ic. PI. lnd.5 : 34, 1852: Cooket.al. in Water Plants

ofthe World, 456, 1974; Nagendran & Arekal, Bull. Bot. Surv. India,23 (3-4) : 229,

1981; Janardhanan. short comm, Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 24 ( 1-4) : 206-207, 1982;

Cook, Aquatic Plant Book, 191, 1990.

Terrtiola zeylanicu (Gardn.) Tul., Archieves Mus. hist. nat. Paris6 : 190-192, t. 13,

f3, 1852; Hooker, F.B.I.,S: 62, 1886; van Royen, ActaBot. Neerl. 8: 475, 1959;

Subramanyam, Aquat. Angiosp. 45: 1962; Mukkada, New Phytol, 68: 1145-

1158, 1969.

Lawia ceylanica Tul., Ann. Sc. nat. s6r. 3, 11: 112, 1849; Trimen in A Hand

Book of the F1. of Ceylon, 3 : 416, 1895; Willis in Ann. R . Bot. Gard.

Peradeniya l (3) : 213, 1902; Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 18a: 34,

f26, 1930; Gamble in FI. Pres. Madras, 2: 1195. 1925.

Tristiclta ceylanica Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 7 : 177, 1847.

Submerged rheophytes with ribbon-shaped, flattened crust growing from a central

point in dendritic manner (Pl. 2A, B; P1.3). Roots absent. Vegetative and floral shoots

arranged all over the surface and on the margins of the crust. coenosomatic fusion of the

axes are noted (Fig.5A). In young crusts, the leaves are arranged in rows (Fig.5C). In

mature vegetative crusts, there are secondary shoots which possess 5-17 leaves in rosettes

(Figs. 5B; 6A; 7A; C, D; 8A). The leaves are 8mm- 1.5cm long. with prominent midribs

(Fig. 6B).

Most of the vegetative shoots are later transformed into floral shoots. The floral shoot

consists of a single terminal flower with a leafy cupule at the base of the pedicel (Figs. 7E,

G; 8C, D). Sometimes leaves on the cupule are hairy (Fig. 7B). Leaves on the cupule show

morpl~ological variations (Figs. 6C, D; 7 8 , E, G; 8C, D). The flowers are protected at the

bud condition by a 3-lobed perianth. The perianth lobes are fused at the base (Fig. 8 C,D)

and each lobe has acentral nerve (Fig. 7F). Sta~nens 3, alternate with the perianth lobes. 2-

3.5mm long, longer than (Fig. 7E; 8C) or equal to the length of the gynoecium (Fig. 8D),

elongate after anthesis. Filaments of the stamens are long and the anthers are sagittate:

anthers are smaller in relation to the ovary (Figs. 7E; XD). Ovary elliptical. I-2mm long,

tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular with numerous ovules on axile placenta (Fig. 8B). Stigma

3-lobed, hairy, 0.25-0.5mm long (Figs. 7E; 8D). Fruit is adehiscent capsule, 1.5-2.5mm

long (Fig. XE), 3-valved, each valve is 3-ribbed. Fruit-stalk is 4mm-2cm long.

Plants collected from 9 different localities are compared in table 1:

FIGURE 5

Dalzellia ceylarzica (Gardn.) Wt.

A. Young crust showing vegetative shoots. Note the dormdnt vegetative buds.

B. Branched crust with vegetative shoots. Note the shoots with rosettes of leaves.

C. Young crust with leaves at the n~argin and on the surface. Note the arrangement

of leaves in rows on the surface.

c , crust; dvb, dormant vegetative bud; rl, rosette leaves; vs, vegetative shoot.

FIGURE 6

Dalzellia ceylanica (Gardn.) W t .

A. Young crust showing vegetative shoots and leavesat the margin. Note the marginal

and submarginal position of the vegetative shoots.

B. One lcaf enlarged. Note the prominent mid rib.

C . Cupule with 3 types of leaves (upper side).

D. Side of the cupule in contuct with the crust. Note the hapteron on a portion of the

thallus.

h, hapteron; m, midrib.

Dalzellia ceylalzica (Gardn.) W t .

A. Crust with vegetative shoots at the margin and on the surface.

B. Cupule showing long hairy leaves towards the tip and non-hairy short leaves

towards the base.

C. Single vegetative shoot with rosettz of leaves (side view)

D. Lobed crust showing vegetative shoots and a floral shoot.

E. Flower pay; 4 y enclosed by cupule.

F. Perianth spread out.

G. Flower bud arising from the cupule.

c , crust; eh, epidermal hairs; fb, flower bud; fs, floral shoot; p, pedicel; pe,

perianth; rl, rosette leaves; s, stigma; vs, vegetative shoot.

FIGURE 8

Dalzellia ceylanica (Gardn.) Wt.

A. Lobed crust with vegetative and floral shoots.

B. Cross-section of the ovary showing axile placentation.

C. Flower partly enclosed by cupule. Note the asymmetry of thecupule and the

presence of two types of leaves.

D. Flower with symmetrical cupule. Note the prostrate position of the cupule and

the presence of longer leaves towards thc tip of the cupule.

E. Fruit.

c, crust; fs, floral shoot; vs. vegetative shoot.

PLATE 2


A. Plant growing on the rock u1nder the water.

B. Plant on the rock under the water showing dendritic growth.

PLATE 3


Dry thallus on rock. Note the growth in dendritic manner.

Dalzellia cevlarzica

Pedicel

Pedicel of the flower 2-4mm long

Pedicel of the flower 2.5-3mm

long

Pedicel of the flower 1.5-2.5mm long

Pedicel of the flower 3-5mm long

Compariso~l

Leaves

8- IS linear leaves arranged in rosettc on each shoot. Leaves 1-1.2Smrn long.

-

10-25 leaves arranged in rosette on each shoot. Leaves upto 2.75 mmlong.

5- 15 linear leaves, manged

Intrasaecific

Secondaryshoots

Arranged ;dl over Ille surf~ce of the crust

Arranged on the margins and on the submargins

Arranged on themargins.

Arranged both marginally and submarginally

of

C~lpule

Cupule synrmctric leaves at the rim of the cupule are longer.

Cupule symmetric, leaves at the rim longer.

Cupule symmetnc, leaves at the rim longer and the leaves

h~

Cupule symmetric, leaves on

as rosette, 1.6cm long

Stamens

Upto 21nm long. longer than the gynoecium

1.75-2mm long, shorter than the gynoecium

Upto 1.75 rnmlong, equal to the gynoecium.

1.5-2mm longequal to the gynoecium

Plant Body

Crust ribbon - like, grows in dendritic manner, each branch 1.5 - 3mm board

Crust irregularly lobed, upto 6.5mm broad.

Crust irregularly lobed, upto 3.5 mm broad

Crust ribbon- like, each branch 2-4mm broad

SI. No.

1.

2.

4.

the rimof the cupule are longer.

Locality

Adukkam

Ambalakkadaw (Nilambur)

el--- Charpa Water Falls

Nilambur (Complex Padi)

- Ovary

I .i- 1.751m long. elliptical

1.5-2mm long. eUiptical

1.5-2mm long, elliptical

1-1.5mm long, elliptical

Sligma

Hairy: 0.25mm long

Hairy, 0.25- 0.5nim long.

Hairy, 0.25-0.5 mmlong

Hairy, 0.4 mm long.

Fruit5

- Capsule 3-valved cach valve 3 - ribbed. Fruit- stalk 4- 6mm long.

Capsule 3-valved, each valve 3- ribbed, Fruit stalk 2-2.5 mm long.

-

Capsule 3- valved, each valve 3- ribbed. Fruit stalk up to 2cm long.

Crust ribbon- like growing in dendritic manner, each lobe I -5-3mn~ hroad.

Arranged all over the surface of the crust.

Crust ribbon- like, growing in a dendritic manner, 3-8mm broad, coenosomatic fusion

Crust ribbon-like growing in dendritic manner, branches upto 2.5mm broad.

noted.

1

Arranged on the surface of the crust.

Arranged all over the surface of the crust.

8 15 leavcs arrangcd in rosette on each shoot. Each leaf less thao Icm long,

-

2 types of leaves presen. In early stage; leaves arranged in rows while in later stages, they are in rosette form. 10-17 linear leaves arranged in rosette on each shoot. Each leaf I - 1.5mm long.

Cupule asymmetric, lcaves absent on the side of the cupule whichisin contact with the crust.

Cupule symmetric, leaves absent on the side which is in Contact with the crust.

Cupule asymmetric, leaves present at the rim are longer.

Pedicel of the flower 2-Jmnl long

Pedicel of the flower upto 3.2cm long.

3-3.5111111 long, longcr than the gynoecium

Upto 1.751nm long, shorter than the gynceciun

-

24mm than the elliptical 0.5mm long. gynoecium long.

2mni long. elliptical

1.5-2.5mm long, elliptical

valved. each valve 3- ribbed. Fruit stalk 2-7mm long.

Hairy. 0.25-0.5 rnm long

Hairy, upto 0.5mm long

Capsule 3- valved. each valve 3- ribbed. Fruit stalk upto 2cm long

Capsule 3- valved, each valve 3- ribhed. Fruit stalk 2mm - 1.3cm long.

Capsule 3-

Urulanthanny

Crust ribbon- like, growing in dendritic manner, each lohs 3-7mm broad. ccono- somatic fusion noted.

Crust irregularly shaped. each lot upto 2.5mm broad.

Arrilngcd on the surfz~cc of the crust.

Arranged on ths

margin

Two typcs oT

leaves presen In early vegetative crust, the leaves are arranged in rows while in mature vegetative crusts, the leaves are in the form of rosettes. In each rosette, 25- 50 leaves present and are upto lmm long.

10-25 leaves in rosettes on each stock. Each leaf upto lmm long.

:upulc ;yrnmetric. eaves are ,resent on[ ,none sidc ,f the :upule vhich is qosite o the N S t .

:upule symmetric. :aves bsent on ne side of le cupule rhich is in sntact wilt le crust.

Ped~cel ,f the nowe 1.75-21nm ong.

edicel of le flower .75-2.25 un long.

Jpto 1.2: lun long. ,hortcr han the [ynoeclun

lpto 2.25 un long, p a l to le yncxrium

--

I .25-21nn long. elliptical

Haity. upto 0.5 rnm long

C;1psulc 3- valved each valve 3- ribbed.Fruit stalk I mm- - I cm long.

Upto 1.5 mm long diptical

3apsule 3- talved. each ialve 3- ibbed. Fruit .talk 2-81nm ong.

3. POLYPLEURUM (Taylor ex Tulasne) Warming

Rheophytic, herbaceous, submerged plants attached to rocks by haptera at the base

or at the points of contact of the thallus with the rocks. Plant body ribbon -shaped or disc-

shaped, free-floating or completely creeping. Vegetative shoots marginal to submarginal,

later transform into floriferous shoots.

Bracts symmetric to asymmetric. Spathella usually funnel-shaped, symmetric to

asymmetric, sometimes with a tendency to become boat-shaped. Flowers marginal to

submarginal, solitary, zygomorphic, pedicellate and terminal. Pedicel of the flower elongates

after fertilization. Stames 2, borne on an andropodiuni. Ovary, elliptical, bicarpellary,

syncarpous and isolobous. Stigma bilobed, lobes equal or subequal. Capsule dehiscent, 2

valved andeach valve with 3 ribs (excluding dehiscence ribs).

