chapter menu lesson 1:foundations of geneticsfoundations of genetics lesson 2:understanding...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Menu
Lesson 1: Foundations of Genetics
Lesson 2: Understanding Inheritance
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.
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heredity
genetics
dominant
recessive
gene
law of segregation
law of independent assortment
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
allele
phenotype
genotype
homozygous
heterozygous
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Early Ideas About Heredity
• Combined genetic material from a sperm and an egg determines the traits or features of an offspring.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
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Early Ideas About Heredity (cont.)
• The idea of blending inheritance is offspring are a blend of genetic material from both parents.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
– The genetic material mixed or blended like colors of paint.
– Over many generations, populations would eventually look alike.
– Blending inheritance cannot explain why some traits skip a generation.
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Gregor Mendel and His Experiments
• Gregor Mendel was the first to record evidence that traits are determined by factors passed from parents to offspring.
• Mendel established the basic laws of heredity.
• Genetics is the study of how traits of organisms are passed from parents to offspring.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Mendel’s Experimental Methods
• Mendel conducted breeding experiments by studying seven traits of pea plants and each traits had only two variations.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Controlled Experiments
• Mendel controlled fertilization in the pea plants, allowing him to see how traits pass from one generation to another.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• Mendel allowed some flowers to self-fertilize.
• He also performed cross-fertilization by transferring pollen from one pea flower to another.
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Mendel’s Unique Methods
• Used true-breeding plants for each trait—plants that always produce offspring with that trait when they self-pollinate
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• Recorded the inheritance of traits for several generations
• Used a mathematical approach
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Mendel’s Experimental Results
• Mendel concluded that two factors control each inherited trait.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• When organisms reproduce, each gamete—sperm or egg—contributes one factor for each trait.
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Dominant Factors
• A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is called dominant.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• A dominant trait is observed when offspring have one or two dominant factors.
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Recessive Factors
• A genetic factor that is hidden by the presence of a dominant factor is recessive.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• A recessive trait can be observed only when two recessive genetic factors are present in offspring.
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Mendel’s Laws of Heredity
• Law of segregation: the two factors for each trait segregate—separate from each other—during meiosis when gametes form
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• Law of independent assortment: the factors for one trait separate independently of how factors for other traits separate
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Modern Definitions of Mendel’s Ideas
• Mendel did not know about DNA or how cells reproduce, but his ideas about inheritance are still true today.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Genes and Alleles
• A gene is a section of DNA that has information about a trait in an organism.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• Each form of a gene with different information is called an allele.
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Genes and Alleles (cont.)
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Phenotype and Genotype
• The observable traits and all characteristics of an organism make up the organism’s phenotype.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• The alleles that make up an organism is the organism’s genotype.
• The alleles of a particular gene is that gene’s genotype.
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Homozygous and Heterozygous Genotypes
• Because eukaryotes have pairs of chromosomes, a genotype for a gene has two alleles.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
• If the two alleles have the same information, the genotype is homozygous.
• If the two alleles have different information, the genotype is heterozygous.
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Homozygous and Heterozygous Genotypes (cont.)
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Law of Segregation Explained• The movement of chromosomes during meiosis
explains Mendel’s law of segregation.
– Each set of chromatids separates into different gametes during meiosis II.
– Each gamete receives only one allele.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Law of Segregation Explained (cont.)
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Law of Independent Assortment Explained
• The daughter cells produced by meiosis receive only one chromosome from each pair of homologous chromosomes.
– A daughter cell might receive the A or a chromosome from pair 1 and the B or b chromosome from pair 2.
– This results in four possible allele combinations for two homologous pairs of chromosomes.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Law of Independent Assortment Explained (cont.)
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Importance of Mendel’s Genetic Studies
• In the 1860s, no one knew about chromosomes or meiosis so it was hard to understand Mendel’s discoveries.
• All the research of modern genetics is based on Mendel’s conclusions from his work with pea plants.
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Lesson 1 Review
What is the passing of traits from parents to offspring called?
A inheritance
B genetics
C heredity
D allele
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Lesson 1 Review
What are the alleles that make up an organism called?
A genes
B genotype
C phenotype
D factors
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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Lesson 1 Review
If two alleles for a gene have the same information, what kind of genotype does that gene have?
A homologous
B recessive
C heterozygous
D homozygous
4.1 Foundations of Genetics
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End of Lesson 1
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Punnett square
pedigree
incomplete dominance
codominance
multiple alleles
sex chromosomes
polygenic inheritance
genetic disorder
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Modeling Inheritance
– Punnett square
– pedigree
• Two tools can be used to identify and predict traits among genetically related individuals.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
Heredity
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Punnett Squares
• If the genotypes of the parents are known, the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring can be predicted.
• A Punnett square is a model used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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One-Trait Model• The Punnett square shows the possible offspring of a cross between two true-breeding pea plants—one
with yellow seeds and one with green.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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One-Trait Model (cont.)
