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Chemical Reactions
Section 9.1Reactions and Equations
Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
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Section 9-1
Section 9.1 Reactions and Equations
Recognize evidence of chemical change.
Represent chemical reactions with equations.
Balance chemical equations.
Section 9-1
Section 9.1 Reactions and Equations
chemical change: a process involving one or more substances changing into a new substance
chemical reaction
reactant
product
chemical equation
coefficient
Section 9-1
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction:
The process by which one or more substances are rearranged to form different substances.
Section 9-1
Chemical Reactions (cont.)
Evidence of a chemical reaction
–Change in temperature
–Change in color
–Odor, gas, or bubbles
Section 9-1
Representing Chemical Reactions (cont.)
A chemical equation is a statement that uses chemical formulas to show the identities and relative amounts of the substances involved in a chemical reaction.
Section 9-1
Representing Chemical Reactions
Two parts of chemical equations
Reactants are the starting substances.
Products are the substances formed in the reaction.
Section 9-1
Section 9-1
Representing Chemical Reactions (cont.)
aluminum(s) + bromine(l) → aluminum bromide(s)
Chemical Reaction in words
What state are the reactants?
What state is the product?
Section 9-1
Representing Chemical Reactions (cont.)
Skeleton equations use atomic symbols
Al(s) + Br(l) → AlBr3(s)
Notice the product is a correct molecular formula
Solid lithium reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid lithium chloride.
Example 1
Solid lithium reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid lithium chloride.
lithium(s) + chlorine(g) lithium chloride(s)
Example 1 word equation
Solid lithium reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid lithium chloride.
lithium(s) + chlorine(g) lithium chloride(s)
Li(s) + Cl2(g) LiCl(s)
Remember a lot of atoms are diatomic in nature
Example 1 skeleton equation
Nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce nitrogen dioxide gas.
Example 2
Nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce nitrogen dioxide gas.
nitrogen(g) + oxygen(g) nitrogen dioxide(g)
Example 2 word equation
Nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce nitrogen dioxide gas.
nitrogen(g) + oxygen(g) nitrogen dioxide(g)
N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g)
Example 2 skeleton equation
Solid iron reacts with aqueous copper (II) nitrate to produce solid copper and aqueous iron (II) nitrate.
Example 3
Solid iron reacts with aqueous copper (II) nitrate to produce solid copper and aqueous iron (II) nitrate.
Iron(s) + copper(II) nitrate(aq) copper(s) + iron(II) nitrate(aq)
Remember nitrate is (NO3) -
Example 3 word equation
Solid iron reacts with aqueous copper (II) nitrate to produce solid copper and aqueous iron (II) nitrate.
Iron(s) + copper(II) nitrate(aq) copper(s) + iron(II) nitrate(aq)
Fe(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu(s) + Fe(NO3)2(aq)
Example 3 skeleton equation
Section 9-1
Balancing Chemical Equations
Balanced equation for the reaction between aluminum and bromine.
Section 9-1
Balancing Chemical Equations (cont.)
A coefficient in a chemical equation is the number written in front of a reactant or product.
It describes the lowest whole-number ratio. Yeah!!!!
Section 9-1
Balancing Chemical Equations (cont.)
Balanced equations represent the Law of Conservation of Mass
Section 9-1
Balancing Chemical Equations (cont.)