Kev to the saecies collected f rom Kerala rivers :-

Thallus ribbon-shaped, thick, upto 30cm long, attached by haptera at the base only, other

portions free-floating, spathella funnel-shaped and symmetric ......................... .P. stylosum

Thallus ribbon-shaped, thick, less than lOcm long, attached by haptera at the base as well

as at other points of contact with the substratum and grows parallel to the substratum,

spathella funnel-shaped, symmetric, rarely asymmetric ................................... F! prosrrarunl*

Thallus ribbon-shaped, thick or thin, upto 5cm long, attached by haptera present all along

the underside of the thallus, completely creeping, spathella funnel-shaped, symmetric or

..................................................................... asymmetric ...................... ... R nzinor.

Thallus disc-shaped, thick, 5-7mm diameter, attached by haptera at the centre of the underside

of the disc-shaped thallus, spathella funnel-shaped, symmetric or asymmetric .................... ............................................................................................................. F! disciforn~iit~l**

* The specific epithet "prostratum" is proposed because of the prostrate habit of the thallus.

** The specific epithet "disciformum" is proposed because of the disc-shaped thallus in this

species.

(a) POLYPLEURUM STYJJOSUM (Wight) J.B.Hall.

Polypleurum stylosum (Wight) J.B.Hall, Kew Bull. 26(1) : 13 1, 197 1 ; Dicrueu stylosu

Wight, <<Dicraea>>, Icon. PI. Or. 5:33, 1952; Wedd. In Dc., Prodr. 17:70, 1873;

Willis. Ann. R. Bat. Gard. Peradeniyal(3) : 225, 1902.

Thallus ribbon-shaped, thick, brown-coloured, up to 30cm long and 5- IOmm broad,

attached by haptera at the base only; other portions are free-floating (Figs.9A, IOA, B, C);

vegetative and floral shoots marginal, flowers present towards the older parts of the thallus.

Bracts 2-6, symmetric, lower ones very small while upper two are bigger and helmet-

shaped (Fig. 1 IA, E). Pedicel of the flower 3-5mm long, which elongates after fertilization.

Spathella funnel-shaped (Fig.1 lB,C) 4-7.5mm long, 2-8 lobed, sometimes one of the lobes

again forked (Fig. 1 lB). Tepals 2,0.75-2.5mm long, shorter than the ovary (Fig.1 ID),

sometimes equal to the ovary (Fig. 1 IH). Stamens 2, borne on an andropodium, 3-4mm

long, usually equal to the length of the gyuoecium (Fig. 1 lD), sometimes longer than the

gynoecium (Fig. 11H). The androecium elongates considerably after anthesis (Fig. i IA).

Ovary elliptical (Fig. 11D,H), 2-3.5mm long, 8-ribbed (including dehiscence ribs),

bicarpellay, syncarpous, isolobous with numerous ovules on axile placenta (Fig. 1 lG). Stigma

bilobed (Fig.1 lH), obcuneate, 0.75-2mm long, usually lobes almost equal, rarely unequal

and sometimes one of the lobes again forked. Fruit-stalk 8mm-2.8cm long. Capsule

isolobous, 2.5-3.5mm long, 2-valved, each valve with 3 ribs (Fig.1 lF).

Plants collected from4 different localities are compared in table 2.

FIGURE 9

Polypleurum stylosum (Wt.) Hall.

A. Thallus showing floral shoots.

fs, floral shoot.

Polypleurum stylosum (Wt.) Hall.

A. Thallus showing floral shoots. Note the crowding of the flowers towards the

base.

B. Thallus showing floral shoots towards the tip.

C. Floral shoots distributed more or less equally all along the thallus.

fs. floral shoot

FIGURE 11

Polypleurunt stylosunt (Wt.) Hall.

Flower with spathella and bracts.

Funnel - shaped spathella. Note the splitting of one of the two lobes.

Two-lobed spathella. Note the presence of a bigger lobe and a small lobc.

Flower after removal of spathella. Note short tepals.

2pairs ofbracts.

Fmit.

Cross-section of an isolobous o\'ary.

Flower after removal of spathella. Note the long tepals.

b, bract; p, pedicel; s, stigma; sp, s~a the l l a ; t, tepal

Intraspecific Com~arison of Polvnleicrrtrrz stvloszcnz

%.no. and Position of the vegetative

shoots

I . Cheeyappara Upto 7 cm Arranged towards long and the base of the 5-6mm thallus

I forked. I

4-6 Upto7.5mm long, 3 or more lobed

3. Thommenkuthu Upto 15cm Equally distributec

Upto2mm long, shoner than the ovaly

. . P s. . .

I ling, 2-61114 onthe thallus

than 1 cm

3-5mm long, shorter than thegynoecium

2. Pooyamkutty

forked

Upto4mm long

Upto LOcm long and 3-5mm

1 2-4

2-4

Arranged towards the base only

Upto2mm long, lobes equal, sometimes one of the lobes

than the ovary

Upto 4-5mm long, 7-8 lobed

Upto 4mm long 2 lobed

3-3.5mrnlong shorter or equal to the gynoeciun

3-3.5mm long, equal to the gynoecium

3-4mm long, longer than the gynoecium

- - -

1.5-2mm long, shorter than the ovaly

Upto 0.75mm long, shorter

2-3mmlong

2.5-3.5mm

10%

2.5-3mm . long

0.75-1.25 nun long, lobes equal one lobe forked

0.75-Imm long, lobes unequal

- 0.75-1.25 mm long, lobes unequal

Capsule 2.5-3mm long; stalk 5.5mm- 1.2 cm long

Cap~ule 3- 3.5mm long, stalk 7mm - 1.2cm long.

Capsule 2.5- 3mm long; stalk 1.25 mm-2.8crn long.

(b) POLYPLEURUM PROSTRATUM Mathew et Nileena

Thallus ribbon-shaped, brown to green-coloured, 2-7cm long and 2mni-1.1 cm broad.

attached to the substratum by haptera at the base as well as at other points where the thalli

are in contact with the substratum, the remaining portions being free and parallel to the

substratum (Fig. 12A,B; PI. 4A). Vegetative shoots become transformed to floral shoots,

marginal or submarginal in position (Figs. 12A; 13A: PI. 4B).

Bracts 2-4, usually symmetric or asymmetric in shape, lower ones smaller (Fig. 12C).

Spathella funnel-shaped, 3-5.5mm long, generally symmetrical (Fig. 13D; 14B,C,E),

sometimes asymmetric (Fig.13C). 2-5 lobed. sometimes one of the lobes may divide again

(Fig. 14B). Tepals 2; 1.25-2.5rnmlong, shorter than the ovary (Fig. 13F), rarely equal to

the length of the ovary (Fig. 14A). Stamens 2; 1.75-4mm long, usually longer than the

gynoecium (Fig. 14A), sometimes shorter than (Fig. I4D) or equal to the gynoecium (Figs.

13B,F; 14D); elongate after anthesis. Ovary elliptical 8-ribbed (including dehiscence

ribs), 1.5-3.5mm long, bicarpellary, syncarpous, isolobous with numerous ovules on axile

placenta (Fig. 13G). Stigma bilobed, 0.25-1.25mm long, obcuneate to ovate, lobes usually

equal [Fig. 13B, F; 14A), sometimes subequal (Fig. 14D). Fruit-stalk 5mm-2.7cm long.

Capsule isolobous, 2-4mm long, 2-valved, each valve with 3 ribs (excluding dehiscence

ribs) (Fig. 13E).

Plants collected from 7 different localities are compared in table 3.

FIGURE 12

Polypleurum prostratum Mathew el Nileena

A. Thallus showing upper side.

B. Side view of the thallus showing haptera towards the centre.

C. Two pairs of bracts. Note the smaller lower pair.

h, hapteron; vs, vegetative slioot.

FIGURE 13

Polypleurum prostratum Mathew et Nileena

4. Thallus with flowers

B. Young flower with bracts.

C. Asymmetricalspathella.

D. Symmetrical spathella.

E. Fruit

F. Flower after removal of spathella.

G. Cross-section of isolobous ovary showing anile placentati611.

h, hapteron.

FlGURE 14


A. Flower after removal of spathella.

B. 3-lobed spathella. Note the fo rk~ng of one of the three lobes

C. Funnel - shaped spathella without distinct lobes.

D. Flower with spathella and bracts. Note the subequal lobes of stigma.

E. 2-lobed spathella.

f. filament; p, ped~cel ; t. tepal

PLATE 4


A. Habit. Thallus growing parallel to the rock.

B. A portion of the floriferous thallus enlarged.

Intras~ecific Comparison of Polypleuri~rn urostrntur?l

Sl.no. and Position of Spathella Te pals Andrnecium Ovary Stignia Fruit

and floral

I shoots I I I I I I I I I

2.5-3cm long, 5-8mni broad, attached at the base as well as at the points of contact with the substratum

Marginal to sub-marginal

Upto 1.25 long, equal to the ovary

1 2-4, symmetnc

llpto 2mm long, shorter than the gynoeciurn

Symmetric. upto4mm long, 3-lobed

equal

1.25mm long

Capsule 2-2.5mm long; stalk 4-8mm long

Obcuneate, upto 0.5mm long, lobes

2-3.50cm long, 5-8mm broad, attached at the base only

Ovate, upto 0.5mm long, lobes unequal

Upto 3mm long, longer than thegynoecium

Capsule up to 3mm long; stalk 5mm-1.2cm long.

Marginal to sub-marginal

2.5-3rnm long

Upto 2cm 1 Marginal to long, 3-Smm sub-marginal broad, attached at the base only

2-2.5cm Sub-marginal long, 5mm- lcm broad, attached at

the base

2, symmetric

4-4.5- long,

Symmetric, u p t o 5 m long, 5-lobed

1.25- 1.5177111 long, shorter than the ovary

Upto 2nun long, shorter than the ovary

2, rarely 3, svmme-

1.5-2mm long, shorter than the ovary i Asymmetric

4-5mm long, 2-lobed, sometimes

2 . 2 5 - 3 m long, equal to the gynoecium

3.5-4mm long. equal to the gynoecium

1.5-2mm long

2-3 mm long

Obcuneate, 0.5-0.75mn long, lobes unequal

--

Capsule 2-4mm long; stalk 5mm- 1.2cm long

Obcuneate, 0.25-0.5mm long, lobes equal

Capsule 2.5-3mm long; stalk 7.25mm - 1.7cm long.

5 . Teekoy

i. Mukkadavu

I . Nelliampathy

2-2.5cm long, 4mm- 1.Icm broad, attached at the base only

Upto 3cm long, 2-4mm, broad, attached at the base only

3-7cm long, 4.8mm broad, attached at the base only

Marginal lo iub-mnrgin:ll

ub-marginal

2, asymmetric

2-3. symmetric or asymm etric

2-3, slightly asymmetric

Symmetirc. 3-3.5mm long 2-lobed, or irregularly many-lobed

Symmelric 4.5-5.5mm long, 3-lobed

Symmetric, 4-5mm long, 3-lobed. sometimes one lobe forked, rarely with numerous small lobes

1 -5-2mnm long. rhol.ter tIi;~n the ovar!

1.75-2mm long. shorter than the ovar)

2-2.5mm lone equal to the ovary

1.75-2mm long. shorter than the gynoecium

3.5-4mm long, longer than thegynoeciuni

3.5-4mm long, longer than the gynoecium

2-3.5mm long

2-2.5mm long

2-2.5nml long

Obc~lneate. I - 1.25mm long. lobcs unequal

Obcuneate, 0.75-imm long, lobes subequal

Obcuneate, 0.5-0.75mm long, lobes subequal

Capsule 2-4nun long; stalk 5-10mm long

Capsule 2.5-4mm long; stalk 1.25-2.6cm long

(c) POLYPLEURUM MINOR (Wedd.) Nagendran, Arekal e t subramanyam,

comb. nov.

Polypleurum minor (Wedd.) Nagendran, Arekal et Subramanyam, comb. nov.

(=Dicraea minor Weddel in DC Prodromus 17 : 71, 1873).

