chapter menu chapter introduction lesson 1lesson 1the erosion- deposition process lesson 2lesson...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Introduction
Lesson 1 The Erosion-DepositionProcess
Lesson 2 Landforms Shaped by Water and Wind
Lesson 3 Mass Wasting and Glaciers
Chapter Wrap-Up
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• How can erosion shape and sort sediment?
• How are erosion and deposition related?
• What features suggest whether erosion or deposition created a landform?
The Erosion-Deposition Process
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• A combination of constructive processes and destructive processes produce landforms.
• Constructive processes build up features on Earth’s surface.
• Destructive processes tear down features on Earth’s surface.
Reshaping Earth’s Surface
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The breakdown of rock—weathering—is one type of destructive process that changes Earth’s surface.
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• Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rock.
• Physical weathering is the breaking of rock into pieces, called sediment, without changing the chemical composition of the rock.
• Water, wind, and ice are agents, or causes, of weathering.
A Continual Process of Change
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A Continual Process of Change (cont.)
• The mineral composition of some rocks makes them less resistant than others are to weathering.
• The difference in the rate of weathering can produce unusual landforms.
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Erosion
• Erosion is the removal of weathered material from one location to another.
• Agents of erosion include water, wind, glaciers, and gravity.
• Factors that affect the rate of erosion include weather, climate, shape of the land, and type of rock.
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Erosion (cont.)
• The presence of plants and the way humans use the land affect the rate of erosion.
• The rate of erosion sometimes depends on the type of rock.
• Weathering breaks some types of rock into large pieces. Other rock types easily break into smaller pieces that are more easily transported.
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As rock fragments bump against each other during erosion, the shapes of the fragments can change.
How can erosion affect the shape of sediment?
Erosion (cont.)
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• Erosion also affects the level of sorting—separating of items into groups according to one or more properties—of sediment.
• Sediment is often well-sorted when it has been moved a lot by wind or waves.
Erosion (cont.)
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Poorly sorted sediment often results from rapid transportation, perhaps by a storm, a flash flood, or a volcanic eruption.
How can erosion sort sediment?
Erosion (cont.)
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Deposition is the laying down or settling of eroded material.
deposition
from French deposer, means “put down”
Deposition
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Deposition (cont.)
• As water or wind slows down, it has less energy and can hold less sediment, which can result in some of the sediment being deposited.
• Sediment is deposited in locations called depositional environments, such as swamps, deltas, beaches, and the ocean floor.
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• High-energy environments, like rushing rivers and ocean shores with large waves, are those in which sediment is transported and deposited quickly.
• Small grains of sediment are often deposited in low-energy environments, like deep lakes, areas of slow-moving air, and swamps.
• Sediment deposited in water typically forms layers called beds.
Deposition (cont.)
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• Landforms can have features that are clearly produced by erosion.
• Different rates of erosion can create unusual landforms like tall, protruding landforms called hoodoos.
• Glacial erosion can produce ice-carved features in mountains.
Interpreting Landforms
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• Landforms created by deposition are often flat and low-lying.
• An apron of sediment, called an alluvial fan, often forms where a stream flows from a steep, narrow canyon onto a flat plain at the foot of a mountain.
Interpreting Landforms (cont.)
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Interpreting Landforms (cont.)
What features suggest whether erosion or deposition created a landform?
Deposition along a riverbed occurs where the speed of the water slows down and can result in a sandbar.
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• Erosion occurring at different rates can carve rock into interesting landforms.
• Rock fragments with rough edges are rounded during transportation.
• Landforms created by deposition are often flat and low-lying.
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• What are the stages of stream development?
• How do water erosion and deposition change Earth’s surface?
• How do wind erosion and deposition change Earth’s surface?
Landforms Shaped by Water and Wind
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• Water and wind are two important agents of weathering, erosion, and deposition.
• Erosion by water and wind can change the shape of landforms.
Shaping the Land with Water and Wind
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• Streams are active systems that erode land and transport sediment.
• The erosion produced by a stream depends on the stream’s energy. This energy is usually greatest in steep, mountainous areas where young streams flow rapidly downhill.
• Water from a young stream slows down as it reaches gentler slopes and is then called a mature stream.
Water Erosion and Deposition
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• A meander is a broad, C-shaped curve in a stream.
• A stream moves slowly when it reaches flat land and is then called an old stream.
• As time passes, erosion of the outside bend of a meander, where water is flowing more quickly, occurs. Deposition occurs on the inside bend, where water flows more slowly.
Water Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
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• Waves crashing into shore erode loose sand, gravel, and rock along coastlines.
• A longshore current is a current that flows parallel to the shoreline.
• This current moves sediment and continually changes the size and shape of beaches.
Water Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
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Water erosion can also form caves, stacks, and arches.
Water Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
How does water erosion change Earth’s surface?