– The phenotype will be yellow seeds because Y is dominant to y.
– The only possible genotype for hybrid offspring is heterozygous—Yy.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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One-Trait Model (cont.)
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Two-Trait Model• The possible offspring of two heterozygous genotypes—Yy and Yy—would have
three different genotypes and two phenotypes.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Pedigrees• All the genetically related members of a family are part
of a family tree.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
• A pedigree shows genetic traits that were inherited by members of a family tree.
• Pedigrees are important tools for tracking complex pattern of inheritance and genetic disorders in families.
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Pedigrees (cont.)
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
A pedigree chart that shows three generations of a family.
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Types of Dominance• Alleles show incomplete dominance when they produce
a phenotype that is a blend of the parents’ phenotypes.
• When both alleles can be observed in the phenotype, the interaction is called codominance.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
– The human blood type AB is an example of codominance.
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Multiple Alleles• Some genes have more than two alleles, or multiple
alleles.
• The human ABO blood group is determined by multiple alleles as well as codominance.
• There are three different alleles for the ABO blood type—IA, IB, and i.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Multiple Alleles (cont.)
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Sex-Linked Inheritance• Chromosomes X and Y are the sex chromosomes—
they contain the genes that determine gender or sex.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
• Except for sperm and eggs, each cell in a male has an X and a Y chromosome, and each cell in a female has two X chromosomes.
• A recessive phenotype is observed in a male when a one-allele gene on his X chromosome has a recessive allele.
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Sex-Linked Inheritance (cont.)
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
In this family, the grandmother’s genome included the color blindness allele.
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Polygenic Inheritance• Polygenic inheritance is when multiple genes
determine the phenotype of a trait.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
• Many phenotypes are possible when possible when polygenic inheritance determines a trait.
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Maternal Inheritance• Humans inherit mitochondrial genes only from their
mothers.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
• Inheritance of traits related to the mitochondria can be traced from grandmother to grandchildren.
How are the traits of parents inherited and expressed in offspring?
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Human Genetic Disorders• If a change occurs in a gene, the organism with the
mutation may not be able to function as it should.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
• An inherited mutation can result in a phenotype called a genetic disorder.
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Human Genetic Disorders (cont.)
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Genes and the Environment
• An organism’s environment can affect its phenotype.
– Genes affect heart disease, but so do diet and exercise.
– Genes affect skin color, but so does exposure to sunlight.
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Lesson 2 Review
Punnett squares model the ____ of offspring.
A genotypes
B phenotypes
C genotypes and phenotypes
D genes
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Lesson 2 Review
What is the term for when alleles produce a phenotype that is a blend of the parents’ phenotypes?
A incomplete dominance
B codominance
C multiple alleles
D polygenic inheritance
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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Lesson 2 Review
How many Y chromosomes do females have?
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 4
4.2 Understanding Inheritance
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End of Lesson 2
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Chapter Assessment
California Standards Practice
Concepts in Motion
Image Bank
Science Online
Chapter Resources Menu
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.
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What is the term for the idea that offspring are a blend of genetic material from both parents?
A polygenic inheritance
B sex-linked inheritance
C maternal inheritance
D blending inheritance
Chapter Assessment 1
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What type of alleles can only be observed in the phenotype when they are present as a homozygous genotype?
A dominant
B recessive
C inherited
D heterozygous
Chapter Assessment 2
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What is the term for the idea that inheritance of one trait is not influenced by inheritance of another trait?
A law of independent assortment
B law of heredity
C law of segregation
D maternal inheritance
Chapter Assessment 3
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What is a good example of a trait that is determined by multiple alleles?
A color of camellia flowers
B human AB blood type
C color blindness
D human ABO blood group
Chapter Assessment 4
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Why are male humans more likely to be color-blind than females?
A maternal inheritance
B sex-linked inheritance
C polygenic inheritance
D incomplete dominance
Chapter Assessment 5
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Which pea trait did Mendel not study?
A seed color
B pod color
C flower position
D flower shape
CA Standards Practice 1
SCI 2.c
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If two plants with genotypes Mm are crossed, what percent of the offspring will have phenotype M?
A 0%
B 25%
C 75%
D 100%
CA Standards Practice 2
SCI 2.d
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What is the term for when more than one gene determine a trait?
A incomplete dominance
B multiple alleles
C polygenic inheritance
D sex-linked inheritance
CA Standards Practice 3
SCI 2.c, 2.d
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Which does NOT describe Mendel’s experiments?
A Mendel observed several generations of plants.
B Mendel chose pea plants because they reproduce quickly.
C Mendel counted small numbers of offspring.
D Mendel used true-breeding plants.
CA Standards Practice 4
SCI 2.d
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What type of genetic disorder is hemophilia?
A dominant
B X-linked recessive
C codominant
D recessive
CA Standards Practice 5
SCI 2.d
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Concepts in Motion 1
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Concepts in Motion 2
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Image Bank
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End of Resources