Thallus ribbon-shaped, generally thick, sometimes thin, 2-5cm long, 2-8mm broad,

completely creeping, usually green to light green-coloured, sometimes brown-coloured or

red-coloured, attached to substratum by means of haptera all along the underside of the

thallus (Fig. 17A, B); rarely only the base of the thallus is attached to the substratum.

Vegetative shoots become floral shoots, marginal or submarginal in position (Fig. 15A,B,C).

Bracts 2-5 in number, usually symmetric with a tendency for asymmetry (Figs. 16.4, B;

17C). Sometimes leaf-tips persist on the bracts (Fig. l5A). Spathella funnel-shaped, 3-

5mm long, symmetric or asymmetric, generally 2-lobed, sometimes 3 or 5 lobed (Figs.

16D-F, H-J). Tepals 2, 1-3mm long, usually shorter than (Fig. 16 C, G) or equal to the

ovary (Fig. 17D), rarely longer than the ovary. Stamens 2; 2-3.5mm 1;ong. borne on an

andropodium, equal to or longer than the gynoecium (Fig. 16A, C, G), rarely shorter than

the gynoecium (Fig. 17D). Ovary elliptical, 1.75-3mm long, isolobous, 8-ribbed including

dehiscence ribs, rarely smooth (Figs. 16C, G; 17D) with numerous ovules on an axile placenta

(Fig. 16K). Stigma bilobed, 0.5-lmm, obcuneate to ovate, subequal or equal (Fig. 16C.

G). Fruit is a dehiscent capsule which is 1.75-3.25mm long. isolobous, 2-valved, each

valve 3-ribbed (Fig. 16L). Fruit-stalk 2.25mm - 1.8cm long.


FIGURE 15

Polypleurum nlinor (Wedd.) Nagendran, Arekal et Subramanyam

A. Young thallus showing vegetative and floral shoots.

B. Thallus showing floral shoots

C. Older thallus showing fruits. Note the persisting bracts at the base of the fruit

stalks.

fr, fruit; fs, floral shoot; vs, vegetative shoot.

FIGURE 16

Polypleurum minor (Wedd.) Nagendran, Arekal et Subramanyam

Flower with spathella and bracts.

Bracts.

Flower after removalof the spathella. Note. tepals which are shorter than the

ovary.

Funnel-shaped spathella with 3 unequal lobes.

Funnel-shaped spathella with 3 unequal lobes. Note further lobing of the

bigger lobe.

Funnel-shaped spathella with2 lobes.

Flower after thc remo\,al of the spathslla. Note the elliptical, ribbed ovary.

Asymmetrical spathclla with 3 lobea.

Syinmetrical spathella with 3 equal lobes.

Asylnlr~eirical spathella with 5 lobes.

Cross-section of an isolobous ovary showing axile placentation.

Fixit.

o , ovary; s, stigma; sp, spathella; t, tepal.

FIGIJRE 17

Polypleurum minor (Wedd.) Nagendran, Arekal el Subramanyam

A. Ribbon-shaped young thallus (upper side)

B. Ribbon-shaped young thallus (lower side) showing haptera.

C. Young flower covered by spathella and bracts.

D. Flower after the removal of spathella. Note the tepals which are equal to the

length of ovary.

b, bract; f, filament; 11, hapteron; o, ovary; p, pedicel; sp, spathella; t , tepal.

Intraspecific Comnarison of Polwleurrinl nzirzor

Sl.no. and Position of place Thallus the vegetative liracls Spathella Tepals Androecium Ovary

and floral Fruit 1 Stigma

I shoots I I 0.5mm long lobes, unequal

1. Pullampara

3.5-6mm long, equal 2.5-3mm long. longer than the gynoecium

Upto 2cm long. 3mm broad, thick

2-2.6cm long, 2.6mm broad, thick

1 Marginal to sub marginal

Marginal

2.25mm 0.5-0.75mr long, long, lobes ribbed equal,

sometimes unequal

Capsule I 2.5-3mm long; stalk 1.5-2.7cm long

Capsule 2.5-3.25mm long: stalk 5-6 mm long

Capsule 2.5-3mm long, stalk 2.5-7.5mm long.

2-4, symmetric

3. Vellathooval 4 etric

Symmetric. upto 3.6mm long, irregular, many lobed

Marginal to sub marginal

Upto 2cm long, 3mm broad, thin

Upto I .5mm long, shorter than the ovary

Symmetric, 2-31m long, or asymmetric, shorter than 4-5mmlong, or equal to 3-lobed the ovary

3-3.5mm long. 2.25-3rnm equal to the long, gynoecium ribbed

2.5-3rnm long. longer than the gynoeciurn

0.5-0.75mn long, lobes unequal

Upto 1.75 mm long, smooth

equal to the long, gynoecium ribbed

0.25-0.5mn long, lobes equal

Marginal to 2-3, submarginal s y m

tric with persistent leaf tips

4. Pakuthippalam Symmetric, 2- lobed sometimes 4-lobed, 4-4.5 long

2-3cm long, 2-4mm

1.5-1.75mm long, shorter than the ovary broad,

thin

1 Upto Icm Marginal long. 2- 2.5mm broad, thin

2, symmetric

Symmetric, 3.54mm long, 2-lobed, one of them again forked L I-1.51m 2.5-3mm long,

long, shorter equal to the than the gynoecium

long, ribbed unequal mm long,

stalk5mm- lcmlong

5. Pambla

6. Karimban Upt0 3cnl long. 2- 10 mm broad, thick or thin

Upto 2 cm long, 3-5mm broad, thick

-- Upto 5 cm long, 2-8mm broad, thin

Mwginal

Marginal

Marginal

2-3, symmn- ctUc

2-4, sometimes 3, sym11- etric

2-3, rarely 5 symmetric

Symmetric. 3-3.5mm long. 2 or 3- lobed

-- Symmelric, 3-4mm long, 2-lobed, I lobe again forked

Symmetric and synunetric, 3-4.5mm long, 2-lobed

Broad, 1.5- 1.75mm long, shoner than the ovary

1.5-1.75mm long, equal to the ovary

2-2.5mm long, long, longer than the ovary

2.75-3mm long, shorter than or equal to the gynmium

2 - 3 m long, ribbed

2-2.5mm long, longer than the gynoecium

2-2.5mm long, equal to the gynoecium

1.75-2mm long, ribbed

1.75-2.25 mm long, ribbed

m long 2-2.5mm lobes long, stalk unequal 3.5-4n1rn

0.5-0.75 ----- mm long,

unequal

mm long, 1.75-2.5mrr

2.25-8mm long.

(d) POLYPLEURUM DISCIFORMUM Mathew et Nileena

Thallus usually disc-shaped (5-7mm in diameter) (Fig. 18A), rarely ribbon - shaped

(2-2.5cm long and 4-6mm broad) (Fig. 19A), thick, attached to the substratum by haptera

at the centre of the underside of the disc-shaped thallus, in others thalli are attached to the

substratum at the points of contact only (Fig 180).

Floral shoots are marginal or submarginal in position (Figs. 18A; 19A). Bracts 2-4.

symmetric or asymmetric (Fig. 18B, C). Spathella4-5mm long, funnel-shaped, 2-5 lobed,

symmetric or asymmetric with a strong tendency towards boat-shaped spathella (Fig. 18E-

G). Tepals 2, 1.75-2.25mmlong, shorter than the ovary (Fig 18H), sometimes equal to the

length of the ovary (Fig. 19B). Stamens 2, 1.5-4mm long, usually equal to the gyuoecium

(Figs. 18H; 19B), sometimes shorter or longer than the gynoecium. Ovary elliptical, 1.5-

3mm long, isolobous, rarely anisolobous, 8-ribbed including dehiscence ribs with numerous

ovules on axile placeta (Fig. 18J). Fruit is a dehiscent capsule which is 2-3.5mm long,

icolobous, rarely anisolobous, 2-valved, each valve with 3 ribs (Fig. 181).

Plants collected from 3 different localities are compared in table 5

FIGURE 18

Polypleururn disciformuin Mathew et Nileena

Typical disc-shaped Lhallus (upper side) wilh floral shoots.

Bracts showing nsymrnetry.

Bracts. Upper bracts showing symmetry.

Disc-shaped thallus (lower side) showing liaptera near the centre.

Asymmetric spathella with 4 lobes.

Synmetric sp'athella with vague lobing.

Spathella (side view) showing tendency for boat-shaped condition.

Mature flower after the removal of spathella.

Fluit.

Cross-section of an isolobous ovary showing axile placentation.

f , filament;fs, floral shoot; h, haptera; o, ovary; t, tepal.

Zmm 0 2 m m 0 ' m m ) 0 - 1 m 7

I % a 9

F G J

FIGURE 19

Polypleurzrm disciforrnunz Mathew et Nileena

A. Part of a ribbon-shaped thallus with floral shoots.

B. Young flower after the removal of spathella. Note the tepals which arc

equal to the length of theovary.

fs, floral shoot; t. tepal

4. CLADOPUS H M6ller

Cladopus HMoller, Ann. Jard. Bat. Buitenzorg, SEr. 2 , l : 115 (1899); Van Sreenis, F1. Males. l(4): 66( 1949); Bak. & Bakhuisen van den Brink, F1. Java, 1: 204 (1963); Ohwl. F1. Japan: 394 (1965); C. Cusset, F1. Cambodge,Laos, Vi^et-Nam 14: 71 (1973).

Mniopsh Mat &Zucc. sect. GriffithellaTul., Arch. Mus. Paris6: 147 (1852).

Griffithella (Tul.) Warm., Danske Vidensk Selsk. Skrift, sir. 6, nat. og math., l l(1): 12 (1901).

Lzwiella Koidz., in Y. Dor. FI. Satsum l(2): 21(1927); emend. Koidz., in Y. Doc, FI. Satsum. 2: 94 (1931); Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 23-24 (1935); Chao. Contr. Inst. Bat. nat. Acad. Peiping6(1) : 5 (1948).

Submerged rheophytic herbs with polymorphous plant body. Deeply lobed thalli attached to rocks at different points and cup-shaped thalli attached to rocks at a single point by haptera on the underside of the cup. The vegetative and floral shoots arise at the margin in the branched thallus and at the rim of the thallus and at the submarginal position in the cup-shaped forms. Leaves may occur in the centre of the cup. Flowers pedicellate, protected by bracts and membraneous spathella which is boat-shaped. Stamens 2, borne on an andropodium. Ovary globose, isolobous, with numerous ovules on swollen axile placenta. Stigma bilobed. Fruit is a dehiscent capsule which is smooth and globose.

CLADOPUS HOOKERIANUS (Tulasne) C. Cusset

Cladopus hookeriar~us (Tul) C. Cusset. F1. Cambodge, Laos, Vi&-Nam 14: 7 1

(1973)

Mniopsis hookeriarla Tul., Arch. Mus. Paris 6: 147 (1852) - Griffithella hookeriana (Tul.) warm., Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift., Sir. 6, nat. og math. I l (1) : 13 (1901); Cook, FI. Bombay 2: 521 (1906).

Griffithella willisiana Warm., I.C., ll(1): 13 (1901) Type : Ritchie 863, Inde (holo- G-boiss.)

Griffithella hookeriana var. willisiana (Warm) Gamble, FI. Madras 2: (191 8).

Cladopus willisiana (Warm.) C. Cusset, FI. Cambodge, Laos, Vist-Nam 14: 72 (1973).

Podostemurn ecostaturn Griff., mss. in sched., E, K, P.

Submerged herbs with polymocphous thalli which are either ribbon-shaped (Fig 21B) or cup-shaped which is upto 2cm in diameter (Figs 20A; 21A). They are attached to the rocks by haptera on the underside at different points in ribbon-shaped thalli (Fig. 2 LC) and at a single point in cup-shaped thalli (Fig. 20D).