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• Flowing water deposits sediment as the water slows down.
• Slower-moving water deposits sediment on the inside curves of meanders.
• A delta is a large deposit of sediment that forms where a stream enters a large body of water.
Water Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
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• Much of the sand on most ocean beaches was originally deposited by rivers.
• Longshore currents transport the sand along ocean coasts and deposit it where the currents have less energy.
Water Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
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Water deposition forms many structures within caves.
Water Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
How does water deposition change Earth’s surface?
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• Ocean waves can erode beaches by removing sediment.
• To reduce erosion, people sometimes build structures such as retaining walls or groins.
• Reducing or removing vegetation from the land surface is one of the most common ways that surface erosion is increased.
Water Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
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• Abrasion is the grinding away of rock or other surfaces as particles carried by wind, water, or ice scrape against them.
• A dune is a pile of wind-blown sand.
Wind Erosion and Deposition
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Wind Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
loess
from Swiss German Lösch, means “loose”
Loess is a crumbly, windblown deposit of silt and clay.
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Plowed fields and dry, overgrazed pastures are two ways in which people contribute to wind erosion.
Wind Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
How do wind erosion and deposition change Earth’s surface?
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• Water erosion changes Earth’s surface. An example of this is the change in features of a stream over time.
• Water transports sediment and deposits it in places where the speed of the water decreases.
• Wind erosion can change Earth’s surface by moving sediment. A dune and loess are two types of wind deposition.
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• What are some ways gravity shapes Earth’s surface?
• How do glaciers erode Earth’s surface?
Mass Wasting and Glaciers
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• Mass wasting is the downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil because of the pull of gravity.
• Mass wasting commonly occurs when soil on a hillside is soaked with rainwater.
• A landslide is the rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.
Mass Wasting
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• Two types of landslides are a rockfall and a mudslide.
• Slump is a type of mass wasting where the material moves slowly, in a large mass.
• If the material moves too slowly to be noticeable, causing trees and other objects to lean over, the event is called creep.
Mass Wasting (cont.)
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• When material reaches a stable location, such as the base of a mountain, the material is deposited.
• Talus is a pile of angular rocks and sediment from a rockfall.
Mass Wasting (cont.)
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• Human activity, such as removing vegetation, can affect both the severity of mass wasting and the tendency for it to occur.
• Landscaping or building on a slope can make the slope steeper and more likely to undergo mass wasting.
Mass Wasting (cont.)
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• A glacier is a large mass of ice that formed on land and moves slowly across Earth’s surface.
• The two main types of glaciers are alpine glaciers and ice sheets.
• Glaciers erode Earth’s surface as they slide over it, carving the land as they move.
Glacial Erosion and Deposition
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Sediment that was frozen in a glacier’s ice is eventually deposited in various forms.
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Till is a mixture of various sizes of sediment deposited by a glacier.
Glacial Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
till
Science Use rock and sediment deposited by a glacier
Common Use to work by plowing, sowing, and raising crops
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A moraine is a mound or ridge of unsorted sediment deposited by a glacier.
Glacial Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
moraine
from French morena, means “mound of earth”
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• Outwash is layered sediment deposited by streams of water that flow from a melting glacier.
• A small change in Earth’s average temperature causes considerable melting of glaciers.
• As glaciers melt, sea level rises around the world.
Glacial Erosion and Deposition (cont.)
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• Mass wasting can occur very fast, such as when a landslide occurs, or slowly over many years.
• Material moved by a mass wasting event is deposited when it reaches a relatively stable location. An example is talus deposited at the base of a hill.
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• A glacier erodes Earth’s surface as it moves and melts. Glaciers can form U-shaped valleys when they move past mountains.
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Erosion and deposition are constructive and destructive forces that shape Earth’s surface by building up and tearing down landforms such as coastlines, dunes, rivers, lakes, mountains, glaciers, and deltas.
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• Erosion is the wearing away and transportation of weathered material. Deposition is the laying down of the eroded material.
• Erosion tends to make rocks more rounded. Erosion can sort sediment according to its grain size.
• Landforms produced by deposition are usually on flat, low land. Landforms produced by erosion are often tall and/or jagged.
Lesson 1: The Erosion-Deposition Process
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Lesson 2: Landforms Shaped by Water and Wind• A young stream moves quickly down steep slopes. A
mature stream moves more slowly and develops meanders. An old stream is wider and moves slowly.
• Water erosion forms V-shaped valleys. Longshore currents reshape beaches. Deposition of sediment from water can form deltas.
• Wind abrasion can alter the shape of rock. Wind deposition can form a dune or loess.
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Lesson 3: Mass Wasting and Glaciers
• Gravity can shape Earth’s surface through mass wasting. Creep is an example of mass wasting.
• A glacier erodes Earth’s surface as it moves by carving grooves and scratches into rock.