Li(s) + Cl2(g) LiCl(s)
1 Li 2 Cl 1 Li 1 Cl
Example 1 balanced equation
Li(s) + Cl2(g) LiCl(s)
1 Li 2 Cl 1 Li 1 Cl
need 2 Cl on this side
Example 1 balanced equation
Li(s) + Cl2(g) LiCl(s)
1 Li 2 Cl 1 Li 1 Cl
need 2 Cl on this side
put 2 in front of LiCl
Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2LiCl(s)
1 Li 2 Cl 2 Li 2 Cl
Example 1 balanced equation
Li(s) + Cl2(g) LiCl(s)
1 Li 2 Cl 1 Li 1 Cl
need 2 Cl on this side
Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2LiCl(s)
1 Li 2 Cl 2 Li 2 Cl bc molecule
need 2 Li
on this side put 2 in front of Li only
Example 1 balanced equation
Li(s) + Cl2(g) LiCl(s)1 Li 2 Cl 1 Li 1 Cl
need 2 Cl on this side
Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2LiCl(s)1 Li 2 Cl 2 Li 2 Cl bc moleculeNeed 2 Li
2Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2LiCl(s)2 Li 2 Cl 2 Li 2 Cl all balanced
Example 1 balanced equation
N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g)
Example 2 balanced equation
N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) 2N 2O 1N 2O not balanced
put 2 in front of NO2
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) 2N 2O 2N 4O not balanced
put 2 in front of O2
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) 2N 4O 2N 4O balanced
Example 2 balanced equation
Fe(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu(s) + Fe(NO3)2(aq)
Example 3 balanced equation
Fe(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu(s) + Fe(NO3)2(aq)
1Fe 1Cu 2(NO3) 1Cu 1Fe 2(NO3)
balanced
Example 3 balanced equation
Solid potassium reacts with liquid water to produce hydrogen gas and a water (aqueous) solution of potassium hydroxide.
Hydroxide is OH-
Practice 1 balanced equation
Solid potassium reacts with liquid water to produce hydrogen gas and a water (aqueous) solution of potassium hydroxide.
Potassium(s) + water(l) hydrogen(g) + potassium
hydroxide(aq)
K(s) + H2O(l) H2(g) + KOH(aq)
Practice 1 balanced equation
Solid potassium reacts with liquid water to produce hydrogen gas and a water (aqueous) solution of potassium hydroxide.Potassium(s) + water(l) hydrogen(g) +
potassium hydroxide(aq)
K(s) + H2O(l) H2(g) + KOH(aq)
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) H2(g) + 2KOH(aq)
Practice 1 balanced equation
Calcium chloride and sodium carbonate in water (aqueous) solution produce solid calcium carbonate and a water solution of sodium chloride.
Carbonate is (CO3)-2
Practice 2 balanced equation
Calcium chloride and sodium carbonate in water (aqueous) solution produce solid calcium carbonate and a water solution of sodium chloride.
Calcium chloride(aq) + sodium carbonate(aq) calcium carbonate(s) + sodium chloride(aq)
CaCl2(aq) + Na2(CO3)(aq) Ca(CO3)(s) + NaCl(aq)
Practice 2 balanced equation
Calcium chloride and sodium carbonate in water (aqueous) solution produce solid calcium carbonate and a water solution of sodium chloride.
Calcium chloride(aq) + sodium carbonate(aq) calcium carbonate(s) + sodium chloride(aq)
CaCl2(aq) + Na2(CO3)(aq) Ca(CO3)(s) + NaCl(aq)
CaCl2(aq) + Na2(CO3)(aq) Ca(CO3)(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Practice 2 balanced equation
Liquid bromine and solid lithium iodide react to form solid lithium bromide and solid iodine.
Practice 3 balanced equation
Liquid bromine and solid lithium iodide react to form solid lithium bromide and solid iodine.
bromine(l) + lithium iodide(s) lithium bromide(s) + iodine(s)
Br2(l) + LiI(s) LiBr(s) + I2(s)
Practice 3 balanced equation
Liquid bromine and solid lithium iodide react to form solid lithium bromide and solid iodine.
bromine(l) + lithium iodide(s) lithium bromide(s) + iodine(s)
Br2(l) + LiI(s) LiBr(s) + I2(s)
Br2(l) + 2LiI(s) 2LiBr(s) + I2(s)
Practice 3 balanced equation
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 9-1
Section 9.1 Assessment
Which of the following is NOT a chemical reaction?