The flowers are single, terminal, protected by distichously arranged bracts in the bud condition (Fig. 20A. C). These bracts are formed by the sheathing bases of leaves. The leaftips may or may not exist. There is a membraneous spathella covering the flower. This splits into several lobes and is funnel-shaped. Stamens 2, borne on an andropodium and the androeciuin is shorter than gynoecium (Fig 20E). Ovary globose, smooth, bicarpellary, syncarpous, isolobous (Fig. 20E) with numerous ovules on a swollen axile placenta (Fig. 20F). Stigma bilobed and obcuneate (Fig. 20E). Fruit is a dehiscent capsule which is smooth, spherical with 2 equal valves (Figs. 20B; 21A). Fruit-stalk 2- 8mm long.

FIGURE 20

Cladopus hookeriallus (Tul.) C . Cusset.

A. Cup-shaped thallus (upper-side) showing vegetative and floral shoots.

B. Fruit.

C. Young flower bud. Note the persisting leaflips.

D. Lower side of the cup-shaped thallus with hapteron. Note the flower but1

arising from the hapteron.

E. Flower after removing the spathella.

F. Cross-section of an isolobous ovary showing axile placentalwn

f, filament; fh, flower bud; h, hapleron; It, leaf1 tip; o, ovary; t , tepal

FIGURE 21

Cladopus hookerianus (Tul.) C. Cusset

A. Cup-shaped thallus with mature fl-uits.

B. Portion of a ribbon-shaped thallus (upper side)

C. Portion of ribbon-shaped thallus (lower side) showing haptera

fr, fruit; h, hapteron

5. FARMERIA Willis

Farmeria Willis in : Notes to Trimen's Flora of Ceylon, V : 386, 1900; Ann. R.

Bot. Gard., Peradeniya l(3) : 246 & l(4) : 396,1902.

Podosternortis Trimen in F1. Ceyl., I11 : 419, 1895

Rheophytic submerged herbs growing on rough rocks. The filamentous plant body is attached to rough rocks by means of haptera. Vegetative and floral shoots are marginal in position. Almost all vegetative shoots later become floral shoots. Flowers are sesile, solitary and open below the level of the water. Ovary bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular and anisolobous; one loculus is aborted. The fertile loculus consists of 2 ovules on pendulous placenta. Fruit sessile, indehiscent, smooth and spherical with two seeds.

FARMERIA METZGERIOIDES (Trimen) Willis

Farrneria metzgerioides (Trimen) Willis in: Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya,

l (3 ) : 247, 1902 & l(4): 397, 1902; Engler in : Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam. 18a: 67, 1920; Nagendran & Arekal, J.Econ. Tax. Bot. 14(3): 1990; C. Cusset, Bull. Mus. natl., Hist. nat. Paris, 4C set., 14, sect.B, Adansonia, n"1: 19, 1992.

Podostemor~ metzgerioides Trimen in : A Hand Book of the F1. Ceylon, 419, 1895.

Completely creeping rheophytic herbs with filamentous thalli (Figs. 22A, C; 23A, P1.5A, B). Thallus 0.75-2mm broad, attached to rough rocks at regular intervals (Fig. 22A). Vegetative shoots marginal, possess 2-6 distichously arranged monothecous leaves; leaves linear, subulate, upto 5mm long. Most of the vegetative shoots later become transformed into floral shoots. Each floral shoot possesses a solitary, terminal and sessile flower protected by 2-4 distichously arranged bracts which cover the flower almost completely (Fig. 22B, E). Flowers open when submerged in water. Flower buds are again protected by mernbraneous spathellae which open at their tips to form 2-3 lobes (Figs. 22B; 23B, C). Stamen 1,1.5-4mm long, equal to the length of gynoecium. elongates after anthesis (Figs. 22D, F, G; 23D, F). Anthers 2 - lobed, lobes subequal, dorsifixed (Fig. 23D). Tepals 2; delicate, membraneous, equal to the length of the ovary. elongate after anthesis (23F). Ovary obovoid (Fig 22F; 23F) to spherical (Fig 23E), 0.5-lmm long, bicarpellary, syncarpous, one of the loculi becomes aborted and the remaining one consists of 2 ovules on pendulous placenta (Fig. 221). Stigma 2-lobed (22D, F), raely 4 - lobed, sometimes one of the lobes forked (Fig. 23F); linear, subulate; 0.75-3.2mm long. Fruit is acapsule which is indehiscent, smooth, spherical (22H; 23G), 0.75-lmm long, sessile with2 seeds.

FIGURE 22

Farmeria metzgerioides (Trimen) Willis

Filamentous thallus with vegetative shoots. Note the presence of haptera at regu!ar

intervals.

Portion of thallus with a young flower.

Filamcntous thallus with floral shoots. I

Flower after removing the spathella. Note the cylindrical subulate st1 a lobes. X" ' Flower bud protected by spathella and bracts.

Young flower oftcr re~noving the spathclla.

Stamen before anthes~s (side away from the ovary). Note two tepals at the sidcs

of the filament.

Sessile and srnoolh fmil. Note the persisting portion of the stigma.

Pendulous placenta with two ovules

b, bract; fs, floral shoot; h, hapteron; ov, ovulc; s, stigma; sp, spathella; us,

vegetative shoot.

FIGURE 23

Farmeria metzgerioides (Trimen) Willis

A. Portion of thallus with a flower. Note that the flower is almost completely

covered by spathella and bracts.

B. Spathella with two lobes.

C. Asymmetrical spathella with 2 lobes.

D. Stamen.

E. Gynoecium

F. Mature flower after removing the spathella. Note the presence of forking

of one of the stigma lobes.

G. Sessile and smooth fruit.

b, bract; o, ovary; s, stigma; sp, spathella: t, tepal

PLATE 5

Farmeria metzgeriodes (Trimen) Willis

A. Habit. Thallus growing on rough rock.

B. Enflarged view of the habit

6. MAFERRIA C. Cusset, gen. nov.

Maferria (Willis) C. Cusset in : Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. nat. Paris, 4e s'er, 14, sect. B, Adansonia, n0l: 34, 1992.

Farmeria Willis, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniyal(3) : 246 (1902), p.p. quoad F. indica, Willis.

Submergedrheophytic herbs with fila~nentous thalli attached to rocks by means of haptera at regular intervals. The distal portions of the thalli are free-floating. Monothecous and bithecous leaves present. Sometimes leaves hairy. Flowers pedicellate and open below the level of water. Ovary ovate to elliptical, ribbed, bicarpellary. ayncarpous, bilocular and anisolobous. Fruit is stalked, dehiscent capsule which is elliptical, anisolobous, ribbed with 8-1 1 seeds.

MAFERRIA INDICA (Willis) C. Cusset Comb. nov.

Maferria ir~dica (Willis) C. Cusset in : Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, 4' a&. 14,

sect.B, Adansonia, no 1 :34, 1992.

Farateria indica Willis, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya l(3): 248

(1902); l(4) : 403 (1902); emend. Arekal & Nagendran, Proc. Ind.

Acad. Sc. 80, sect.B, 5: 226-228, 1 pl. (1974).

Submerged herbs with filamentous thalli (Fig.24A: PI. 6A, B) 0.5-1. lmm broad, attached to rocks by haptera at regular intervals (Fig. 24D). Distal portions of the thalli are free-floating. Secondary shoots marginal and consists of 4-6 distichous 'leaves which are linear. subulate, 4-10mm long. Both monothecous and bithecous leaves occur. Each bithecous leaf has got aprominent sheathing base (Fig. 25K, L); soli~etimes leaves hairy (Fig. 24B). Most of the secondary shoots become floral shoots. The sheathing bases of leaves form the bracts which are 4-6 in number (Fig. 21C; 25A, B). Each floral shoot bears a solitary, terminal, pedicellate flower (Fig. 25B) protected by membraneous spathella which opens at its tip and becomes many-lobed; each spathella up to 2mm long (Fig. 2%). The pedicel of the flowers 0.5-lmm long. Stamen single, 1.25-1.8mm long, elongates after anthesis, shorter than the gynoecium (Fig. 25C). Anthers 2-lobed, lobes subequal, dorsifixed (Figs. 25D, E). Tepals 2; delicate, membraneous, 0.5-0.75mm long, shorter than the ovary. Ovary ovate to elliptical, I - 1 5n1m long, faintly ribbed (Fig. 25G). bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular, anisolobous with 8-1 1 ovules on axile placenta (Fig. 251). Stigma 2- lobed (Fig. 25C), sometimes lobes subequal (Fig. 25G), linear, subulate, 0.5-0.75mm long, elongates upto a length of 2.5mm after fertilization (Fig. 25F). Fruit is a capsule, which is stalked, ovate to elliptical in shape (Fig. 25F, G, H), 2- valved, valves unequal, each valve with 5-ribs (excluding dehiscence ribs) (Fig.25 G,

H). Each fruit contains 8-1 1 seeds. Fruit-stalk 0.75 - lmm long.

illaferriu indica (Willis) C. Cusset

A. ' rhallus with vegcra~ivc anL[ tloral-il~ool\.

B. Portion of'tlinllus with vegetative shoots. Notc lllr cpider~rial hail-s 011 Lhe

leaves.

C . Portion of thalius ahuwing flower bud and young rruit.

D. Lower side of thc ihallus showing haplcra at regular intervals.

eh, epitlel-~llal hi~irs: fr. fruiL; t's. flol-;\l shoot: 11. hap~rl-;I: vs. vcgct;iti\c \ l ioo~

Th:lllus with vegct;~livc and floral-shaols.

Flower bud.

You112 flowel-aller rc~iioviil ofsp;rthclla.

S t a r n c ~ ~ (side facing 111e ovan-y) will1 r-pi~l. N o ~ c (he urlzijnol ailthcr\.

Stailien (side away !roll1 rhe ovilry).

Youn: fruil. N[~le (he long anti pcrsl\lenl l i y n a lobcs.

Older f l - ~ ~ i t with j)el.s;\Lellt htigm;~ lobe\.

Mature f i l l i t .

Cross-section of the ovary shvwing f c w O V L I I ~ S O I I i~xile placenta.

Funnel-shaped spntllelln (side visw).

Basal pol.tion of a bithecous lcaf showing rhc side facing the Slowcr.

Bas;11 portion of :I hithecous lcaf st~owing thc side i ~ w l ~ y fro111 the J"1owc.r.

h, bract, ca, capsule; f , filament; f's, floral shoot: s. stigma; vs. vcget;itive

shoot.

PLATE 6

Maferria indica (Willis) C. Cusset

A&B. Habit. Note the plant on the stone in the centre which is sub:ll~e~-lnzrged in

water.

7. HYDROBRYOPSIS Englet

Hydrobryopsis Engler. Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,18a : 60 (1928).

Submerged rheophytic herbs seen on the rocks of swift running waters in

high altitudes. The plants have dorsiventrally flattened thalli which are ribbon-shaped

with frequent branching in a pinnate fashion. They are attached to rocks by haptera all

along the underside of the thalli. The vegetative shoots arise on themargins as well as on

the surface. Each consists of 4-6 leaves arranged distichously. The sheathing bases of

the leaves form bracts. Flowers solitary, terminal and sessile. Ovary globose, smooth

and anisolobous. Fruit is sessile or very shortly stalked, dry, delliscent capsule which is

smooth and globose.

HYDROBRYOPSIS SESSILIS (Willis) Engler

Hydrobryopsis sessilis (Willis) Engler in Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2,18a : 60(1928).

Hydrobryum sessile Willis, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, l(3): 239 (1920).

Submerged rheophytes with ribbon -like thallus (Fig. 26A, G), 1-5mrn broad, green in colour, branched and attached to rocks by haptera on the underside of the thallus (Fig. 27B). Vegetative shoots are borne at the margin, in the axils of the branches as well as on their surface (Fig. 26A, G). Most of the vegetative shoots are transformed into floriferous shoots. Leaves4-6, distichous with sheathing bases. The sheathing bases later function as the bracts of the flowers (Fig. 26A, B). The leaf tips persistent (Fig. 26B) or caducous (Fig. 26G). The lower bracts are smaller. The flowers are protected by melnbraneous spathellae, 1-1.25rnm long, boat-shaped with lobes (Fig 26C) or without lobes at the base of the split (Fig. 27A). Flowers sessile, solitary. Stamens 2, borne on an andropodium, I-2mm long, elongate after anthesis (Fig. 26D; 27C). Tepals 2, equal to the ovary (Fig. 27C) or longer than the ovary (Fig. 26D), dark-coloured and each on either side of the andropodium. Ovary globose, 0.75-1.5rnn1 in diameter, smooth, eccentric (Fig 26D). bicarpellary, syncarpous. anisolobous with numerous ovules on swollen axile placenta (Flg. 26E). Stigma bilobed, each lobe less than 0.25- Imm long, conical in shape, eccentric in position (Fig. 26D).

Fruit is dry dehiscent capsule with a short pedicel, less than 1-3mm long. Capsule globose, smooth, anisolobous, 1-1.5mm in diameter (Fig. 26F).

Plants collected froin 6 different localities are compared in table 6.

Hydrobryopsis sessilis (Willis) Engl.

A. Thallus showing inal.ginal and suhlr~arginal Hal-a1 shooth.

U. Two pairsofhracts. Note the persisting leaftipa on the upper bl-act5

C . Spathella.

D. F1owc1- after rcnioval of spathel1;i.

E. CI-oss-section of an anisolobous ovary showing ax~ l e placentarinn~

. Fruit. N o ~ e the eccentric positioli of the persis~ent stigma.

G Thallus showing rnaryir~al vegetative and lloral shoots.

ca, capsule: fs. floral shoci: It, leaf tip; o , ovary: s , stigma: t, repal: vs.

~egctarive ahooL.

FIG1 IRE 27

Hydrobryopsis sessilis (Willis) Engl.

A. Spathella w~thout lobe at the base.

B. Thallus (lowers~de) showing haptera.

C. Marure flower after relnoval of apathella.

T, filament: h , haptera; t. tepal

Intrasgecific Con~narison of Hvdrobrvopsis sessilis

Spathella N a n ~ e of the locality

Ribbon-shaped, Marginal 1.5-3mm broad, and on branched the profusely a d surface. arranged very closely.

Ribbon-shaped Marginal up to 2mm branched

Thallus

4 distichous bracts, leaf lips persisting.

Boat - shaped upto lmn long with lobes at the base of the split

Position of the secondary shoot

2, lnona- delphous, I-1.5mm long. equal to the gynoecium, elongates after anthesis.

Bracts

leaf tips persisting

4-6 distichous bracts, sometimes

2, mona- ' delphous 1.5mm long, equal to the gynoecium, elongales after anthesis

Boat - shaped upto 2mm long

2, one on either side of the andropodium, longer than the ovary, 1-1.25mm long, dark coloured

Dry dehiscent capsule which is globse, smooth, anisolobous. Fruit stalk is very short, less than

Globose, smooth, 0.75 -lnun in diameter, bicarppellary. syncarpous, an~solobus wlth nurne- rous owles on swollen

2, one on either side of andropodium, equal to the ovary, 1-1.25 mm long, ligh~ coloured

Bilobed. conical lobes, less than 0.25-0.5 mmlong, ecentric

axile placenta Ovary almost sessile.

Dry dehiscent capsule which is nearly globose, faintly ribbed, anisolobous. Fruit stalk is l-2nun

Nearly Globose, smooth, 0.75-lmm in diameter, bicarppellary, syncarpous, with numerous ovules on swollen axile placenta. Ovary stalked.

long

Bilobed, conical lobes upto 0.5mm long

Nearly globose, smooth, I-I.5mm in diameter, bicarpellary, syncarpous with numerous ovules on swollen wile placenta. o v w nearly sessile

Globose, smooth, lnmm in diameter, bi- carp ell^, syncarpous, anisolobous with numerous ovules on swollen axile placenta

0V;uy stalked.

2, one on either sideof the andropodiutn, equal to the ovary, I-1.5mm long. eight coloured

---

2, one on either side of the andropodium, up to 1 rnm long equal to the ovary, tight coloured.

-

-

Ribbon shaped. 1.5-2 mm broad branched

Ribbon shaped, up to 2mm broad branched

Biiobed, conical to obcuniate. up to lmm long

Bilobed. obcuniate, up to 0.5 mmlong

Boat - shaped op m 2.5mm long

-

Dry dehiscent capsule whichis ovoid to globose, anisolobous. sibhed with 3-ribs on each valve (Excluding dehiscence rib) Fruit stalk 0.5-2 mm long.

Dry dehiscent capsule which is globose, anisolobous. ribbed with 3-ribs on each valve. Fruit stalk 0.5-2mm long.

Marginal

Marginal

2, monadelphous. Zlnm long, equal or slightly longer than rlic gynoecium, elongates after anthesis

4-6 distichous bracts. leaf tips not persisting

4, leaf tips not persisting long I- 1.5mm long,

gynoecium elongates after

5. Kannanpara (Pooya~nkutt

6. Vellarippara

shaped 3-5 mm broad

I branched

Ribban - shaped, 1-3 mm broad branched

Marginal and on all over the cur-face of the th:illus

I leaf tips not persisting

Boat- shaped, up to 1.75 mm long, Inany lobes at the base of the split.

4-6, rarely 7, leaf tips not persisting

hiscent capsule which is globose, smooth,

Fruit stalk

delphous cithcr side of up to 2mm hea an drop odium long, after 0.75- lmni long, anthesis shorter than the

gjnoeciu~ii coloured.

Boat - shaped, upto 1.5 mmlong

1 .Smm long.

Clnhosc. smooth. 1-1.5 in diarneler; bica~pellary, sy ncarpous, anisolobous with numerous ovules on s\vollen axile placenta. Ovary shortly stalked.

after anthesis

Bilobed. conical. 0.25-0.5 m long.

2, monadelphous, 1.5-2mm long, shorter than or equal to the gynoecium, elongates

2, one on either side of the andropodium. 1- 1.25 mm long, longer than the ovary, light coloured

1 Drydehi- capsule which is globose, smooth. anisolobous. Fruit stalk 1.5- 1.75mm long.

Nearly globose, smooth, 0.75-lmm in diameter, bicarpellary, syncarpous, anisolobous with numerous ovules on swollen wile placenta. Ovary shortly stalked.

Bilohed. conical. up to 0 .5mm

long

8. WILLISIA Warming

Willisia, Warming in Fam. Podost. Kgl. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6 Raekke, t. XI., p. 58, 1901.

Mniopsissp., Bedd., Anamalay plants. Trans. Linn. Soc., XXV., p. 223, 1865, and t. 25.

Dicraea sp. Wedd. in DC. Prodr: Podostemonis sp, Benth, in Hooker F1.

Rheophytic herbs with crustaceous thallus which is irregularly lobed and attached closely to rocks by means of hairs and haptera. Secondary shoots arise from the thallus forming a dense tuft. The vegetative shoots have opposite, decussate, quadrangular leaves which are narrow towards the tip. The leaves are in 4-6 rows. Each shoot terminates in a flower. Flower buds are protected by spathellae which open by an apical notch. Flowers terminal and pedicellate with 2 monadelphous stamens and bicarpellq, syncarpous, anisolobous ovary. Fruit is a dehiscent capsule with single faint rib (excluding dehiscence ribs) on each valve.

Key to the species

Vegetative shoots large, 4-7cm long, leaves broad, quadrangular in 4 rows ...................................................................... .................... .... W selug6zoides.

Vegetative shoots small, 8-15mm long, leaves narrow, quadrangular in 6 rows ....................... ...... ..... ...... kalianu.

a ) WILLISIA SELAGINOIDES (Bedd.) Warmex Willis

Willisia selaginoides (Bedd.) Warm. ex Willis in Ann. R. Bat. Ghd . Peradeniya

l(3) : 235, 1902 & l(4) : 370, 1902; Engler, Engl & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 18a : 5 1, 1930.

Willisia selaginoides (Bedd.) Warm. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Sk., se'r. 6, nat. l l ( 1 ) : 58, 1901: Cusset, Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. nat, Paris, 4's<r., 14, sect.B, Adansonia, no l : 26, 1992.

Mniopsis selaginoides Bedd. in Madr. J. Sc. S6r. 3 , 11 : 105, 1849.

Podostemon selaginoides (Bedd.) Benth. in Benth & Hook., Gen. PI. 3: 113, 1880; Hooker,F.B.I.S: 68, 1886.

Rheophytic herbs with irregularly lobed orbranched thallus which is crustaceous, 2-3cm in diameter. The thalli are olive green or brown-coloured. The erect secondary shoots 4-7cm long arise from the thallus in dense tufts (Fig. 28A; PI. 7A). They possess opposite, decussate, triangular leaves arranged in 4 rows (Fig. 28A). Flowers arise at the tips of the secondary shoots. Flowers are pedicellate and covered by spathellae (Fig. 28B). Spathella 6-7cm long, opens by an apical notch (Fig. 28C). Stamens 2, monadelphous, 7-8mm long, borne on an andropodium, longer than the gynoecium (Fig. 28D). Anthers sagittate, 2-lobed, nearly basifixed. Tepals 2: 5-6mm long, longer than the ovary, curved near the tip (Fig. 28D). Ovary elliptical, smooth, 5-5.5mm long (Fig. 28D), bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular and anisolobous with numerous ovules on swollen axile placenta (Fig. 28E). Stigma bilobed, obcuneate, upto 2mm long (Fig. 28B, D). Fruit is a dehiscent capsule which is elliptical, anisolobous, 2-valved, each valve with a single rib (excluding dehiscence ribs) (PI. 7B, 8).

FIGURE 28

Willisiu seluginoides (Bedd.) Warm. ex Willis

A. Crust with 3 floral shoots, each with 4 rows of leaves. Note that only in one

shoot 3 rows of leaves can be seen on one side; in other shoots, only two rows

of leaves can be seen.

B. Plower enclosed by spathella.

C. Spathella.

D. Flower after removal of spathella.

E. Cross-section of an anisolobous ovary showing axile placentation

c,crust; f , filament; I , leaves; a, ovary; s, stigma; sp, spathella: t. tepal

PLATE 7

Willisin selaginoides (Bedd.) Warm. ex Willis

A. Dry plants with fruits.

B. Dry shoots wilh fruits (enlayged)

PLATE 8

Willisia selagiizoides (Bedd.) Warm. ex Willis

Enlarged view of the capsules. Ca, capsule.

b) WILLISIA AREKALIANA Shivamurthy & Sadanand, sp. nov.

Willisin arekaliana Shivamurthy & Sadanand s p . nov.

Submerged rheophytic herbs with crustose thallus which is appressed firmly to rocks. Secondary shoots 8mm-1.5cm long and erect, rarely branched; singly or rarely 2-3 shoots occur together. The leaves are arranged in 6 rows and they are triangular. Flowers are terminal and solitary on secondary shoots. Spathella opens by an apical notch. Stamens 2, monadelphous on an andropodium which is shorter than the gynoecium, about 1.5mm long. Ovary nearly globose, about 2mm in diameter, bicarpellary. syncarpous with numerous ovules on swollen axile placenta. Stigma bilobed, lobes subequal. Fruit is a dehiscent capsule. Capsule nearly globose and smooth, 1.5-2.5mm in diameter, anisolobous, 2-valved.