A.a piece of wood burning
B.a car rusting
C.an ice cube melting into water
D. red litmus paper turning blue
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 9-1
Section 9.1 Assessment
What is the coefficient of bromine in the equation
2Al(s) + 3Br2(l) → 2AlBr3(s)?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 6
End of Section 9-1
Section 9-2
Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
Classify chemical reactions.
Identify the characteristics of different classes of chemical reactions.
Section 9-2
Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions (cont.)
Types of chemical reactions:• Synthesis• Combustion• Decomposition• Replacement reactions
Section 9-2
Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
metal: an element that is a solid at room temperature, a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is generally shiny
synthesis reaction
combustion reaction
decomposition reaction
single-replacement reaction
double-replacement reaction
precipitate
Section 9-2
Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis reaction
two or more substances
react
produce a single product.
Section 9-2
Types of Chemical Reactions (cont.)
Synthesis Example
Section 9-2
Types of Chemical Reactions (cont.)
Combustion Reaction
oxygen combines with a substance
release energy in the form of heat and light
Section 9-2
Types of Chemical Reactions (cont.)
This is also a synthesis reaction.
Combustion Example
Section 9-2
Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition Reaction
a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds
Often require an energy source, such as heat, light, or electricity.
Section 9-2
Replacement Reactions
Single Replacement Reaction.
the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
A + BX → AX + B
Section 9-2
Replacement Reactions (cont.)
• A metal will not always replace a metal in a compound dissolved in water because of differing reactivities.
• An activity series can be used to predict if reactions will occur.
Section 9-2
Replacement Reactions (cont.)
• Halogens frequently replace other halogens in replacement reactions.
• Halogens also have different reactivities and do not always replace each other.
Section 9-2
Replacement Reactions (cont.)
Double replacement reactions
An ion exchange between two compounds
Section 9-2
Replacement Reactions (cont.)
Precipitate
the solid product produced during a chemical reaction
All double replacement reactions produce either water, a gas, or a precipitate.
Section 9-2
Replacement Reactions (cont.)
Section 9-2
Replacement Reactions (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 9-2
Section 9.2 Assessment
Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of reactions?
A.deconstructive
B.synthesis
C.single replacement
D.double replacement
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 9-2
Section 9.2 Assessment
The following equation is what type of reaction?
KCN(aq) + HBr(aq) → KBr(aq) + HCN(g)
A.deconstructive
B.synthesis
C.single replacement
D.double replacement
End of Section 9-2
Section 9-3
Section 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Describe aqueous solutions.
Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for chemical reactions in aqueous solutions.
Predict whether reactions in aqueous solutions will produce a precipitate, water, or a gas.
Section 9-3
Section 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Double-replacement reactions occur between substances in aqueous solutions and produce precipitates, water, or gases.
Section 9-3
Section 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
aqueous solution
solute
solvent
complete ionic equation
spectator ion
net ionic equation
solution: a uniform mixture that might contain solids, liquids, or gases
Section 9-3
Aqueous Solutions
Aqueous Solution
contains one or more dissolved substances (called solutes) in waterSolvent
the most plentiful substance in a solution
Water is always the solvent in an aqueous solution.
Section 9-3
Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
There are many possible solutes—sugar and alcohol are molecular compounds that exist as molecules in aqueous solutions.
Compounds that produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions are acids.
Section 9-3
Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
Ionic compounds can also be solutes in aqueous solutions.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions separate in a process called dissociation.
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
When two solutions that contain ions as solutes are combined, the ions might react.
• If they react, it is always a double replacement reaction.
• Three products can form: precipitates, water, or gases.
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
2NaOH(aq) + CuCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)
Aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and copper(II) chloride react to form the precipitate copper(II) hydroxide.
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
Complete ionic equations
Show all of the particles in a solution as they actually exist
2Na+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) + Cu2+ (aq)+ 2Cl–(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
Spectator Ions Ions that do not participate in a reaction and are not usually written in ionic equations.
Net Ionic Equations.