9. PODOSTEMUM Michx.

Herbaceous, submerged plants which are completely creeping or partially free-floating. Prostrate thallus present or absent, if present, they are narrow and thick while the free-floating thalli are ribbon-shaped and broad. Vegetarive shootd are determinate in growth, simple or clustered at a point, arising laterally along the flanks of the photosynthetic prostrate thallus. Leaves simple, linear with sheathing bases, sometimes bithecous. Sometimes hairs are present on the leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary, sometimes more than one flower clustered at a point, zygomorphic and pedicellate. Stamens 2; monadelphous, borne on an andropodium. Ovary elliptical, bicarpellary, syncarpous, anisolobous, ribbed, sometimes smooth. Fruit is a dehiscent capsule, elliptical, anisolobous, 2-valved, each valve 3-ribbed.

Kev to the Soecies

Thallus filamentous, 1-2mm broad, completely creeping. 1-4 shoots clustered at a point on the flank of the thallus ... A subulatum.

Thallus ribbon-shaped, 3-71nm broad, free-floating with attachment at the base. single shoot present at apoint on the flank of the thallus ........................... .... 3 munnclrense.

a) PODOSTEMUM SUBULATUM Gardn.

Podostemum subulatum Gardner, Calc. Journ. Nat Hist.7 : 184; 1847; Tul,

Ann. Sci. Nat. sCr3,ll: 193,1849; Arch. Mus. Paris6: 135,1852; Hooker, F.B.I., 565 : 1886; Trimen, FI. Ceylon3: 418, 1895; Willis, Ann. R. Bot. Gard., Peradeniya l (3 ) : 229, 1902 & l (4) : 328, 1902; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras, 2: 1196, 1925: Subramanyam Aquat. Angiosperms, 50, 1962; Vartak & Bhadbhade, J. Univ. Poona, sci.44: 190,1973; Nair & Bhargavan, J. Econ &Tax. Bot. 6(3): 709-710. 1985 as <<Podasternon subulatum>>.

Zeylartidium subulatum (Gardn) C. Cusset, Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. nat., Paris, 4's'er., 14, sect. B, Adasonia, no 1:32, 1992.

Plants are completely creeping (PI. 9A, 9B). Prostrate thallus is narrow and thick. 1-2mm broad, (fig 29A, C) attached to rocks by haptera on all along the underside as continuous or discontinuous patches. (Fig 30G). Vegetative shoots on the flank of the thalli are determinate in growth, 1-4 or more shoots are clustered at a point, they later transform to floral shots. (Fig. 29 B, C).

2-4, leaves occur on each shoot, arranged in a distichous manner, linear, cylindrical with sheathing bases, leaves monothecous (Fig.30A) sometimes bithecous, (Fig 30 B,C) they are 1-3.5 cm long, sometimes leaves possess hairs on them (Fig 29A).

Each floral shoot terminates in a flower, protected by membraneous spathella which is erect and funnel-shaped after opening, 3.5-5mm long and with 3 or 4 lobes (Figs. 30E, F). Pedicel of the flower 1-4 mm long, elongates after fertilization. Stamen 2, (Fig 30D). rarely 3 or 4, the extra stamens occur in the fork of the andropodium (Fig. 3 lC), stanlens 3-4.5 mm long, monadelphous, elongates after anthesis (Fig 29C, 3 1B) Anthers 2 lobed, nearly basifixed. Tepals 2, one on either side of the andropodium, 2-3mm long, longer than the gynoecium, (Fig 30D) sometimes shorter than the gynoecium (Fig. 3 1A). Ovary nearly elliptical (Fig. 31D), or ovate (Fig 30D) anisolobous, ribbed or sometimes smooth and 1.5-2 mm long with numerous ovules on an axile placenta (Fig 30H). Stigma bilobed, subulate and curved (Fig 30D; 3 1A) sometimes sickle-shaped (Fig 31B, D) and 0.75-2.5mm long.

Fmit is a capsule. Capsule nearly elliptical or ovate, anisolobous, 2-valved, smaller valve caduceus, each valve 3-ribbed (excluding dehiscence ribs); 2-2.5 mm long, fruit- stalk 2-20 mmlong (Fig 30 I).


FIGURE 29

Podosternunz subztlaturn Gardn.

A. Thallus with vegetative shoots. Note the epidermal hairs on leaves.

B. A portionof thnllus bearing floral shoots.

C. Thallus with clusters of floral shoots.

eh, epidermal hairs; fs. floral shoot; vs, vegetative shoot.

FIGURE 30

Podostemum subulatum Gardn.

Monothecous leaf.

Bithecous leaf (side facing the tlower)

Bithecous leaf (side away f ro~n the flower).

Young flower alter removal of spathclla. Note the tepals which are longer

than the gynoecium.

Spathella with 4 Lobes.

Spathella with 3 lobes.

Thallus (lower side) showing haptera.

Cross-section of an anisolobous ovary showing axile placeotation.

Two mature fruits with pal? of thallus.

fr, fruit; s, stigma: t, tepal

FIGURE 3 1

Poilostemurn subulatum Gardn.

A. Young flower after removal of spathella.

B. Mature flower with spathella and bracts. Note the sickle-shaped stigma

lobes.

C. Androecium with tepals on each side.

D. Gynoeciutn.

b, bract; f , filn~lle~lt; o, ovary; s, stigma; sp, spathella; t, tepal.

PLATE 9

Podostemuin subulatum Gardn.

A. Habit. Note that the plant is submerged.

B. Enlarged view of the habit above water level.

w Intraspecific C o n ~ p a r i s o ~ ~ of P o d o s t e ~ r ~ u ~ ~ z subulatzirn

1. Pooyam kutty

\'egetative and floral shoots

Name of locality

Nature of the l 'hallus

L

Narrow. I thick, 1-1 .S mrn broad, atcached to rocks by haptera at different poiilts on the under side of the thallus.

Narrow, thick, I .5-21m broad, attached to rocks by haptera all along the under side of the thallus

Membrancous. funnel shaped. upto 5rnm long, splining at the top into two lobes, elongates nftcr feltiliation.

Membraneous, funnel-shaped, upto 3.5mm long-spliting at the top into 2 or 3 lobes, elongates after feltilization.

thick L a 1 1 I I

2-4 shoots ase clustered at a point on the flank of the prostrate thallus. determinate in growth. Each shoot possesses 2-4 leaves.

2-6 or more shoots are clustered at apoint on the flank of the thallus, determinate ingrowth. Each shoot

Narrow,

2, monade- Iphous, rarely, one. upto 3mm long. elongates after anthenis.

2. monade- Iphous, 5.5-6mm long, elongates after anthesis.

Linear. cylindrical 2-3.5cm long with sheathing bases, so~netimes bithecous

Linear, cylindrical, 1-2c1n longwith sheathing bases, sometimes bithecous.

possesses 2-4 leaves.

..

Terminal. ol flower on each shoot. protected by sheathii~g bases of tw, leaves, pedicel 3-4 mm long

Terminal, one flower on each shoot, protected by sheathing bases of twc leaves, pedicel 1 -

2, delicute, more th:m 3mmlong. longer than gynoecium

2. delicate, 2-2.51m long, longer than gynoecium

--

Nearly Elliptical or ovate, upto 2mn1 long, ribbed. anisolohous: gynophore disuict, 0 .51m long

Nearly Elliptical, or ovate, smooth, uplo 1.5mm long, anisolobous; gynophore not distinct.

1.5mm long.

--

Bilobed, suhulatc and curved, upto 0.75mm mmlong.

Bilobed, sickle - shaped 2-2.5mm long.

Capsulc 2-2.51nm long, stalk 2-20mm long

..

.. -- .- .- -- ..

b) PODOSTEMUM MUNNARENSE (Nagendran & Arekal)

Mathew & Satheeshcorirb - nov.

Polypleururn munriarense Nagendran & Arekal, Bot. Notiser, 132: 49-50,

1979.

Free-floating herbs with ribbon-shaped thallus (Fig. 32A), 3-7 mm broad

attached to rocks by haptera present at the base only. Vegetative shoots are marginal and are determinate in growth (Fig. 32A). Each shoot possesses 4-6 leaves arranged distichously. Most of the vegetative shoots are transfonned later to floral shoots (Fig. 32 B, 33A). Leaves are linear, cylindrical with sheathing leaf bases and 2-5 crn long (Fig 32 C, D, E). The sheathing leaf bases protect the flower buds as bracts.

Flowers are terminal, solitary, protected by membraneous spathellae which are funnel-shaped after opening, 4-5 mm long and with 2 or more lobes (Fig 33 D, E). Pedicel of the flower 2.75-3.5 mm long, which elongates after fertilization. Stamens 2, on an andropodium (Fig 33 B,F) rarely 3 (Fig 33G); 3.5mm long, elongate after anthesis. Tepals 2; 1.5-1.75 mm long, one on either side of the andropodium, shorter than the gynoecium (Fig 33C). Ovary elliptical, anisolobous, 2-2.5 mm long, ribbed (Fig 33B, C) with numerous ovules on axile placenta (Fig 33H). Stigma bilobed, lobes subequal, subulate, 0.75-lmm long (Fig 33 B,C).

Fruit is a capsule. Capsule elliptical, anisolobous, 2-3 mm long, 2-valved, each valve 3-ribbed, excluding dehiscence ribs; smaller valve caducous. Fruit stalk upto 1.5cm; long.

FIGURE 32

Podostemum lnunlzarense (Nag & Arekal) Mathew & Satheesh

A. Branched thallus with vegetative shoots.

B. Young floral shoot.

C.D, E. Monothecous bracts. Note the persisting leaf tip.

It, leaf tip; vs, vegetative shoot.

Podostemz~m nzunnarense (Nag & Arekalj Mathew & Satheesh

Thallus with floral shoots.

Flowerpartly enclosed by spathella.

Flower after renloval of spathella.

Spathella with two main lobes, of which the tip of one is divided into t\uO

lobes.

Two lobed spathella.

Androecium with two stamens. Note the tepals at the base.

Androecium with 3 stamens.

Cross-section of an anisolobous ovary showing axile placentation.

f, filament; fs, floral shoot; o, ovary; p, pedicel: s, stigma; sp, spathella; t,

tepal.

10. ZEYLANIDIUM (Tul.) Engler

Zeylanidiurn (Tul.) Engler in : Nat. Pflanzenfam.. ed. 2. 18a: 61, 1928.

Hydrobryurn section : Zeylanidilrm Tul., Arch. Mus. Paris 6: 139.

1852

Rheophytic, submerged herbs found on the rocks in water falls of high

altitude. Plant body is thalloid and consists of two types: crustaceous and ribbon-like. They are attached to rocks very firmly by means of haptera. Stalked shoots may be present or absent. Secondary shoots consist of 4-6 leaves arranged distichously. The sheathing bases of these leaves later form the bracts of the flowers. Floral shoots bear single terminal flowers protected by membraneous spathellae which are boat-shaped. There are 2 stamens on an andropodium. Gynophore present or absent. Ovary elliptical to obovoid, bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular, anisolobous with numerous ovules on axile placenta. Stigma sessile or nearly sessile, bilobed or multilobed. Fruit stalked, dzhiscent and ribbed.

Kev to the species

1A Thallus crustaceous, shoots scattered over the upper surface of the thalius. 2.4 Shoots of two kinds, erect stalked shoots, each with a crown of leaves at the

tip and prostrate shoots, each with 4-6 distichous leaves ......... Z. olivaceunr. 2B Shoots of only one kind, prostrate with 4-6 distichous leaves

3A Gynophore present, stigma multilobed ........ .. ............ Z. tnaheshwtrrii 3B Gynophore absent, stigma bilobed ................................... Z. johnsonii*

1B Thallus ribbon-shaped, shoots at the axils of the branches along the margins of the thallus ...................................... A lichenoides.

* Not observed

a) ZEYLANIDIUM OLIVACEUM (Gardner) Engler

Zeylartidiurn olivaceuh (Gardner) Engler in : Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 18 a: 61. 1928. Podosremum ulivaceurn Gardner, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 7: 181 (1 847); Wedd., in DC., Pordr. 17: 75 (1873); Hook. F., Fl. Brit. India 5: 66 (1896); Trimen, F1. Ceylon3: 41 (1895);5: 386 (1900).

-Hydrobryutn olivaceum (Gardner) Tul., Ann. Sc. Nat., skr. 3,ll: 104 (1849); Arch. Mus. Paris 6: 138 (1852); Willis, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniyal(3): 239 (1902).

Submerged, rheophytic herbaceous plants seen on the rocks in water falls. Plant body cmstaceous, sometimes leathety (Figs 34 A, 35A) pink to dark green-coloured, attached very firmly by haptera and rhizoids. Vegetative shoots scattered on the surface of the thallus (Figs. 34A. 35A). Two types of shoots present; shoot with stalk (primary shoot: Willis, 1902) (Fig. 34 B, C) and shoot without stalk (secondary shoot) (Fig. 35A). The stalked shoots are soft to woody, may be branched (Fig 34C, P1. 13) or unbranched (Fig 34B, P1. 12) 3mm- 8.5 cm long; each with acrown of leaves, 25- 260 in number. The other shoots are prostrate, each with 2-6, rarely 9 distichous leaves. Leaves sometimes with hairs (Fig. 34 B, PI. 10, 11).

Almost all the prostrate shoots (secondary shoots) later become transformed into floral shoots. (Fig 35A, B, P1.16). Occasionally the stalked shoot becomes floriferous (PI. 14). Sheathing bases of the leaves later form the bracts (PI. 15). Bracts 4-8 in number, sometimes with peculiar shapes (Fig 35 C, D). Flower buds are covered by membraneous spathellae which are boat-shaped after opening (PI. 17). The mouth of the split is darkly shaded; spathella 2.5 - 4mm long (Fig. 35E).

Flowers terminal, solitary, pedicellate and erect. Pedicel of the flower 1-4.5 mm long. Stamens 2; on an andropodium; 1.5 -4mm long; elongates after anthesis (Fig. 35B) Anthers 2 -lobed, nearly basifixed (P1.18). Tepals 2; 1-2mmlong. shorter than the ovary (Fig.3SB). Ovary nearly elliptical, 1.5 - 2.5 mm long, smooth, anisolobous with numerous ovules on an axile placenta (Fig.35F). Stigma bilobed, 0.5 - I rnm long, conical to obcuneate, sessile to nearly sessile, dark brown - coloured (Fig.35B. PI 17, 18).

Fmit is a capsule which is nearly elliptical (PI. 19) 1.5 - 3 mm long, anisolobous (P1.20), 2- valved, each valve with 3-ribs. Fruit stalk 4 - 6mm long (Fig.35G).

Plants collected from 5 different localities are conipared in table 8 ,

FIGURE 34

Zeylanidium olivaceulrz (Gardn.) Engl.

A. Crustaceous thallua with primary and secondary shoots.

B. Primary (stalked) shoot with crown of leaves. Note epidermal hairs on the

leaves.

C. Primary shoot showing bratlching at the tip.

eh, epidermal hairs; ps, primary shoot: ss, scco~ldary shoo^

FIGURE 35

Zeylanidium olivaceum (Gardn.) Engl.

A. Cmstaceous thallus with primary shoots and secondary vegetative and floral

shoots.

B. Mature flower with spathella and bracts.

C. Side view of a young flower bud with bracts.

D. 3 pairs ofbracts (front view). Note the peculiar shape of bracts.

E. Spathella. Note the dark shade on the mouth of the split.

F Cross-section of an anisolobous ovary showing axile placentation.

G. Fruit.

b, bract: fs, floral shoot; p, pedicel; ps, prlmary shoot, s, stigma; sp, sp~rhrlla;

t, tepal; vs, vegetative shoot.

PLATE 10

(Scanning Electron Micrograph)

Zeylanidium olivaceum (Gardn.) Engl.

Crown of leaves of the primary shoot with hairs.

PLATE I 1

(Sc:~i~ning Elcctron b l ~ c ~ o p ~ c ~ p l l )

Zeyln~zidiunl olivucezirn (Gardn.) Engl.

Enlarged view of a porrion of 1e:lf showing ccpiderlrlal ]lairs. eh. ep~tlc~.~ii:ii

hairs.

I 3 i Y C 61r. - 8 . 1

; b ' g , i! Lice- . B * 1

PLATE 1 2

(Scanning Electrori Micl.ogrnph1

Zeylarzidizcm olivaceu~~z (Gardn.) Engl.

Por~ion of p r i ~ n a r y (stnlkcd) shoot showing single crown of leaves

Zeylaizidiunz olivaceunz (Gardn.) Engl.

Primal-y shont with branching at (lie tip. Note two clowns of lcavrs a [ t l ~ c l i p

o f the srnlk .

PLATE 14


Zeylnizidiunz olivacez~m (Gardn.) Engl.

Primat-y shoot with flowel- bud among the crown of leaves at the tip. fb, I'lswcr

bud.

IC ' ti-

!! 1

PLATE 15

(Sc;~nninp Elect~on hlicrograpl1)

Zeyln~z id i l~ni ol ivaceu~~t (Gardn.) Engl.

Single f l o w e l ~ b ~ ~ ( l wilh hl.;lcts. b, bract; fl,, flower bud

PLATE 16


Zeylaizidilcnl olivacellr~z (Gardn.) Engl.

Floa'crs on the :hallus. Notc ~11;it the anthers have fallen off. f. fiiamenl

1 ' C '

1 I . . , . . ,, ', .d i1.y +, ,,: I , ,A%;

PLATE 17

(Sciinning Electroll Micrograph)

Zeylarzidilrm olivaceuln (Gardn.) Engl.

Enlarged view of a single flower with apathella. Note rhc sehsile htig111:l. o.

ovary; s. stigma; sp. sputhellu.

P12ATE 18

[Scanning Electl-on Micrograph)

Zeq.la~lidiz~m olivuceum (Gardn.) Engl.

Enlar:red vlew of a portion of ;I flower. Nore the dehisced aril l iel-.

o, ovary: s. iti:in:\: sp, spathella.

PLATE 19

(Sc;lnning Electron 9Iic1-ogl.apIi)

Zeylanidium olivaceunl (Gardn.) Engl.

Capsule enlarged. ca, c;~psule

'I'

. . _ I '.t

PLATE 20

(Scanning Electron hlicrogl-aph)

Zeylrirzidiunz olivaceunz (Gardn.) Engl.

A dehisceil capsule (enlarged view) showing seeds. se. seeds

.~ab lc No.8 I ~ i t r a s p e c i f ' i c C o n i r ~ a t . i s o n ol' Zevlarridirri~n olivncezrnz

I SI.Nn and I~S-~C~IIIC~ cnllected I Specimen collected I Specimen cnllecled I Specimen cnllected ( Character

2. Prinimy shoots

. . shoots (vegetative)

from Cheeyappara I'rnnr :2dinlaly water water falls lslls

Pink to grecncolo~~recl. Deep green-coloured. thin thick

1-4 shoots present on a thallus: small. soft, 31nm- 1.5cm long: sometimes branched; each shoot with 80-260 leaves at the tip of the stalk; occasionally bear flowers among the leaves, leaves hairy.

h'umcrous shoots arranged irregularly on the surfacc of the thnllus. each with 3-6 leaves.

I 5. Spathella

6. Flower I

f rom Valara water falls

Pink to green-coloured Oiin

Orie sliooi on a ihallus; large. woody, 1.8-6.8cm long; sometimes branched; each shoot with 3 0 1 0 0 lea\:es at the tip of the stalk; flowers not observed among the leaves, leaves not hair).

Numerous shoots arranged irregularly on the surface of the thallus. each with 3-6 leaves

Boat-shaped after opening, sometines funnel shaped, 3-4 mm long, rarely a small lobe at the base of the sp l~ t

Pedicel 4-5mm long. gynophore absent

from Attikalani l 'ron~ Vellathooual I Pink to grecn-coloirrcJ. Pirlh to grccn-colourcd. Urn/--1

4. Bracts 4-6 in number, only 4-9 in number, all sides of partly covering the the flower buds are flower bud, wavy covered, wavy margins, margins, tips forked sometimes tips forked.

Boat-shaped after opening, up to 3mm long

1-2 shoot present on a thallus; large, not woody: 3-8.5cm long; sometimes branched; cacl~ shoot with 25.105 leaves st the tip of thc stalk; flowers not observed among the leaves, [caves not hairy.

Vegetative stage of the secondary shoots not observed

Prrlnary shoot$ not observed.

Numerous shoots arranged ~rregularly on the surfaceof the thallus, each with 3-6 leaves.

Prin~ary shoots not observed

Vegetative stage of the secondary shoots not observed.

4-6 in number, all sides 4-6 in number, 211 sides of the flower buds are of the flower buds are covered. homewhat covered, margins not wavy margins, tips not wavy, tips not forked forked.

P

Boat-shaped after opening, 2.5-3mm long, sometimes small lobe occurs at the base of tlie split

Boat-shaped after opening, up to 2.5mm long

4-8 in number. all sidesof the flower buds are covered, sonlewhat wavy margins: tips forked.

-

Pedicel 3.5-4.51nm long, shorr gynophore present --

Boar-shaped after opening. up to 3.5nun long.

Pedicel upto 4mm long. Pedicel I-2mm long, gynophore absent gynophore absent I / Pedicel up to 5mm long,

gynophore ahsent.

7. Teplls 2: I- I .51nm long 2: 1.251.75mm long 2: 1-1.25m1n long 2: up to lnim long 1. up lo 7m1n long

2: up to 1 lnln long 1 2: ~ ~ p t o 3m1n long 2 : \omctimcs uncqual up to 3 rnrn long. I I O . Ovary 1 Nearly elliplical, up to Nearly elliptical. u p to

1.5nirn lung. smooth 1.75-?mu long. smooth Nearly elliptical, up to 1.5rnm long, smooth

Ne:lrly elliptical, up to i\'e:~~-ly rlliplic:11. up to 1.75mm long. s~noolh 2.5mm long, >lightly 1-ihhed

10. Stigma Bilobed. sessile, rarely lobes forked. 0.5- 0.75 mrri long

Capsulc 1.5-2 mm long, fruit-stlk 5 - 6 mm long

Bilobed, nearly ~essile. sometimes lobes forked. 0.5-0.75 mm long

Capsule up to 2 mm long, fruit - &talk 4-5 mm long

Bilokd. nearly sessile, up to 0.75 mm long

Bilobed, nearly sessile. upto I mm long

Bilobed, nearly sessile, shows tendency for forking of the labes lo appedr rnullilobed

b) ZEYLANIDIUM MAHESHWARII Mathew & Satheesh

Zeylanidiuin Maheshwarii Mathew & Satheesh

Submerged rheophytic herbs seen on the rocks of very swift running waters

and water falls. The plant body crustaceous (Fig. 36A) and they are attached very firmly to the rock by haptera present along the underside of the thallus. Each shoot consists of 4-6 leaves arranged distichously. Leaves linear with sheathing bases which are persistent and later forms the bracts of the floral shoot. Thus the flowers possess 4- 6 distichous bracts of which the lower ones are small (Fig.36B). Flower buds are protected by membraneous spathellae which are 1.5-2mm long and boat-shaped after opening (Fig.36 C,D). The pedicel is 2-3.5 mm long, elongates after anthesis. Stamens 2, borne on an andropodium, 2.5-3mm, longer than or equal to the gynoecium, elongates after anthesis (Fig.36E). Two tepals present on each side of the andropodium and arc 1.25 - 2 mm long, shorter than the ovary. Ovary elliptical, smooth (Fig. 36E) bicarpella~y, syncarpous, bilocular with numerous ovules on axile placenta (Fig 36H). A small gynophore is usually present. Stigma multilobed, 0.5-0.75 mm long (Fig.36 E,F). Fruit is a dehiscent capsule which is anisolobous, 2 - valved and each valve faintly 3 - ribbed (Fig.36G). Fruit stalk is 3-6 mm long.