Formulas that include only the particles that participate in reactions
2OH–(aq) + Cu2+(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s)
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
Some reactions produce more water molecules.
No evidence of a chemical reaction is observable.
HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaBr(aq)
Without spectator ions H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
Gases that are commonly produced are carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide.
2HI(aq) + Li2S(aq) → H2S(g) + 2LiI(aq)
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
Produce carbon dioxide gas mix vinegar and baking soda
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) → H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
H2CO3(aq) decomposes immediately
H2CO3(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
Two reactions can be combined and represented by a single chemical reaction.
Section 9-3
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions (cont.)
Reaction 1
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) → H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
Reaction 2
H2CO3(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Combined equation
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) + H2CO3(aq) → H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Overall equation
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g) + NaCl(aq)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 9-3
Section 9.3 Assessment
What is the solvent in an aqueous solution?
A.hydrogen
B.sodium ions
C.water
D.alcohol
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 9-3
Section 9.3 Assessment
An equation that includes only the particles that participate in a reaction is called:
A.net ionic equation
B.spectator ions
C.complete ionic equation
D. reduced ionic equation
End of Section 9-3
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Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
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Study Guide 1
Section 9.1 Reactions and Equations
Key Concepts
• Some physical changes are evidence that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred.
• Word equations and skeleton equations provide important information about a chemical reaction.
• A chemical equation gives the identities and relative amounts of the reactants and products that are involved in a chemical reaction.
• Balancing an equation involves adjusting the coefficients until the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation.
Study Guide 2
Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
Key Concepts
• Classifying chemical reactions makes them easier to understand, remember, and recognize.
• Activity series of metals and halogens can be used to predict if single-replacement reactions will occur.
Study Guide 3
Section 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Key Concepts
• In aqueous solutions, the solvent is always water. There are many possible solutes.
• Many molecular compounds form ions when they dissolve in water. When some ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions separate.
• When two aqueous solutions that contain ions as solutes are combined, the ions might react with one another. The solvent molecules do not usually react.
• Reactions that occur in aqueous solutions are double-replacement reactions.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 1
The law of conservation of mass requires what in a chemical reaction equation?
A. both sides of the equation to contain the same substances
B. the reactants to have the same amount of molecules as the products
C. both sides to have the same amount of atoms of each element
D. the products to have fewer molecules than the reactants
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 2
A reaction that gives off heat is what type of reaction?
A. single replacement reaction
B. double replacement reaction
C. synthesis reaction
D. combustion reaction
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 3
Ions that are present in a solution and do not participate in a chemical reaction when another substance is added are called ____.
A. spectator ions
B. reactants
C. products
D. net ions
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 4
A double replacement reaction produces all of the following except ____.
A. gases
B. solids
C. light
D. water
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Chapter Assessment 5
What type of reaction is the following?
2H2O(l) + energy → H2(g) + O2(g)
A. synthesis reaction
B. decomposition reaction
C. combustion reaction
D. replacement reaction
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 1
What type of reaction is the following?
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
A. replacement reaction
B. synthesis
C. combustion reaction
D. double replacement reaction
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 2
A precipitate forms in a double replacement reaction only if:
A. the reactivities of the compounds differ
B. the new compound is denser than water
C. the new compound is soluble in water
D. the new compound is not soluble in water
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 3
A ____ is a statement that uses chemical formulas to show the identities and relative amounts of the substances involved in a chemical reaction.
A. word equation
B. skeleton equation
C. chemical equation
D. balanced equation
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 4
Predict the type of reaction.
LiBr2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → ____
A. synthesis reaction
B. combustion reaction
C. single replacement reaction
D. double replacement reaction
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 5
Which reactions are essentially the opposite of synthesis reactions?
A. single-replacement
B. decomposition
C. combustion
D. double-replacement
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Table 9.2 Steps for Balancing Equations
Figure 9.15 The Forming of a Precipitate
Table 9.4 Types of Chemical Reactions
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