FIGURE 36

Zeylarlidium maheshwarii Mathew & Satheesh

A. Crustaceous thallus with young fruits. Note the spathella and bracts.

B. 3 pairs of bracts.

C, D. Two different views of boat-shaped spathella.

E. Flower after removal of spathella. Note the multilobed stigma.

F. Multilohed stigma.

G. Fruit.

H. Cross-section of an a~lisolobous ovary showing axile placentation.

b, bract; fr, fruit: o, ovary; s, stigma; sp, spathella; t, tepal.

c) ZEYLANIDIUM LICHENOIDES (Kurz) Engl

Zeylanidium lichenoides (Kurz) Engl., in Engl & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2,18 a: 61, 1928; Subramanyam, Aquat. Angiosperms, 49. 1962.

Hydrobryum lickenoides Kurz, Journ. As. SO'C. Beng. 42(2): 103, 1573; Willis, Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, l(3): 242, 1902, Cooke, F1. Pres. Bombay, 2 (1): 522, 1996: Gamble, F1, Pres, Madras,2: 1199. 1925.

Podostemum microcarpurn Wedd., in DC., PI-odr. 17: 76, 1873.

Completely creeping herbaceous plants with ribbon-shaped thallus (Fig.37A, B), 1-4mm broad and few centimeters long, alternately branched and attached to rocks very firmly by haptera present all along the underside or by discontinuous patches of haptera along the underside (Fig. 37C). Sometimes, the branches of the thallus overlap each other giving a crustaceous appearance (Fig.39A). Vegetative shoots are marginal, prostrate and consist of 4-8, rarely 9 leaves (Fig. 37A). The leaves are distichous and linear with sheathing bases. The tips of the leaves are caducous and the sheathing bases become transformed to bracts (Figs.37B; 38D-G); sometimes leaf tips are presistent (Fig. 37B).

Flowers are solitary and protected by membraneous spathellae which are prostrate and boat-shaped after opening, with small lobe or lobes at the base of the split. Each spathella is 1.5-3 mmlong (Fig 38 H-L). Pedicel of the flower 0.75-3 mm long, elongates after fertilization. Stamens 2 on an andropodium; 1.25 - 4mm long (Fig 38 A, B, C). Rarely 3 stamens occur; the filament of the third stamen is adnate to the andropodium showing separate vascular strand; filaments of the stamens elongate after anthesis (Fig.39B). Tepals 2, present on either side of the andropodium, 0.75-2mm long, shorter than the ovary (Fig. 38C), sometimes equal to (Fig 39B) or longer than the ovary (Fig. 388). O v a ~ y obovoid, smooth. 1-2mm long, black-coloured, rarely brown. anisolobous with numerous ovules on axile placenta (Fig 38M). Stigma 0.25- lmm long. bilobed, obcuneate (Fig 38 A-C) sometimes ovate with pointed tips, rarely one of the lobes again forked (Fig. 39B). Fruit is acapsule which is 1-2 mm long, obovoid (P1.211, anisolobous, 2-valved, each valve 3-ribbed (excluding dehiscence ribs), fruit-stalk 1.5 - 4.5 rnm long (Fig.39C. D).

The plants collected from 15 different localities are compared in table 9.

FIGURE 37

Zeylanidiurn lichenoides (Kurz) Engl.

A. Branched thallus with vegetative shoots.

B. Branched thallus with floral shoots.

C. Thallus (lower side) showing haptera.

fs, floral shoot; h, hapteron; vs, vegetative shoot.

FIGURE 38

Zeylanidium lichenoides (Kurz) Engl.

A. Flower partly enclosed by spathella and bracts.

B. Young flower after removal of spathella.

C. Older flower after removal of spathella.

D-G. Bracts

H-L. Different types of spathellae.

M. Cross-section of an aniso:lobous ovary showing axile placentation

b, bract; f , filament: o, ovary; p, pedicel; s, stigma; sp, apa~hella; t, tepal

i mm imm

J K L

FIGURE 39

Zeylanidiu~n lichenoides (Kurz) Engl.

A. Branched thallus with flowers. Note the crustaceous appearance due to the

overlapping of branches.

B. Mature flower after removal of spathella. Note the forking of stigma lobes

o, ovary; p, pedicel; s, stigma; t, tepal.

PLATE 21

Zeylnnidiziill licheltoides (Kurz ) Engl.

Thallus with fruits. Note the s1noot11 obovoid capsules.

'T:~hle No.9 I n t r e s l ~ e c i f i c C o n ~ ~ a r i s o n of Zevla~lidizcrr~ licherzoides

Irregular, attached by haptera all along the under side

4-6. leaf tips, not persisting

Up to 2mm long, one lobe at the babe of the split

~ n m long long, shorter than the ovary

2; rilrely 3, the 3rd one adnate to the andropodium, 2-3mr long.

Black- Lobes

long. lobe lorked at the tip, lobes equal, up to l mrn long

-- 1 Ribbon- shaped. attached by haptcra all along the under side

Rihbon- shaped, attached by dis-continuous haptera on the under side.

4; sometimes leaftips persisting

4: sometimes leaf tips prsisting

IJp to 2mm long, one lobe at the basc of the split

Up to 2nrm long. one lobe at the base of the split

Pedicel 0.8-1.25mm long

Pedicel 1-1.5mm long

2; 1-1.5mm 2; 2.5-3mm Black- long, equal to long coloured, or shorter I-1.5mm than tile ovary long

2; 0.8-1.25 m 2; 2-2.5mm I Black- long, unequal. long coloured. shorter than 1.1.5mn1 the ovary long

Lobes ohcuneate, lobes equal, up to 0.5mm long

Lobes ohcuneate, lobes unequal up to 0.5mm

long

Capsule up lo I .5 mm long: fruit stalk 2.5-3mm long

Capsulc 1.25-1.75 mm long; fruit stalk 3-3.25mm long.

Ribbon- shaped, attached by discontinuous haptera on the under side

4-8; leaf 2.5-3mm Pedicel 2; 1-1.25mm 2; 1.75-2.25 tips not long, 2 2.5-3mm long, shorter rnmlong persisting small lobes bng than the

at the base OvW of thc split.

Lohes ovate

Sl.no. and locality Thallus I Bracts 1 Spathella 1 Flotrer I Tcpals 1 Stamens Stigma 1 Fruit 1 5) Thonunen-

kuthu Ribbon- shaped, attached by haptera all along the under side

4-61 leaf tips not persisting

1.75-2mm long. one, to two small lobcs at the base of the split

Ribbon- shaped, attached by haptera all along the under side

Pedicel 0.75-1 .5nun long

4; leaf tips not persisting

2; 1.5-2mm long. longer than the ovary

2-3mm long, one lobe at the base of the split

Pedicel 1-1.5 mm long

2; 0.75- 1.25 mm long, shorter than the ovary


8) Mangathotty (Anakkam-

PQyil)

Ribbon- shaped, attached by haptera all along the underside

4; leaf tips not persisting

2-2.5mm long, one lobe at the base of the split

Pedicel 1.5-2mm

10%

long

2 : 2.25-2.5mn1 long

2; 1-1.5mm long, equal to the ovary, rarely shorter than the ovary, sometimes two tepals unequal

Black- coloured, I - 1 .5mm

-

2; 1.75-2.5 Black - mm long coloured;-

1.25- 1.75

2; 1.75-2mm long

mm long

Black- coloured, I-1.5mm long

Lobcs obcuneate. 0.5-0.75 mm long

Lobes obcuneate, 0.75-lmm long

' Capatlle 1-1.75nim long; fruit stalk 1 .5- 1.75mm long

Capsule I-1.5mm long; fruit stalk 1.5- 1.75mm long.

Capsule 1-1.25mm long; fruit stalk2.5- 3.75mm long.

Lobes obcuneate, 0.5-0.7Smm long

Capsule 1.25-2mm long;fmit stalk 1.75- 2mm long

Black- coloured. I-1.75nir long

Black- coloured, 1-1.5mm

1%

Black- coloured. 1.25-1.5 nun long

Lobcs obcuneate, 0.25-0.5 mm long

Capsule I-1.5mn1 long: fniit stalk 25.3 mm long.

( 9 ) Kuthungal Kibbon- \haped. altached by haptera all along the underside

4-6. leaf tip: not p i s t i n g

2.5-3mm long. one to three lobe.; at the base of the split

2-2.5 mm long, 1-2 lobes at the base of the split

2-2.5mm long, 1 lobe at the base of the split

2.5-3mm long, 1 lobe at the base ofthe split

Pedicel I-1.51nm long

2; I - 1.5mm long, shorter than the ovary

10) Kallar

(Pdmvi)

2; 1-1.5mm long, equal to the ovary, rarrly shorter than the ovary

Ribbon - shaped, attached by haptera all along the under side

4; leaf lips not persisting

4-6. leaf tips not persisting

Pedicel 1- 1.5mm long

2; 2-2.5n1m long

Lobes obcuneate, 0.25-0.5 mm long

Capsule 1-1.5mm long; fruit stalk 2-4mn

Pedicel D.75- l mm long

Pedicel 1.5-3mm

ong

2; 1.25-1.51nm long, equal to the ovary.

2; 2-3 mm long

2; 2.5-3.5mn long

Lobes ohcuneate, 0.5-0.75 mm long

Lobes obcuneate, D.5-0.75mm long

?. ,apsule I-1.5mrn ong; fruit ;talk 1.5-3 nm long


Ribbon - shaped, attached by discontinuous haptera on the under side

4; sometimes 3, leaf tips not persisting

2; 1.25-1.5 mm long. almost equal to the ovary

Brown- coloured, 1-1.5mm long .

lapsule I nun long; 'mil stalk ! . 5 m long

Ribbon- shaped, attached by discontinuou haptera on tl underside.


Ribbon- shaped, attached by haptera all along the underside

4-6; leaf tlps not persisting

4-6; leaf tips not persisting

4-6; sometimes leaf tips persisting

2-2.5mm long, 1-2 lobes at the base of the

--

1.5-2mm long, 1 lobe at the base of the split

2-3nun long, 2 or rarely 3 lobes at the base of the split. showing a tendency for funnel shape

-

Pedicel 1.5-2.5mm long

Pedicel 1-1.5 mm long

2: 1-1.25 mrn long. aln~ost equal to the ovaly

2; 0.75- 1.25 mm long. shorter than th ovary

2; I-1.5mm long, equal totheovary

2 : 2.5-3.5mm long

-

2; I .5-2.5mm long

2; up to 3m111 long

--

Brown- coloured. I-1.5mm long

-- Black- coloured, 1-1.25 mm long

Lobcs obcuneate. 0.5-0.75mm long

Lobes obcuneate, less than 0.5 or up to 0.5 nun long

Lobes ovate uith pointed ips, 0.75mm

on&

Capsule I nun long; fruit stalk 2.51nm long.

Capsule 1-1.5mm long; f ~ i l stalk 1.5-2.5nun long

Capsule 1-1.5mm long; h i t stalk 2-5mm long.

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